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Morphological alterations in ageing human choriocapillaris
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Abstracts / Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 66S (2017) S1–S78
to any sequential and substantial changes in bone formation that is owed to senile changes, degeneration, perfunctory volatility and various ailments. The clinical presentation of osteophytes in vertebral sequence is related to anatomical structures contiguous to the spinal column. Material and method: The study was conducted on spinal vertebrae obtained from Osteology section of Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur (Rajasthan). They were examined closely for presence of osteophytes and were classified according to degree of development as per age and gender in consideration. The incidence of their presence with other classical features were studied and noted. Results: The localized involvement of structures, neighboring tissue into which osteophytes may grow and the different pathological conditions which may be produced by osteophytes pressing on viscera related to the cervical, thoracic and lumbar region of vertebral column were reviewed. Conclusion: Findings indicate the basis of theories regarding their development, incidence and localization at various vertebral levels with suggestive changes occurring with it. Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2017.08.146 140 Processing of radiation sterilized bones for allograft transplantation Antaryami Singh ∗ , Rita Singh Defence Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jodhpur, India Bone allografts are effective clinical tool for orthopaedic reconstructive surgery. Allogenic bone can be implanted to replace cancerous bone, fusing joints and augmenting fracture healing. Autogenous bone grafts have the disadvantages of donor site morbidity and limited bone stock availability. Allografts reduce the operating time, expense and trauma associated with the acquisition of autografts. Bones obtained from human donor have been used as implants materials since long. Problem of bone allograft as implant material is mostly infectious disease transmission from donor to recipient. Contamination of bone allograft can arise from an infected donor, during tissue removal or during processing. Screening of donor for disease, bacterial testing and aseptic processing do not completely eliminate the possibility of allograft-associated infections. Processing is a critical component for ensuring allograft safety. To ensure the availability of a safe allograft for transplantation, sterilization is essential. Radiation process is a cold sterilization and is the preferred method for sterilization of biological tissues. Bone for allograft is obtained mainly through the donation of femoral heads from primary hip replacement. Detailed history of the donors is taken to exclude malignancy and infectious diseases. The laboratory screening include test for HIV antibodies, Hepatitis B surface antigen, Hepatitis C antibodies and Syphilis. Femoral heads are cut, washed, pasteurized and freeze-dried. Processed bone grafts are sterilized by exposure to gamma radiation. Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur has Multipurpose Gamma Irradiation Facility, RAVI (Raksha Anusandhan and Vikas Irradiator). Femoral heads collected from AIIMS, Jodhpur and SN Medical College, Jodhpur are processed as bone allografts and sterilized by gamma irradiation for clinical use.
Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2017.08.147 141 Morphological alterations in ageing human choriocapillaris Tapas C. Nag ∗ , Chiman Kumari, Tara Shankar Roy Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India Background: The choriocapillaris contains unusual, largecalibre capillaries that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the outer retina. These vessels are lined with a fenestrated endothelium. While significant loss of these vessels is reported in ageing, agerelated macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, relatively little is known about the cytological changes leading to their loss. We report changes in pericytes and endothelium of the choriocapillaris with ageing. Materials and methods: Human eyes from healthy donors (age: 50–91 years, N = 15) with no history of ocular diseases were procured and fixed in Karnovsky’s fixative. The sub-macular part of the choroid was cut, osmicated, dehydrated and embedded in Araldite CY212. Thick choroidal sections were stained with toluidine blue for light microscopy of gross changes. Thin sections were observed under a Tecnai G2 -20 transmission electron microscope for fine structural changes in pericytes and endothelium of ageing capillaries. Results: The choriocapillaris appears morphologically stable until seventh decade: from eighth decade, the pericyte cytoplasm becomes electron-dense and shows loss of filaments, when the endothelium remains almost unaltered. The late endothelial changes include alterations in its basal lamina, cytoplasmic organelles and microvillar projections into lumen. Macrophages were frequently seen near the altered choriocapillaris vessels. The pericytes further deteriorate and this is followed by the appearance of empty spaces in the Sattler’s layer, reflecting loss of the choriocapillaris. Conclusions: These novel observations emphasize that early pericytes changes are instrumental in triggering endothelial damage, leading to death of the choriocapillaris with ageing. Future research should highlight on the mechanisms of normal maintenance of pericytes of the choriocapillaris (funded by ICMR project 5/51/BMS/2012 to TCN). Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2017.08.148 142 Morphometric analysis of typical thoracic vertebrae and its surgical implications S. Garg ∗ , V. Tiwari, N. Vasudeva Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India Aims and objectives: Taking into account the complex nature of thoracic spine and its predilection to a wide array of traumatic, degenerative and neoplastic diseases, the present study has given importance to the morphometry of typical thoracic vertebrae. The
Abstracts / Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 66S (2017) S1–S78
to any sequential and substantial changes in bone formation that is owed to senile changes, degeneration, perfunctory volatility and various ailments. The clinical presentation of osteophytes in vertebral sequence is related to anatomical structures contiguous to the spinal column. Material and method: The study was conducted on spinal vertebrae obtained from Osteology section of Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur (Rajasthan). They were examined closely for presence of osteophytes and were classified according to degree of development as per age and gender in consideration. The incidence of their presence with other classical features were studied and noted. Results: The localized involvement of structures, neighboring tissue into which osteophytes may grow and the different pathological conditions which may be produced by osteophytes pressing on viscera related to the cervical, thoracic and lumbar region of vertebral column were reviewed. Conclusion: Findings indicate the basis of theories regarding their development, incidence and localization at various vertebral levels with suggestive changes occurring with it. Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2017.08.146 140 Processing of radiation sterilized bones for allograft transplantation Antaryami Singh ∗ , Rita Singh Defence Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jodhpur, India Bone allografts are effective clinical tool for orthopaedic reconstructive surgery. Allogenic bone can be implanted to replace cancerous bone, fusing joints and augmenting fracture healing. Autogenous bone grafts have the disadvantages of donor site morbidity and limited bone stock availability. Allografts reduce the operating time, expense and trauma associated with the acquisition of autografts. Bones obtained from human donor have been used as implants materials since long. Problem of bone allograft as implant material is mostly infectious disease transmission from donor to recipient. Contamination of bone allograft can arise from an infected donor, during tissue removal or during processing. Screening of donor for disease, bacterial testing and aseptic processing do not completely eliminate the possibility of allograft-associated infections. Processing is a critical component for ensuring allograft safety. To ensure the availability of a safe allograft for transplantation, sterilization is essential. Radiation process is a cold sterilization and is the preferred method for sterilization of biological tissues. Bone for allograft is obtained mainly through the donation of femoral heads from primary hip replacement. Detailed history of the donors is taken to exclude malignancy and infectious diseases. The laboratory screening include test for HIV antibodies, Hepatitis B surface antigen, Hepatitis C antibodies and Syphilis. Femoral heads are cut, washed, pasteurized and freeze-dried. Processed bone grafts are sterilized by exposure to gamma radiation. Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur has Multipurpose Gamma Irradiation Facility, RAVI (Raksha Anusandhan and Vikas Irradiator). Femoral heads collected from AIIMS, Jodhpur and SN Medical College, Jodhpur are processed as bone allografts and sterilized by gamma irradiation for clinical use.
Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2017.08.147 141 Morphological alterations in ageing human choriocapillaris Tapas C. Nag ∗ , Chiman Kumari, Tara Shankar Roy Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India Background: The choriocapillaris contains unusual, largecalibre capillaries that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the outer retina. These vessels are lined with a fenestrated endothelium. While significant loss of these vessels is reported in ageing, agerelated macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, relatively little is known about the cytological changes leading to their loss. We report changes in pericytes and endothelium of the choriocapillaris with ageing. Materials and methods: Human eyes from healthy donors (age: 50–91 years, N = 15) with no history of ocular diseases were procured and fixed in Karnovsky’s fixative. The sub-macular part of the choroid was cut, osmicated, dehydrated and embedded in Araldite CY212. Thick choroidal sections were stained with toluidine blue for light microscopy of gross changes. Thin sections were observed under a Tecnai G2 -20 transmission electron microscope for fine structural changes in pericytes and endothelium of ageing capillaries. Results: The choriocapillaris appears morphologically stable until seventh decade: from eighth decade, the pericyte cytoplasm becomes electron-dense and shows loss of filaments, when the endothelium remains almost unaltered. The late endothelial changes include alterations in its basal lamina, cytoplasmic organelles and microvillar projections into lumen. Macrophages were frequently seen near the altered choriocapillaris vessels. The pericytes further deteriorate and this is followed by the appearance of empty spaces in the Sattler’s layer, reflecting loss of the choriocapillaris. Conclusions: These novel observations emphasize that early pericytes changes are instrumental in triggering endothelial damage, leading to death of the choriocapillaris with ageing. Future research should highlight on the mechanisms of normal maintenance of pericytes of the choriocapillaris (funded by ICMR project 5/51/BMS/2012 to TCN). Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2017.08.148 142 Morphometric analysis of typical thoracic vertebrae and its surgical implications S. Garg ∗ , V. Tiwari, N. Vasudeva Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India Aims and objectives: Taking into account the complex nature of thoracic spine and its predilection to a wide array of traumatic, degenerative and neoplastic diseases, the present study has given importance to the morphometry of typical thoracic vertebrae. The