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Monitoring of residual stress in railroad wheels with ultrasound
- N D T abstracts N D T Abstracts is a current awareness service compiled by the National N D T Centre, Harwell Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon, O X l l 0RA, UK. The entries are drawn from over 500 British and International publications. Each issue concentrates on one or two subject areas, and contains abstracts entered from 1987 to the present. The subjects covered in previous issues are: Acoustic e m i s s i o n (cracks and defects) - April 1989; E d d y current techniques - June 1989; Magnetic testing techniques - F e b r u a r y 1989; N e u t r o n radiography - A u g u s t 1989; R e a l - t i m e radiography - April 1989; U l t r a s o n i c characterization of m e t a l s - October 1989
R e s i d u a l stress m e a s u r e m e n t 41187 Certo, M.; Ghia, S. Residual stresses evaluation by ultrasonic measurement Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Amsterdam (Netherlands), 23-28 Apr. 1989, Vol. 2, pp. 1481-1483. Edited by J. Boogaard and G.M. van Dijk, Elsevier, 1989. Ultrasonic determination of residual stresses has been developed for the last two decades both theoretically and experimentally. The parameter influenced by stresses is the ultrasonic velocity, that must be measured with great precision (about 104). In this paper the determination of bulk stresses using ultrasonic transverse waves is discussed. 41104 Posgay, G.; Imre, L.; Toth, F.1. Investigation of a steel bridge element by measuring Barkhausen noise Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Amsterdam (Netherlands), 23-28 Apr. 1989, Voi. 2, pp. 1273-1275. Edited by J. Boogaard and G.M. van Dijk, Elsevier, 1989. Barkhausen noise measurements were carried out during the fatigue test of a typical element of a steel deck bridge. Besides the examination of residual stresses in the welded structure, the distribution of stresses under static loading was tested. It was concluded that as fatigue makes progress the distribution of stresses under static loading changes and the residual stresses also rearrange. 41009 Deputat, J.; Kwaszczynska-Klimek, A.; Szelazek, J. Monitoring of residual stress in railroad wheels with ultrasound Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Amsterdam (Netherlands), 23-28 Apr. 1989, Vol. 2, pp. 974-976. Edited by J. Boogaard and G.M. van Dijk, Elsevier, 1989. Measurement of hoop residual stress with ultrasound in the rim of railroad wheels is presented. The links between residual stress distributions and radial crack propagations are shown. 40888 Theiner, W.A.; Hauk, V. Nondestructive characterization of shot peened surface states by the magnetic Barkhausen noise method Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Amsterdam (Netherlands) 23-28 Apr. 1989, Vol. 1, pp. 583-587. Edited by J. Boogaard and G.M. van Dijk, Elsevier, 1989 The residual stress state of shot peened steel sheets has been measured with X-ray, mechanical, and micromagnetic methods. The results show that with macro- and microstresses, the work hardening depth and the homogeneity and shot peened states can be determined by the micromagnetic quantities. The procedure used to obtain quantitative results is outlined briefly. 40762 Goebbels, K. State of the art and short term development tendencies in nondegtructive surface defect detection and evaluation Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Amsterdam (Netherlands) 23-28 Apr. 1989, Vol. 1, pp. 3-8. Edited by J. Boogaard and G.M. van Dijk, Elsevier, 1989 Various materials are used in constructions and other systems to withstand loads. The ability to withstand these loads is related to geometry, surface condition, chemical composition, microstructure, residual stresses, defects and material properties. All of them are goals of NDT. Fracture mechanics shows that usually the highest load is applied at the weakest point, the surface. The following chapters review the physics of modeling, techniques including automation, possibilities and limitations, and finally practical applications. 40704 Theiner, W.A.; Altpeter, 1.; Kern, R. Determination of subsurface mierostructure states by micromagnetic NDT Nondestructive Characterisation of Materials 2, Montreal (Canada), 21- 23 Jul. 1986, pp. 233-241. Edited by J.F. Bussiere, J.P. Monchalin, C.O. Ruud, R.E. Green Jr. Plenum Press, 1987 The functional behaviour of many components is determined by intrinsic properties residual stresses and microstructure ~ f near sub-surface zones. -
366
Therefore, in order to improve the static and dynamic mechanical properties of these near surface states, mechanical and/or thermal treatments. Depending upon the workpiece/component and the employed technique and machining parameters, the residual stress- and microstructure states will be changed between a few micrometers and several millimeters. To control the quality of these sub-surface near states, metallographie inspections, x-ray methods and hardness measurements have been applied. Because all these conventional testing methods are expensive, time consuming and not suitable for real time control, there is a need for nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. So far NDT procedures are mainly restricted to eddy current methods, ultrasonic techniques and -in the case of ferromagnetic materials - micromagnetic techniques, which are outlined in this paper. 40700
Yoshinaga, A.; Abe, J.; Nakano, M.; Endo, K.; Takizawa,
C. Non-destructive measurement of residual stress by magnetostriction effect II (stress - field measured by magnetic probe) Journal of Japanese Society Non-Destructive Inspection, Vol. 37, No. 9, pp. 730-736 (Sep. 1988) A previous report showed that a simple u-shaped magnetic probe named the Stress-Tester was devised by the authors to measure macro residual stress in ferromagnetic materials non destructively by the Magnetostriction-Effect. Principal stresses in uni- and biaxial- residual stress field could be determined by the Shear-Difference method. The purpose of this paper is to present the measured distribution of magnetic flux passing through the specimen by using the Stress-Tester, and to discuss its stress dependency on magnetic flux. The stress value measured by the Stress-Tester was verified theoretically and experimentally, and corresponded to the mean value of the stress within a radius of the probe-length. This method was applied to measure the residual stress of the welded testpieces. Comparing with the data from the other method, this result obtained good agreement. 40660 Sayers, C.M. Ultrasonic determination of texture and residual stress in polycrystalline metals Ultrasonic Methods in Evaluation of Inhomogeneous Materials, Proceedings, Erice, (Italy), 15-25 Oct. 1985, pp. 367-380. Edited by A. Alippi and W.G. Mayer. NATO Advanced Study Institute Series E Applied Sciences, Vol. 126, Martinus Nijhoff, 1987 This paper discusses the theoretical basis for use of ultrasonic techniques during process control to determine the texture and residual stress in polycrystalline metals. Angular variations in ultrasonic velocity are used to obtain the crystalline orientation distribution function (C.O.D.F.). Three methods for the texture independent measurement of stress in anisotropic polycrystalline metals are described, including the Rayleigh wave method. 40502 Lugg, M. C. The effect of stress on the ACFM technique Non-Destructive Testing, Proceedings of the 4th European Conference, London (United Kingdom), 13-17 Sep. 1987. Vol. 4, pp. 2596-2605. Edited by J.M. Farley and R.W. Nichols. Pergamon Press, 1988 This paper describes the effect of stress on permeability in steel and hence on the surface electric field strength used in the ac (alternating current) field measurement technique. The repercussions for the accuracy of crack sizing are discussed. Experiments show that the effect is fairly linear and reproducible, which prompted use of the technique to measure residual stresses in a flat welded plate. The results are quite promising and show fair agreement with a measurement obtained using the hole-drilling technique. 40473 Holden, T.M.; Powell, B.M.; MacEwen, S.R.; Lazor, R.B. Axial strains at a girth weld in a 914 mm linepipe Nondestructive Characterisation of Materials 2, Montreal (Canada), 21- 23 Jul, 1986. pp. 625-633. Edited by J.F. Bussiere, J.P. Monchalin, C.O. Ruud, R.E. Green Jr. Plenum Press, 1987
NDT International December 1989
R e s i d u a l stress m e a s u r e m e n t 41187 Certo, M.; Ghia, S. Residual stresses evaluation by ultrasonic measurement Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Amsterdam (Netherlands), 23-28 Apr. 1989, Vol. 2, pp. 1481-1483. Edited by J. Boogaard and G.M. van Dijk, Elsevier, 1989. Ultrasonic determination of residual stresses has been developed for the last two decades both theoretically and experimentally. The parameter influenced by stresses is the ultrasonic velocity, that must be measured with great precision (about 104). In this paper the determination of bulk stresses using ultrasonic transverse waves is discussed. 41104 Posgay, G.; Imre, L.; Toth, F.1. Investigation of a steel bridge element by measuring Barkhausen noise Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Amsterdam (Netherlands), 23-28 Apr. 1989, Voi. 2, pp. 1273-1275. Edited by J. Boogaard and G.M. van Dijk, Elsevier, 1989. Barkhausen noise measurements were carried out during the fatigue test of a typical element of a steel deck bridge. Besides the examination of residual stresses in the welded structure, the distribution of stresses under static loading was tested. It was concluded that as fatigue makes progress the distribution of stresses under static loading changes and the residual stresses also rearrange. 41009 Deputat, J.; Kwaszczynska-Klimek, A.; Szelazek, J. Monitoring of residual stress in railroad wheels with ultrasound Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Amsterdam (Netherlands), 23-28 Apr. 1989, Vol. 2, pp. 974-976. Edited by J. Boogaard and G.M. van Dijk, Elsevier, 1989. Measurement of hoop residual stress with ultrasound in the rim of railroad wheels is presented. The links between residual stress distributions and radial crack propagations are shown. 40888 Theiner, W.A.; Hauk, V. Nondestructive characterization of shot peened surface states by the magnetic Barkhausen noise method Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Amsterdam (Netherlands) 23-28 Apr. 1989, Vol. 1, pp. 583-587. Edited by J. Boogaard and G.M. van Dijk, Elsevier, 1989 The residual stress state of shot peened steel sheets has been measured with X-ray, mechanical, and micromagnetic methods. The results show that with macro- and microstresses, the work hardening depth and the homogeneity and shot peened states can be determined by the micromagnetic quantities. The procedure used to obtain quantitative results is outlined briefly. 40762 Goebbels, K. State of the art and short term development tendencies in nondegtructive surface defect detection and evaluation Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Amsterdam (Netherlands) 23-28 Apr. 1989, Vol. 1, pp. 3-8. Edited by J. Boogaard and G.M. van Dijk, Elsevier, 1989 Various materials are used in constructions and other systems to withstand loads. The ability to withstand these loads is related to geometry, surface condition, chemical composition, microstructure, residual stresses, defects and material properties. All of them are goals of NDT. Fracture mechanics shows that usually the highest load is applied at the weakest point, the surface. The following chapters review the physics of modeling, techniques including automation, possibilities and limitations, and finally practical applications. 40704 Theiner, W.A.; Altpeter, 1.; Kern, R. Determination of subsurface mierostructure states by micromagnetic NDT Nondestructive Characterisation of Materials 2, Montreal (Canada), 21- 23 Jul. 1986, pp. 233-241. Edited by J.F. Bussiere, J.P. Monchalin, C.O. Ruud, R.E. Green Jr. Plenum Press, 1987 The functional behaviour of many components is determined by intrinsic properties residual stresses and microstructure ~ f near sub-surface zones. -
366
Therefore, in order to improve the static and dynamic mechanical properties of these near surface states, mechanical and/or thermal treatments. Depending upon the workpiece/component and the employed technique and machining parameters, the residual stress- and microstructure states will be changed between a few micrometers and several millimeters. To control the quality of these sub-surface near states, metallographie inspections, x-ray methods and hardness measurements have been applied. Because all these conventional testing methods are expensive, time consuming and not suitable for real time control, there is a need for nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. So far NDT procedures are mainly restricted to eddy current methods, ultrasonic techniques and -in the case of ferromagnetic materials - micromagnetic techniques, which are outlined in this paper. 40700
Yoshinaga, A.; Abe, J.; Nakano, M.; Endo, K.; Takizawa,
C. Non-destructive measurement of residual stress by magnetostriction effect II (stress - field measured by magnetic probe) Journal of Japanese Society Non-Destructive Inspection, Vol. 37, No. 9, pp. 730-736 (Sep. 1988) A previous report showed that a simple u-shaped magnetic probe named the Stress-Tester was devised by the authors to measure macro residual stress in ferromagnetic materials non destructively by the Magnetostriction-Effect. Principal stresses in uni- and biaxial- residual stress field could be determined by the Shear-Difference method. The purpose of this paper is to present the measured distribution of magnetic flux passing through the specimen by using the Stress-Tester, and to discuss its stress dependency on magnetic flux. The stress value measured by the Stress-Tester was verified theoretically and experimentally, and corresponded to the mean value of the stress within a radius of the probe-length. This method was applied to measure the residual stress of the welded testpieces. Comparing with the data from the other method, this result obtained good agreement. 40660 Sayers, C.M. Ultrasonic determination of texture and residual stress in polycrystalline metals Ultrasonic Methods in Evaluation of Inhomogeneous Materials, Proceedings, Erice, (Italy), 15-25 Oct. 1985, pp. 367-380. Edited by A. Alippi and W.G. Mayer. NATO Advanced Study Institute Series E Applied Sciences, Vol. 126, Martinus Nijhoff, 1987 This paper discusses the theoretical basis for use of ultrasonic techniques during process control to determine the texture and residual stress in polycrystalline metals. Angular variations in ultrasonic velocity are used to obtain the crystalline orientation distribution function (C.O.D.F.). Three methods for the texture independent measurement of stress in anisotropic polycrystalline metals are described, including the Rayleigh wave method. 40502 Lugg, M. C. The effect of stress on the ACFM technique Non-Destructive Testing, Proceedings of the 4th European Conference, London (United Kingdom), 13-17 Sep. 1987. Vol. 4, pp. 2596-2605. Edited by J.M. Farley and R.W. Nichols. Pergamon Press, 1988 This paper describes the effect of stress on permeability in steel and hence on the surface electric field strength used in the ac (alternating current) field measurement technique. The repercussions for the accuracy of crack sizing are discussed. Experiments show that the effect is fairly linear and reproducible, which prompted use of the technique to measure residual stresses in a flat welded plate. The results are quite promising and show fair agreement with a measurement obtained using the hole-drilling technique. 40473 Holden, T.M.; Powell, B.M.; MacEwen, S.R.; Lazor, R.B. Axial strains at a girth weld in a 914 mm linepipe Nondestructive Characterisation of Materials 2, Montreal (Canada), 21- 23 Jul, 1986. pp. 625-633. Edited by J.F. Bussiere, J.P. Monchalin, C.O. Ruud, R.E. Green Jr. Plenum Press, 1987
NDT International December 1989