Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 247 – 254
0XOWL6RXUFHV:DWHU6XSSO\6\VWHP2SWLPDO&RQWURO$&DVH6WXG\ 93XOHRD &0)RQWDQD]]DD91RWDURD*)UHQLD D
)DFXOW\RI(QJLQHHULQJDQG$UFKLWHFWXUH8QLYHUVLW\RI(QQD³.RUH´(QQD,WDO\
$EVWUDFW 7KHRSWLPDORSHUDWLRQRIDPXOWLTXDOLW\QHWZRUNZDVDQDO\VHGDSSO\LQJ/LQHDU3URJUDPPLQJPHWKRGV7KHSHFXOLDUVHUYLFHFRQGLWLRQRIWKH LQGXVWULDOFLW\RI*HOD,WDO\ ZDVLQYHVWLJDWHG7KHQHWZRUNLVVXSSOLHGERWKIURPZDWHUVGHULYHGIURPDGHVDOLQDWLRQSODQWDQGRWKHUQDWXUDO VRXUFHV7KHPHWKRGDLPHGWRPLQLPLVHHQHUJ\FRVWDQGILQGWKHRSWLPDORSHUDWLRQFRQWUROZKLOHVDWLVI\LQJGHPDQGDQGTXDOLW\FRQVWUDLQWV VSHFLILFDOO\ZLWKUHJDUGWRZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUH7KHPHWKRGSURYHGWREHHIIHFWLYHLQWKHVHOHFWLRQRIWKHRSWLPDOPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJ\DIWHUWKH GHILQLWLRQRIDVSHFLILFZDWHUTXDOLW\WDUJHW 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI:'6$ (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of WDSA 2014 .H\ZRUGV2SWLPL]DWLRQZDWHUTXDOLW\GHVDOLQDWLRQPXOWLVRXUFHVXSSO\
,QWURGXFWLRQ ,QPDQDJHPHQWRIZDWHUVXSSO\V\VWHPVPDQ\HIIRUWVKDYHEHHQPDGHRQSODQQLQJDQGGHVLJQRIQHWZRUNVDQGIDFLOLWLHVUHDO WLPHRSHUDWLRQVJXLGHOLQHVHVWDEOLVKPHQWV'HVLJQHUVXWLOLWLHVDQGUHJXODWLQJDJHQFLHVDUHLQWHUHVWHGWRGHYHORSVLPXODWLRQDQG RSWLPL]DWLRQDOJRULWKPVIRUPRGHOOLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGVHYHUDODSSURDFKHVKDYHEHHQSURSRVHG6KDPLUDQG+RZDUG>@FODVVLILHG ZDWHU TXDOLW\ PRGHOV IRU ZDWHU GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH IORZ FRQGLWLRQV LQ WKH QHWZRUN DQG WKH VXEVWDQFH FRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHVRXUFH$FFRUGLQJWRWKHV\VWHPVDQDO\VHGDJULFXOWXUHLQGXVWU\PXQLFLSDOZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPV ZDWHU PRGHOVFDQEHGLYLGHGLQ VWHDG\IORZVWHDG\FRQFHQWUDWLRQ VWHDG\IORZXQVWHDG\FRQFHQWUDWLRQ XQVWHDG\IORZVWHDG\ FRQFHQWUDWLRQDQG XQVWHDG\IORZXQVWHDG\FRQFHQWUDWLRQ$VXQGHUOLQHGE\2VWIHOG>@WKHLQWHUHVWLQPRGHOOLQJIORZDQGTXDOLW\ KDVEHHQRULHQWHGRQERWKXVHRIZDWHUIURPVRXUFHVZLWKGLIIHUHQWTXDOLWLHVLQDVLQJOHGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPFRQFHUQLQPXQLFLSDO ZDWHU GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHP RYHU TXDOLW\ FKDQJHV VXFK DV GHFD\ RI GLVLQIHFWDQWV DQGRU JURZWK RI RUJDQLVPV DQG GHOLEHUDWH RU DFFLGHQWDOHYHQWVLQZKLFKFRQWDPLQDQWVHQWHULQWRWKHV\VWHP ,QOLWHUDWXUHVHYHUDORSWLPL]DWLRQPHWKRGRORJLHVKDYHEHHQSURSRVHGWRGHDOZLWKPXOWLTXDOLW\ZDWHUUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQW SUREOHP7KHRSWLPDODOORFDWLRQRIZDWHUGHULYHGIURPGLIIHUHQWFRPPRGLWLHVHJVXUIDFHZDWHUJURXQGZDWHUGHVDOLQDWHGVHD ZDWHU LVJHQHUDOO\IRXQGE\PLQLPL]LQJDFRVWIXQFWLRQZKLFKLQFOXGHVSXPSLQJFRVWDQGVRXUFHFRVWZKLOHVDWLVI\LQJZDWHUTXDOLW\ FRQVWUDLQWV,QIDFWZDWHUDJHQFLHVRIWHQILQGWKDWLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRLPSRVHEOHQGLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVDWFHUWDLQFRQWUROSRLQWVLQWKH V\VWHP LQ RUGHU WR VHFXUH WKH GHVLUHG ZDWHU TXDOLW\ GRZQVWUHDP RI WKH FRQWURO SRLQWV @ SURSRVHG D QRQOLQHDU PXOWLFRPPRGLW\IORZPRGHOWRRSWLPL]HZDWHUGHOLYHU\ZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPHPHHWLQJEOHQGLQJUHTXLUHPHQWV:KHUHDVDOLQHDU SURJUDPPLQJDSSURDFKZDVDSSOLHGE\&DPSEHOOHWDO>@7XHWDO>@GHYHORSHGDPXOWLFRPPRGLW\IORZPRGHOLQDUHJLRQDO ZDWHUVXSSO\V\VWHP7KHRSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPZDVVROYHGE\FRXSOLQJJHQHWLFDOJRULWKPDQGDJHQHUDOL]HGUHGXFHGJUDGLHQW ,QDGGLWLRQWRRSWLPL]DWLRQRIWKHZDWHUEOHQGLQJSUREOHP3HQJHWDO>@SUHVHQWHGDUDSLGIX]]\RSWLPL]DWLRQDSSURDFKZLWK UHJDUGVWRPLQLPL]DWLRQRIKDUPIXOUHDFWLRQVLQZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNV$VVKRZQE\H[SHULPHQWDOVWXGLHV>@ZDWHUTXDOLW\ FDQEHDIIHFWHGE\FRUURVLRQSURGXFWUHOHDVHZKLFKFKDQJHVZLWKEOHQGVFKHPLFDODQGSK\VLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV,PUDQHWDO>@KDYH GHYHORSHGDPXOWLREMHFWLYHWHFKQLTXHWRHYDOXDWHWKHEOHQGLQJUDWHWRLGHQWLI\DFFHSWDEOHZDWHUTXDOLW\IRUVLPXOWDQHRXVFRQWURORI FRUURVLRQ
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ (PDLODGGUHVVYDOHULDSXOHR#XQLNRUHLW
1877-7058 © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of WDSA 2014 doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.184
248
V. Puleo et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 247 – 254
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¶V HOOLSVRLG DOJRULWKP DQG WKH .DUPDNDU¶V SURMHFWLYH LQWHULRUSRLQWDOJRULWKPDUHRIWHQXVHGWRVROYHOLQHDUSURJUDPPLQJSUREOHPV>@$PRQJPDQ\JHQHUDODOJRULWKPLFDSSURDFKHV WKH PRVW HIIHFWLYH KDV SURYHQ WR EH WKH SULPDOGXDO LQIHDVLEOHLQWHULRUSRLQW DSSURDFK LQFOXGLQJ D QXPEHU RI YDULDQWV DQG HQKDQFHPHQWVVXFKDV0HKURWUD¶VSUHGLFWRUFRUUHFWRUWHFKQLTXH>@7KLVODVWDSSURDFKZDVLPSOHPHQWHGXQGHU0$7/$%>@ HQYLURQPHQWE\=KDQJ>@WRWDNHDGYDQWDJHRI0$7/$%¶VVSDUVHPDWUL[IXQFWLRQVDQGH[WHUQDOLQWHUIDFHIDFLOLWLHV 7KHRSWLPL]DWLRQRIPXOWLTXDOLW\VRXUFHVSUREOHPSRVHVDVIROORZV 7
PLQ
¦F
4 S W F V W 4V W
6 PLQ d 6W d 6 PD[
4PLQ d 4W d 4PD[
4W 'W 6W 6W $ TW 'W
S W
W
6XEMHFWWR
7
7
¦4 ¦ T W
W
W
W
ZKHUH4SWDUHWKHXQNQRZQSXPSVWDWLRQGLVFKDUJHV4VWWKHXQNQRZQIORZUDWHIURPQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVFSWDQGFVWWKHREMHFWLYH IXQFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVUHODWHGWRSXPSVWDWLRQDQGQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVUHVSHFWLYHO\6PLQ6PD[DUHWKHORZHUDQGXSSHUERXQGRIWKH WDQNZDWHUOHYHOVZKLOH4PLQ4PD[DUHWKRVHUHODWHGWRWKHSXPSVWDWLRQGLVFKDUJHVDQGQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVTWWKHNQRZQGHPDQG$ LVWKHWDQNVXUIDFHDUHD6W6WDUHWKHWDQNZDWHUOHYHODWWLPHWDQGW±UHVSHFWLYHO\ǻWLVWKHRSWLPL]DWLRQFRQWUROLQWHUYDORIWHQ IL[HGWRKRXU 3ULRUWRVROYLQJWKHV\VWHPRIOLQHDUHTXDWLRQVWKHREMHFWLYHIXQFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVFSWKDYHWREHHYDOXDWHG,QDGGLWLRQWRWKH HOHFWULFLW\WDULIIWKHVHFRHIILFLHQWVWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHQHWZRUNK\GUDXOLFVRUPRUHSUHFLVHO\WKHHIIHFWRIWKHZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHPK\GUDXOLFFRQGLWLRQVRQSXPSK\GUDXOLFSRZHU7KHSXPSHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQLVGHSHQGHQWXSRQWKHSXPSWRWDOKHDG
249
V. Puleo et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 247 – 254
ZKLFKLVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHSLSHUHVLVWDQFHFXUYHXSVWUHDPDQGGRZQVWUHDPRIWKHSXPS,IWKHKHDGOLIWDFURVVWKHSXPSGRHVQRW YDU\E\PRUHWKDQIHZPHWHUVWKHSXPSRSHUDWHVSUDFWLFDOO\DWWKHVDPHSRLQWRQLWVSXPSFXUYH $VPHQWLRQHGDERYHWKHTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVHOHFWHGIRUWKLVDQDO\VLVZDVZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUH$FFRUGLQJWRWKHKHDWWUDQVIHUODZ WZRIOXLGVUHDFKWKHUPDOHTXLOLEULXPZKHQWHPSHUDWXUHZLWKLQWKHV\VWHPLVWHPSRUDOO\DQGVSDWLDOO\XQLIRUP)RUWKHWHPSHUDWXUH FRQVWUDLQWGHILQLWLRQWKHIROORZLQJDVVXPSWLRQVDUHQHHGHG x x x x
KHDWORVVJDLQDORQJSLSHV\VWHPLVQHJOHFWHG KHDWWUDQVIHUWDNHVSODFHRQO\EHWZHHQZDWHUVHQWHULQJLQWKHWDQNVLQZKLFKFRPSOHWHDQGLQVWDQWDQHRXVPL[LQJRFFXUV ZDWHUVKDYHWKHVDPHFKHPLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV RQO\VHDVRQDOWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQLVFRQVLGHUHGIRUWKHDQDO\VLV
.QRZQWHPSHUDWXUHRIZDWHUVHQWHULQJLQDWDQNWKHRSWLPDOEOHQGLQJRUPL[LQJ UDWLRUZLWKUHJDUGWRUHVRXUFHZLWKKLJKHU WHPSHUDWXUHFDQEHGHILQHGDV U
U T W 'W
7H 7 7 7
:KHUH ȡ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
D
E
)LJ3XPSFKDUDFWHULVWLFFXUYHVD SXPSVWDWLRQE SXPSVWDWLRQVDQG
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
250
V. Puleo et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 247 – 254 6
6
'
'
6
7
'3
1BQHW
7
6
6B1HW
)LJ6FKHPDWLFRIWKHZDWHUVXSSO\V\VWHP 7DEOH$YHUDJHPRQWKO\WHPSHUDWXUHRIGHVDOLQDWHGZDWHU $YHUDJHPRQWKO\ZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUH& -DQXDU\
)HEUXDU\
0DUFK
$SULO
0D\
-XQH
-XO\
$XJXVW
6HSWHPEHU
2FWREHU
1RYHPEHU
'HFHPEHU
7DEOH$YHUDJHDQQXDOZDWHUYROXPHVVXSSOLHGWR*HODDQGXQLWFRVW 8QLW&RVW>¼P@
0D[LPXPDYDLODEOHYROXPH>0P\HDU@
6
6
6
6
1DWXUDOUHVRXUFH
7KHZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNFDQEHIHGE\WZRWDQNVDWGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVUHVSHFWLYHO\7WDQNPDVO DQG7WDQNP DVO WKDWFDQVWRUHXSWRPSHUGD\DQGVXSSO\DURXQGLQKDELWDQWV
)LJ$YHUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHSDWWHUQVIRUWKHGLIIHUHQWQDWXUDOZDWHUUHVRXUFHV
7KHHOHFWULFLW\WDULIILVJURXSHGLQWKUHHKRXUO\SHULRGORZFKDUJH¼.:K IURPSPWRDPPRGHUDWHFKDUJH ¼.:K IURPDPWRDPDQGSPWRSPDQGSHDNFKDUJH¼.:K IURPDPWRSP1DWXUDOZDWHUKDYHWRSDLGWR WKHVXSSOLHUDFFRUGLQJWRDJHQHUDOUHJLRQDODJUHHPHQWDQGWKHXQLWFRVWLVSUHVHQWHGLQ
251
V. Puleo et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 247 – 254
7DEOHDQGWKHDYHUDJHZHLJKWHGFRVWLV¼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
)LJ$QDO\VHGWHPSHUDWXUHSDWWHUQV
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
)LJ6XSSO\FRVWVLQ6FHQDULRRQWKHULJKW DQGXWLOL]DWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWZDWHUUHVRXUFHVLQVHOHFWHGPRQWKVRQWKHULJKW
)LJVKRZVWKHUHVXOWVDQDO\VLVRIWKHWKUHHWHPSHUDWXUHSDWWHUQV7KHSDWWHUQVDUHDOOFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHDGRSWLRQRIWKH PD[LPXPDOORZHGWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHSHULRG-XO\±2FWREHUSDWWHUQ$DVVXPHVORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHVGXULQJWKHUHVWRIWKH\HDULQ
252
V. Puleo et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 247 – 254
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
)LJ6XSSO\FRVWVLQ6FHQDULR
3DWWHUQ%
3DWWHUQ$
3DWWHUQ&
)LJ8WLOL]DWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWZDWHUUHVRXUFHVLQVHOHFWHGPRQWKVLQ6FHQDULRIRUWKHSDWWHUQV$%DQG&UHVSHFWLYHO\
)LJDQGVKRZWKHUHVXOWVDQDO\VLVIRU6FHQDULR7KHSDWWHUQVDUHDOOFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHDGRSWLRQRIWKHPD[LPXPDOORZHG WHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHSHULRG-XO\±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
253
V. Puleo et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 247 – 254
)LJ6XSSO\FRVWVLQ6FHQDULRFRQVLGHULQJWKHWKUHHWHPSHUDWXUHSDWWHUQVDQGWKHFRQVWDQWPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHIL[HGE\ODZ
3DWWHUQ%
3DWWHUQ$
3DWWHUQ&
)LJ8WLOL]DWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWZDWHUUHVRXUFHVLQVHOHFWHGPRQWKVLQ6FHQDULRIRUWKHSDWWHUQV$%DQG&UHVSHFWLYHO\
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
254
V. Puleo et al. / Procedia Engineering 89 (2014) 247 – 254
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± $/$',1 IRU ILQDQFLDO VXSSRUW WR WKH SUHVHQWHG UHVHDUFK 5HIHUHQFHV >@ 86KDPLUDQG&''+RZDUG7RSLFVLQPRGHOLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\LQGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPVLQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH$::$5)(3$&RQIHUHQFHRQ:DWHU 4XDOLW\0RGHOLQJLQ'LVWULEXWLRQ6\VWHPV&LQFLQQDWL2KLRSS±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כQYLURQPHQW2SWLPL]DWLRQ0HWKRGVDQG6RIWZDUH >@0DWKZRUNV8VLQJ0DWODE0DWKZRUNV,QF1DWLN0$