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Mottled enamel
ABSTRACTS OF
CURRENT
L-ITERATURE
NUTRITION BY
SAMUEL
ADAMS
AND COHEN,
PEDIATRICS M.D.,
NEW
YORK
CITY
It is the purpose of this JOURNAL to review so far as possible the most important literature appears in English and foreign periodicals and to present it in abstract form. Authors quested to send abstracts or reprints of their papers to the publishers.
are
as it re-
Effect of an Injury Confined to One Rat Incisor and Its Investing Tissues Upon the Other Incisors. I. &hour. Proc. Sot. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30: 2,1932. In a carefully controlled experiment this investigator studied the effects of experiment,al injuries to the mandibular incisors and their investing tissues in 22 rats of 21-450 days of age followed over a period from 31 to 158 days. Experimental injuries were in the nature of fracturing of one or two mandibular incisors and The rate their investing tissues. In no case were the maxillary incisors injured. of eruption was measured, and records were kept of the gross appearance of the teeth and jaws. After death a radiographic, anatomic and histologic study was made of the teeth. It was found that in 85 per cent of the experimental animals there was (A) considerable retardation in eruption and (B) more or less severe histopathologic changes in the dental tissues, particularly the enamel and the enamel epithelium in the injured teeth and also in varying degrees in the uninjured teeth as well. In this interesting preliminary report &hour, who writes from the Department of Dental Histology, Vniversitp of Illinois and the Department of Anatomy, University of Chicago, further states that the changes were progressive and more or less permanent and in some cases they appeared within a week following the operation.
Mottled
Enamel.
Editorial,
J. A. M. A. 100 : 3, 1933.
This detailed editorial discusses the history and etiology of mottled enamel. It states that when Dr. J. M. Eager of the U. S. Public Health Service was stationed at Naples, Italy, in 1901, he reported a peculiar condition of enamel of the teeth among Italian immigrants, particularly among those coming from Pozzuoli, near Naples. This condition, which was later designated by G. V. Black by the descriptive name of ‘ ’ mottled enamel, ’ ’ was also noted among individuals living in various places of the United States and in other countries. For example, it was observed in a recent investigation in Bauxite, Arkansas, that as many as 44 per cent. of the 458 school children from the ages of five to fifteen years who were examined had mottled enamel of some teeth. According to Black the essential injury is the appearance of the teeth which are of normal form but not of normal color. When not stained brown or yellow, t,he 327
328
Abstracts
teeth are ghastly opaque white. In many instances, however, the teeth appear absolutely black. The associated pigmented or stained phase of mottled enamel is called ‘ ‘brown stain, ’ ’ which when it does appear seems to be limited to the labial surfaces of the maxillary incisors and canines. In regard to the etiology of this interesting phenomenon the editorial explains that the evidence is fairly conclusive that mottled enamel in individuals is endemic and is a result of some condition peculiar to the particular locality. That the mottled condition of the teeth is apparently not related to maternal nutrition is evident from the fact that this defect almost never shows in deciduous teeth. Investigations in Bauxite, Arkansas, and in Polk Count,y, Iowa! and in many communities of Arizona have brought forth evidence which is convincing that this condition results when there is an abnormal amount of fluorine compounds in the water which is used for domestic purposes. In addition it has been noted experimentally that when residue left after evaporation of these waters was included in the ration given to rats, a condition similar to mottled enamel, if not idemical with it, was produced. The editorial further comments that simultanegusly when there was a change in the source of water to be used for domestic purposes, that is when some communities changed their water supply from shallow surface wells and springs to deep well water, there was later noted a defect in the enamel on the permanent teeth which were being formed during that period. This is striking1.v illustrated in investigations of Kempf and McKay in Bauxite, Arkansas, when they noted that the oldest child found with the enamel defect was born about the time the deep well water was introduced. They further noted that all children in the community who had used the deep well water during any considerable period of enamel formation eshibited this defect:. The editorial, however, states that for the present t,here are no incriminations of surface waters or shallow wells such as form the drinking water supply of most American communities. Nevertheless, in regard to the communities where mottled enamel is endemic, it is interesting to note that Pozzuoli is reported to have changed its water supply and to be free from the defects noted.
The Use of Convalescent Serum in the Treatment of Measles, Chickenpox, Mumps and Whooping Cough, Including the Prophylactic Value of Parental Blood. J. M. Lewis and L. H. Barenberg.
N. Y. State J. Med. 33 : 2,1933.
These authors report their observations on the effects of prophylaxis measures against measles with the use of adult whole blood or blood serum and also with the use of convalescent measles serum. Fifty-six children from the ages of two to four years who were exposed to measles were given intramuscular injections of 30 cc. of whole blood of adults who had measles. (The blood was obtained usually from one of the parents of the child after the utmost care was taken to eliminate the possibility of tuberculosis or syphilis in the donor.) Thirteen, or 23 per cent, of the 56 children remained free from measles ; of the remaining 43 children who developed measles 23 of these had either a modified or an attenuated type of the disease. In brief, these New York clinicians found that 64 per cent of their group of 56 children were definitely benefited by the use of adult whole blood as a prophylaxis a.gainst measles,
CURRENT
L-ITERATURE
NUTRITION BY
SAMUEL
ADAMS
AND COHEN,
PEDIATRICS M.D.,
NEW
YORK
CITY
It is the purpose of this JOURNAL to review so far as possible the most important literature appears in English and foreign periodicals and to present it in abstract form. Authors quested to send abstracts or reprints of their papers to the publishers.
are
as it re-
Effect of an Injury Confined to One Rat Incisor and Its Investing Tissues Upon the Other Incisors. I. &hour. Proc. Sot. Exper. Biol. & Med. 30: 2,1932. In a carefully controlled experiment this investigator studied the effects of experiment,al injuries to the mandibular incisors and their investing tissues in 22 rats of 21-450 days of age followed over a period from 31 to 158 days. Experimental injuries were in the nature of fracturing of one or two mandibular incisors and The rate their investing tissues. In no case were the maxillary incisors injured. of eruption was measured, and records were kept of the gross appearance of the teeth and jaws. After death a radiographic, anatomic and histologic study was made of the teeth. It was found that in 85 per cent of the experimental animals there was (A) considerable retardation in eruption and (B) more or less severe histopathologic changes in the dental tissues, particularly the enamel and the enamel epithelium in the injured teeth and also in varying degrees in the uninjured teeth as well. In this interesting preliminary report &hour, who writes from the Department of Dental Histology, Vniversitp of Illinois and the Department of Anatomy, University of Chicago, further states that the changes were progressive and more or less permanent and in some cases they appeared within a week following the operation.
Mottled
Enamel.
Editorial,
J. A. M. A. 100 : 3, 1933.
This detailed editorial discusses the history and etiology of mottled enamel. It states that when Dr. J. M. Eager of the U. S. Public Health Service was stationed at Naples, Italy, in 1901, he reported a peculiar condition of enamel of the teeth among Italian immigrants, particularly among those coming from Pozzuoli, near Naples. This condition, which was later designated by G. V. Black by the descriptive name of ‘ ’ mottled enamel, ’ ’ was also noted among individuals living in various places of the United States and in other countries. For example, it was observed in a recent investigation in Bauxite, Arkansas, that as many as 44 per cent. of the 458 school children from the ages of five to fifteen years who were examined had mottled enamel of some teeth. According to Black the essential injury is the appearance of the teeth which are of normal form but not of normal color. When not stained brown or yellow, t,he 327
328
Abstracts
teeth are ghastly opaque white. In many instances, however, the teeth appear absolutely black. The associated pigmented or stained phase of mottled enamel is called ‘ ‘brown stain, ’ ’ which when it does appear seems to be limited to the labial surfaces of the maxillary incisors and canines. In regard to the etiology of this interesting phenomenon the editorial explains that the evidence is fairly conclusive that mottled enamel in individuals is endemic and is a result of some condition peculiar to the particular locality. That the mottled condition of the teeth is apparently not related to maternal nutrition is evident from the fact that this defect almost never shows in deciduous teeth. Investigations in Bauxite, Arkansas, and in Polk Count,y, Iowa! and in many communities of Arizona have brought forth evidence which is convincing that this condition results when there is an abnormal amount of fluorine compounds in the water which is used for domestic purposes. In addition it has been noted experimentally that when residue left after evaporation of these waters was included in the ration given to rats, a condition similar to mottled enamel, if not idemical with it, was produced. The editorial further comments that simultanegusly when there was a change in the source of water to be used for domestic purposes, that is when some communities changed their water supply from shallow surface wells and springs to deep well water, there was later noted a defect in the enamel on the permanent teeth which were being formed during that period. This is striking1.v illustrated in investigations of Kempf and McKay in Bauxite, Arkansas, when they noted that the oldest child found with the enamel defect was born about the time the deep well water was introduced. They further noted that all children in the community who had used the deep well water during any considerable period of enamel formation eshibited this defect:. The editorial, however, states that for the present t,here are no incriminations of surface waters or shallow wells such as form the drinking water supply of most American communities. Nevertheless, in regard to the communities where mottled enamel is endemic, it is interesting to note that Pozzuoli is reported to have changed its water supply and to be free from the defects noted.
The Use of Convalescent Serum in the Treatment of Measles, Chickenpox, Mumps and Whooping Cough, Including the Prophylactic Value of Parental Blood. J. M. Lewis and L. H. Barenberg.
N. Y. State J. Med. 33 : 2,1933.
These authors report their observations on the effects of prophylaxis measures against measles with the use of adult whole blood or blood serum and also with the use of convalescent measles serum. Fifty-six children from the ages of two to four years who were exposed to measles were given intramuscular injections of 30 cc. of whole blood of adults who had measles. (The blood was obtained usually from one of the parents of the child after the utmost care was taken to eliminate the possibility of tuberculosis or syphilis in the donor.) Thirteen, or 23 per cent, of the 56 children remained free from measles ; of the remaining 43 children who developed measles 23 of these had either a modified or an attenuated type of the disease. In brief, these New York clinicians found that 64 per cent of their group of 56 children were definitely benefited by the use of adult whole blood as a prophylaxis a.gainst measles,