More Attractive More Identified: Distinctiveness in Embedding Place Identity

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 408 – 419

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH±*UHHQ8UEDQLVP*8

0RUH$WWUDFWLYH0RUH,GHQWLILHG'LVWLQFWLYHQHVVLQ(PEHGGLQJ 3ODFH,GHQWLW\ 1XUOLVD*LQWLQJ $FKPDG'HOLDQXU1DVXWLRQ19LQN\5DKPDQ Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara, 9 Dr. T. Mansur Street, Medan, 20155, Indonesia

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‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI*8 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016 Keywords: 1DWXUHEDVHG7RXULVP3ODFH,GHQWLW\'LVWLQFWLYHQHVV.DUR5HJHQF\

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



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ E-mail address:QXUOLVDJLQWLQJ#JPDLOFRP

1878-0296 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016 doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.006

Nurlisa Ginting et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 408 – 419

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¶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ssue and Objective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

409

410

Nurlisa Ginting et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 408 – 419

SODQQLQJRIDWRXULVPHQYLURQPHQWEDVHGRQWKHSODFHLGHQWLW\ /LWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ 2.1 Place Identity and The Physical Change 7KH UHVHDUFK H[DPLQHG WKH IHHOLQJV WKDW SHRSOH GHYHORS WRZDUGV VLJQLILFDQW SODFHV UHFHLYHV LQFUHDVLQJO\ PRUHDWWHQWLRQIURP(QYLURQPHQWDO3V\FKRORJ\7KHWKHRU\RISODFHLGHQWLW\KDVEHHQZLGHO\GLVFXVVHGWRLGHQWLI\ LGHQWLW\ZLWKLQDSODFHHJ:KLWHHWDO%HUQDUGRDQG3DOPD*RVSRGLQL*RRGPDQ/DOOL  7KHUHVHDUFKH[DPLQHGWKHHIIHFWRIH[SHULHQFHZLWKWKHVHWWLQJDQGSODFHLGHQWLW\RQSHUFHSWLRQRIUHFUHDWLRQ LPSDFWV 7KHFRQFHSWRISODFHLGHQWLW\LVUHJDUGHGDVDQLQGLYLGXDOHPRWLRQDODWWDFKPHQWWRDQHQYLURQPHQWVHWWLQJ,WLV DSHUVRQ¶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istinctiveness Principle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

'LVWLQFWLYHQHVV3ULQFLSOH /DQGPDUN 8QLTXHQHVV 3DUWLFXODU&KDUDFWHU x 5HVSRQGHQWV SHUFHSWLRQLQGHVFULELQJWKH x 5HVSRQGHQWV SHUFHSWLRQRI x 5HVSRQGHQWV SHUFHSWLRQRI UHVHDUFKDUHDURXJKO\ GLYHUVLW\RIFXOWXUDO DWWUDFWLYHWUDGLWLRQDOEXLOGLQJV DFWLYLWLHV x 5HVSRQGHQWV SHUFHSWLRQRIWKHH[LVWHQFH x 5HVSRQGHQWV SHUFHSWLRQRI RIODQGPDUNWRLPDJLQHWKHUHVHDUFKDUHD x 5HVSRQGHQWV SHUFHSWLRQRI DWWUDFWLYHSODFH DWWUDFWLYHFXOWXUDODFWLYLWLHV x 5HVSRQGHQWV SHUFHSWLRQRI x 5HVSRQGHQWV SHUFHSWLRQRIWKHH[LVWHQFH x 5HVSRQGHQWV SHUFHSWLRQRI RIODQGPDUNWRDFFHVVILQGWKHUHVHDUFK DWWUDFWLYHORFDOWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ GLYHUVLW\RIORFDOSURGXFW DUHD   x 5HVSRQGHQWV SHUFHSWLRQRIDFFHVVLELOLW\ WRUHDFKWRWKHUHVHDUFKDUHD

'LIIHUHQW3HUFHSWLRQ x 5HVSRQGHQWV SHUFHSWLRQ RIFXOWXUDODFWLYLW\ZKLFK LVGLIIHUHQWIURPRWKHU x 5HVSRQGHQWV SHUFHSWLRQ RIWKHUHVHDUFKDUHD ZKLFKLVQRWFRPSDUDEOH WRWKLVSODFH



 %HVLGHVWKHXQLTXHQHVVRUSDUWLFXODUFKDUDFWHUODQGPDUNDOVRFRQWULEXWHVLQFUHDWLQJGLVWLQFWLYHQHVV/DQGPDUNLV RQH RI WKH NH\ HOHPHQWV VKDSLQJ LPDJH DQG LGHQWLW\ RI D WRXULVP HQYLURQPHQW 7KHUHIRUH IDVFLQDWLQJ ODQGPDUN YLVXDOO\SOD\VDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQSURPRWLQJWKHFLW\/DQGPDUNDOVRKDVXQLTXHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKDWGLVWLQJXLVKLW

411

Nurlisa Ginting et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 408 – 419

IURPRWKHUSODFHVLQWKHUHJLRQ0RUHRYHUWKHWHUPRI³H[WHUQDOHYDOXDWLRQ´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esearch Area 1RUWK6XPDWUD3URYLQFHKDVPDQ\QDWXUDODWWUDFWLRQVDQG.DUR5HJHQF\LVRQHRIWKHPDLQWRXULVWGHVWLQDWLRQV ZKLFKKDYHWKHSRWHQWLDOQRWLQIHULRUWRRWKHUWRXULVWGHVWLQDWLRQVLQ,QGRQHVLD7KHUHVHDUFKDUHDLVORFDWHGLQ.DUR 5HJHQF\ZKHUHLWKDVGLYHUVHJHRGLYHUVLW\ELRGLYHUVLW\DQGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDVZHOOWKDWVWLOOFRQWLQXHVWRGD\VXFK DVFXOWXUDOFHUHPRQLHVDQGWUDGLWLRQDOGDQFH%HVLGHVULFKLQQDWXUHDQGFXOWXUH.DUR5HJHQF\ZKLFKLVORFDWHGLQ SODWHDX UHJLRQ LV DOVR IDPRXV RI LWV ORFDO FRPPRGLWLHV VXFK DV IUXLW DQG YHJHWDEOHV 7KHUH DUH WZHQW\ WRXULVW GHVWLQDWLRQVLQ.DUR5HJHQF\+RZHYHUWKLVUHVHDUFKH[DPLQHVRQO\ILYHWRXULVPHQYLURQPHQWV7KHVLWHLVFKRVHQ EHFDXVH LW LV UHJDUGHG DV D EHVW NQRZQ DQG DWWUDFWLYH WRXULVW GHVWLQDWLRQ IRU ORFDO FRPPXQLWLHV DV ZHOO DV IRUHLJQ WRXULVWV ,W LV GHPRQVWUDWHG WKURXJK SLORW UHVHDUFK FRQGXFWHG E\ $UFKLWHFWXUH VWXGHQWV RI 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6XPDWHUD 8WDUDDPRQJQLQHVDPSOHVRIWRXULVPGHVWLQDWLRQWKHUHDUHILYHVDPSOHVRIWRXULVPHQYLURQPHQWVZKLFKDUHPRVW DWWUDFWLYHIRUWRXULVWVVHH)LJ 7KHVLWHLQFOXGHV x %XNLW*XQGDOLQJ x 3DVDU%XDK x 'HVD/LQJJD x 6LSLVRSLVR x $QG%XNLW.XEX 

 )LJ5HVHDUFK$UHD

 

412

Nurlisa Ginting et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 408 – 419

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he Method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x 3URILOHVRIUHVSRQGHQWVDJHJHQGHUVWDWXVHGXFDWLRQMRERFFXSDWLRQDQGQDWLRQ  x 5HOHYDQFHWRSRLQWVJRDOVLQWHQWLRQVIUHTXHQF\RIYLVLWVDQGGXUDWLRQ  x 5HOHYDQFHWRWRXULVPHYHQWVRUDFWLYLWLHV  x 3HUFHSWLRQRQWKHGLVWLQFWLYHQHVVDVSHFWODQGPDUNXQLTXHQHVVSDUWLFXODUFKDUDFWHUDQGGLIIHUHQWSHUFHSWLRQ  7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHDUHWKHQSURFHVVHGVWDWLVWLFDOO\LQ6366WRREWDLQTXDQWLWDWLYHGDWDWKDWZLOOEH XVHG LQ DVVHVVLQJ WKH SODFH LGHQWLW\ )XUWKHUPRUH UHVHDUFKHUV FRPELQHG WKH UHVXOWV RI TXDQWLWDWLYH DQG TXDOLWDWLYH GDWDDQGWULDQJXODWHGLWWRVHHNWKHFRQYHUJHQFH7KHQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHVWXG\ZHUHDQDO\]HGTXDQWLWDWLYHO\XVLQJ SHUFHQWDJHVDQGDYHUDJHYDOXHHLWKHUJUDSKRUWDEOHDQGTXDOLWDWLYHGDWDZLOOEHFRGHGDQGVHSDUDWHGDFFRUGLQJWR UHODWLQJYDULDEOHDQGUHVSRQVHVZLWKVLPLODU PHDQLQJ'DWDIURPILHOGREVHUYDWLRQVZHUHDQDO\]HGXVLQJGLDJUDPV DQG GHVFULSWLRQV RI NH\ UHVSRQGHQWV 7KURXJK WKH SURFHVV RI WULDQJXODWLRQ WKH GDWD ZLOO VXSSRUW WKH W\SH RI GDWD FROOHFWHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFK 7KLVUHVHDUFKZDVFRQGXFWHGLQQDWXUDOWRXULVPHQYLURQPHQWZKLFKKDVGLIIHUHQWEHKDYLRUVRISHRSOHWRZDUGVWKH HQYLURQPHQWGHULYHGIURPWKHGLIIHUHQWOHYHORINQRZOHGJHDWWLWXGHDQGFXOWXUHDVZHOO7KHUHVXOWRIWKLVUHVHDUFK ZLOOLGHQWLI\GLVWLQFWLYHQHVVSULQFLSOHDQGLWVLQIOXHQFHVWRZDUGWKHWRXULVPGHYHORSPHQWRI.DUR5HJHQF\7KHQWKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHILQGLQJZRXOGEHGLIIHUHQWLQRWKHUSODFHV7KXVLWEHFRPHVWKHOLPLWDWLRQRIWKLVUHVHDUFK 0RUHRYHU WKLV UHVHDUFK IRFXVHV RQ SODFH LGHQWLW\ GLPHQVLRQ RQO\ WR GLVFXVV WKH LGHQWLW\ RI .DUR UHODWHG WR WKH EXLOGLQJWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLVVXHWKDWLPSDFWRQWKHQXPEHURIYLVLWRUVZKLOHWKHGHFUHDVHGQXPEHURIYLVLWRUVUHODWHGWR WKHHUXSWLRQRI6LQDEXQJ0RXQWWKDWLQIOXHQFHVWKHSODFHPHDQLQJLVOLPLWHG 5HVXOWDQG'LVFXVVLRQ 4.1 Respondents (DFKWRXULVPHQYLURQPHQWLVUHSUHVHQWHGE\UHVSRQGHQWVFRQVLVWHGRI ORFDOSHRSOHDQG WRXULVWV  GRPHVWLF WRXULVW DQG   IRUHLJQ WRXULVWV 7KH IRUHLJQ WRXULVW IURP (XURSH 'XWFK *HUPDQ\ $PHULFD HWF  LV GRPLQDWHG E\ *HUPDQ\   ZKLOH 0DOD\VLDQ LV PRUH GRPLQDQW   FRPSDUHG WR RWKHU $VLDQ 7RXULVWV 6LQJDSRUH-DSDQHWF 7KHPDMRULW\RIUHVSRQGHQWVDUH\HDUVROG IROORZHGE\ UHVSRQGHQWVDUH EHWZHHQ\HDUVROGZKHUHDOPRVWRIRIWKHPLVPDOH7KHWRXULVWVPRVWO\WUDYHOHGZLWKIULHQGV RU

413

Nurlisa Ginting et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 408 – 419

JURXS +DYLQJVLJKWVHHLQJ EHFDPHWKHPDLQPRWLYDWLRQWRYLVLW.DURUHJHQF\WKHQIROORZHGE\KDYLQJ D VLJKW RI WKH WUDGLWLRQDO EXLOGLQJV   LQ 'HVD /LQJJD IRU VSHFLILF 7KH UHVXOW RI UHVSRQGHQWV LQGLFDWHV WKDW VLJKWVHHLQJDQGYDFDWLRQDUHWKHPDLQPRWLYDWLRQIRUYLVLWLQJ1%7GHVWLQDWLRQZKHUHFXOWXUDODWWUDFWLRQVEHFRPH WKHVHFRQGDU\PRWLYDWLRQ0RVWO\WRXULVWVYLVLWHG.DURRQO\IRURQHGD\RUOHVV ,Q'HVD/LQJDFRPPRQO\ WRXULVWVYLVLWVIRUWZRGD\VRUPRUH ZKHUHLWEHFRPHVWKHLUILUVWYLVLWLQ.DUR5HJHQF\ 7KHPDMRULW\RI ORFDOSHRSOHLVDPHUFKDQW ZKRPRVWO\VHOOVIRRGDQGEHYHUDJH   4.2 Distinctiveness Principle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¶SHUFHSWLRQRI'LVWLQFWLYHQHVV3ULQFLSOHLQ5HVHDUFK$UHD 

7RXULVW

%XNLW.XEX /RFDO 3HRSOH

7RXULVW

'HVD/LQJJD /RFDO 3HRSOH

7RXULVW

6LSLVR3LVR /RFDO 3HRSOH

7RXULVW

*XQGDOLQJ /RFDO 3HRSOH

7RXULVW

6WDWHPHQWV

/RFDO 3HRSOH

3DVDU%XDK

0HDQ

0HDQ

0HDQ

0HDQ

0HDQ

0HDQ

0HDQ

0HDQ

0HDQ

0HDQ

$ ,FDQGHVFULEHWKLVSODFHURXJKO\





















% /DQGPDUNKHOSVPHWRLPDJLQHWKLVSODFH & /DQGPDUNKHOSVPHWRDFFHVVILQGWKLV SODFH ' $FFHVVWRWKLVSODFHFDQEHUHDFKHGHDVLO\ ( 7KLVSODFHKDVGLYHUVLW\RIFXOWXUDO DFWLYLWLHV ) 7KLVSODFHKDVDWWUDFWLYHFXOWXUDODFWLYLWLHV

















































































* 7KLVSODFHKDVGLYHUVLW\RIORFDOSURGXFW + 7KLVSODFHKDVDWWUDFWLYHWUDGLWLRQDO EXLOGLQJV , ,DPDWWUDFWHGE\WKLVSODFH - 7KLVSODFHKDVDQDWWUDFWLYHORFDO WUDQVSRUWDWLRQZKLFKGLIIHUHQWIURPRWKHUV . 7KHFXOWXUDODFWLYLW\LQWKLVSODFHLV GLIIHUHQWIURPRWKHU / 1RSODFHLVFRPSDUDEOHWRWKLVSODFH 9DOXH)RUPDW VWURQJO\GLVDJUHH  VWURQJO\DJUHH

































































































































































 4.2.1 Landmark $ SODFH UHJDUGHG DV D ODQGPDUN KDV DQ LGHQWLW\ /DQGPDUN LV D YHUWLFDO HOHPHQW WKDW JXLGHV ZD\ILQGLQJ DQG YLVLEOHIURPIDU0RUHRYHUDODQGPDUNLVSURPLQHQWRUFRQVSLFXRXVWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOREMHFW6KXKDQD  +RZHYHU LQ FRQWUDU\ +DVVDQXGLQ   GHILQHG ODQGPDUN DV DQ XUEDQ ODQGVFDSH IHDWXUH DQG FDWHJRUL]HG RSHQ

414

Nurlisa Ginting et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 408 – 419

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¶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niqueness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

415

Nurlisa Ginting et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 408 – 419

SHRSOHWRXULVWV 'HVD/LQJJDORFDOSHRSOHWRXULVWV %XNLW.XEXORFDOSHRSOHWRXULVWV  7DEOH +RZHYHUEDVHGRQWKHREVHUYDWLRQVFXOWXUDODFWLYLWLHVLQWKHILYHWRXULVPHQYLURQPHQWDUHKDUGO\ IRXQG,WLVDOVRH[SUHVVHGE\WKHLQWHUYLHZZLWKNH\UHVSRQGHQWDVIROORZ  $ERXWWHQ\HDUVDJRWKHUHZHUHWUDGLWLRQDOPXVLFHYHQWVDQG,DPRQHRIWKHIRXQGHUV%XWQRZWKLVLVQRORQJHUHYHQWVWKHUHHYHQ ZKHQ1HZ
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

 )LJ&XOWXUDO(YHQWVLQ3DVDU%XDK

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

7KH GLVWLQFWLYH ORFDO SURGXFW ZLOO FUHDWH WKH GLIIHUHQW SHUFHSWLRQ WR UHVSRQGHQWV 0RUHRYHU LWV GLYHUVLW\ ZLOO FUHDWH D YLEUDQW DWPRVSKHUH IRU D WRXULVW WKDW LV WKH PDLQ DWWUDFWLRQ WRZDUG VXSSRUW LQ WRXULVP DQG WKH VHFRQGDU\ HOHPHQWRIWRXULVP-DQVHQ9HUEHNH  

4.2.3 Particular character %DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDUHKLJKO\LPSUHVVHGWKDWWKHUHVHDUFKDUHDLVDQDWWUDFWLYHWRXULVWGHVWLQDWLRQ 3DVDU %XDK ORFDO SHRSOH  WRXULVWV   %XNLW *XQGDOLQJ ORFDO SHRSOH  WRXULVWV   6LSLVR3LVR :DWHUIDOOORFDOSHRSOHWRXULVWV 'HVD/LQJJDORFDOSHRSOHWRXULVWV %XNLW.XEXORFDOSHRSOH WRXULVWV 6LSLVR3LVRDQG'HVD/LQJJDDUHWKHPRVWDWWUDFWLYHWRXULVWGHVWLQDWLRQ0RVWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWV DUHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHQDWXUDOVFHQHU\RI6LSLVR3LVRRQHRIWKHKLJKHVWZDWHUIDOOVLQ,QGRQHVLD,WVUHSXWDWLRQLVZLGHO\

416

Nurlisa Ginting et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 408 – 419

ZHOONQRZQDPRQJIRUHLJQWRXULVWV7KLVLVDOVRVXSSRUWHGE\LQWHUYLHZVZLWKNH\UHVSRQGHQWV  0DQ\WRXULVWVFRPSODLQWRWKHLUWRXUJXLGHXQOHVVWKH\YLVLW6LSLVR3LVR:DWHUIDOO0RUHRYHURQZHHNGD\VPDQ\WRXULVWVFRPHHYHQ IRUHLJQWRXULVWVVXFKDV*HUPDQ\1HWKHUODQGVDQGPXFKPRUH$OWKRXJK6LSLVR3LVRLVQRWZLGHO\SURPRWHGPDQ\WRXULVWVFRPHDQG FURZGWKHUH.H\5HVSRQGHQW7RXULVP3XEOLF)LJXUHVLQ6LSLVR3LVR  

0RUHRYHUPRVWRIUHVSRQGHQWVSHUFHLYHGWKDWWKHWUDGLWLRQDOEXLOGLQJVLQWKHUHVHDUFKDUHDDUHTXLWHLQWHUHVWLQJ 3DVDU %XDK ORFDO SHRSOH  WRXULVWV   %XNLW *XQGDOLQJ ORFDO SHRSOH  WRXULVWV   6LSLVR3LVR :DWHUIDOOORFDOSHRSOHWRXULVWV 'HVD/LQJJDORFDOSHRSOHWRXULVWV %XNLW.XEXORFDOSHRSOH  WRXULVWV   5HVSRQGHQWV ZHUH KLJKO\ LPSUHVVHG WRZDUG WKH 'HVD /LQJJD ZKLFK LV RQH RI WKH YLOODJHV LQ .DUR5HJHQF\WKDWVWLOOKDYHWUDGLWLRQDOEXLOGLQJV5HVSRQGHQWVLQ'HVD/LQJJDDUHLQWHUHVWHGLQWUDGLWLRQDOEXLOGLQJ 7DEOH GXHWKHH[LVWHQFHWKDWKDVUDUHO\EHHQIRXQGLQWKHUHFHQW\HDUV7KLVLQWHUHVWLVPRWLYDWHGE\H[SHULHQFHV WKDWFRQQHFWSHRSOHWRWKHSODFHLGHQWLW\SDUWLFXODUO\QDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVFXOWXUHDQGZD\RIOLIH8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKH H[LVWHQFH RI WKH WUDGLWLRQDO EXLOGLQJV LV QRW ZHOOPDLQWDLQHG VHH )LJ   ,W LV FRQILUPHG E\ LQWHUYLHZV ZLWK NH\ UHVSRQGHQWV  ,Q WKH \HDU RI V WKHUH ZHUH WZHQW\QLQH WUDGLWLRQDO EXLOGLQJV LQ 'HVD /LQJJD EXW QRZ RQO\ IRXU EXLOGLQJV OHIW RQH *HUJD +RXVHRQH%HODQJ$\R+RXVHRQH*ULWHQDQGRQH6DSR*DQMDQJ6DPD,QDUHVLGHQWLDODUHDMXVWWZRWUDGLWLRQDOKRXVHVOHIW ,WLVH[FHHGLQJO\XQIRUWXQDWH.H\5HVSRQGHQW&XOWXUDO)LJXUH$FDGHPLFV 

 7KHWUDGLWLRQDOEXLOGLQJVLQ.DUR5HJHQF\VKRXOGEHWKHPDLQDWWUDFWLRQIRUWRXULVWVWKDWZRXOGFUHDWHFKDUDFWHU DQG LGHQWLW\ RI .DUR 7KH ODFN RI DGHTXDWH PDQDJHPHQW RI WUDGLWLRQDO EXLOGLQJV DV FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH DVVHW FDQ VLJQLILFDQWO\HIIHFWRQWKHFDSDFLW\RIKHULWDJHVLWHVWRDWWUDFWWRXULVW

 )LJ7UDGLWLRQDO+RXVHLQ'HVD/LQJJDD *HUJDKRXVHE %HODQJ$\R+RXVHF *ULWHQG 6DSR*DQMDQJ6DPD



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ifferent Perception 7KHUHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWFXOWXUDODFWLYLW\JRWGLIIHUHQWUHVSRQVHVIURPORFDOSHRSOHDQGWRXULVWV0RVWRIWKHORFDO

Nurlisa Ginting et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 408 – 419

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¶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

417

418

Nurlisa Ginting et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 408 – 419

$SSHQGL[$1XPEHURI*XHVWVRI+RWHODQGRWKHU$FFRPPRGDWLRQLQ.DUR5HJHQF\ *XHVWRI+RWHO

   

'RPHVWLF*XHVWV )RUHLJQ*XHVWV 7RWDO


   

   

   

   

$SSHQGL[%&LWL]HQVKLSRI5HVSRQGHQWV

/RFDO3HRSOH

'RPHVWLF

)RUHLJQ

/RFDO3HRSOH

'RPHVWLF

)RUHLJQ

/RFDO3HRSOH

'RPHVWLF

)RUHLJQ

/RFDO3HRSOH

'RPHVWLF

)RUHLJQ

%XNLW.XEX 7RXULVW

)RUHLJQ

,QGRQHVLD

.DUR

2XWVLGH.DUR )RUHLJQ $PRXQW

5HVSRQGHQWVQ   6LSLVRSLVR 'HVD/LQJJD 7RXULVWV 7RXULVWV

'RPHVWLF

&LWL]HQVKLS

*XQGDOLQJ 7RXULVWV

/RFDO3HRSOH

3DVDU%XDK 7RXULVWV

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

7RWDO

   



   

 $SSHQGL[&0RWLYDWLRQRI9LVLW 

'RPHVWLF

)RUHLJQ

'RPHVWLF

)RUHLJQ

'RPHVWLF

)RUHLJQ

      

%XNLW.XEX 7RXULVWV

)RUHLJQ

      

5HVSRQGHQWVQ   *XQGDOLQJ 6LSLVRSLVR 'HVD/LQJJD 7RXULVWV 7RXULVWV 7RXULVWV 'RPHVWLF

+DYLQJVLJKWVHHLQJ 6KRSSLQJ 6HHWUDGLWLRQDOEXLOGLQJV )DPLO\YLVLWLQJ %XVLQHVV (WF $PRXQW

)RUHLJQ

0RWLYDWLRQ

'RPHVWLF

3DVDU%XDK 7RXULVWV

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

      

7RWDO



      

      

7RWDO



  

  

 $SSHQGL[''XUDWLRQRI9LVLW 

'RPHVWLF

)RUHLJQ

'RPHVWLF

)RUHLJQ

'RPHVWLF

)RUHLJQ

'RPHVWLF

)RUHLJQ

2QHGD\ 7ZRGD\VRUPRUH $PRXQW

%XNLW.XEX 7RXULVWV

)RUHLJQ

'XUDWLRQ

5HVSRQGHQWVQ   *XQGDOLQJ 6LSLVRSLVR 'HVD/LQJJD 7RXULVWV 7RXULVWV 7RXULVWV

'RPHVWLF

3DVDU%XDK 7RXULVWV

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

 5HIHUHQFHV   5RG]L1,0RKG=DNL6$KPDGDQG6XEOL60+6\HG %HWZHHQ7RXULVPDQG,QWDQJLEOH&XOWXUDO+HULWDJHProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences±  5L]D0'RUDWOL1DQG)DVOL0 &LW\%UDQGLQJDQG,GHQWLW\Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences±

Nurlisa Ginting et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 408 – 419

 *LQWLQJ1XUOLVDDQG:DKLG-XODLKL ([SORULQJ,GHQWLW\¶V$VSHFW RI&RQWLQXLW\RI8UEDQ+HULWDJH 7RXULVPProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 20,   5LVWHVNL0.RFHYVNL-DQG$UQDXGRY. 6SDWLDO3ODQQLQJDQG6XVWDLQDEOH7RXULVPDV%DVLVIRU'HYHORSLQJ&RPSHWLWLYH7RXULVW 'HVWLQDWLRQVProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, ±  :DQJ 6 DQG ;X +   ,QIOXHQFH RI 3ODFHEDVHG 6HQVHV RI'LVWLQFWLYHQHVV &RQWLQXLW\ 6HOIHVWHHP DQG 6HOIHIILFDF\ RQ 5HVLGHQWV  $WWLWXGHVWRZDUG7RXULVPTourism Management, 47,  'LYLQDJUDFLD /RXLH $ 'LYLQDJUDFLD 0 5RFKHOOH * DQG 'LYLQDJUDFLD 'DYLG *   'LJLWDO 0HGLD,QGXFHG 7RXULVP 7KH &DVH RI 1DWXUHEDVHG7RXULVP1%7 DW(DVW-DYD,QGRQHVLDProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences±  :KLWH''9LUGHQ5-DQG5LSHU&- (IIHFWVRI3ODFH,GHQWLW\3ODFH'HSHQGHQFHDQG([SHULHQFH8VH+LVWRU\RQ3HUFHSWLRQVRI 5HFUHDWLRQ,PSDFWVLQD1DWXUDO6HWWLQJEnvironmental ManagemenW ±'2,V  %366WDWLVWLFRI.DUR5HJHQF\ .DURLQ)LJXUH.DUR5HJHQF\,QGRQHVLDQ%366WDWLVWLFRI.DUR5HJHQF\  /$7623@&2  *RRGZLQ&,QJKDP- 7RQNV* ,GHQWLI\LQJ+HULWDJH9DOXHLQ850EXLOGLQJVJournal of the Structural Engineering Society New Zealand, Inc. 

419