Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 87 – 91
9,,7$/,$1&21)(5(1&(2)5(6($5&+(56,1*(27(&+1,&$/(1*,1((5,1*± *HRWHFKQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJLQ0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\5HVHDUFKIURP0LFURVFDOHWR5HJLRQDO6FDOH &15,*
0XOWLVFDOHDQDO\VLVRQWKHEHKDYLRXURIDOLPHWUHDWHGEHQWRQLWH (Q]D9LWDOHD 'LPLWUL'HQHHOHEF*LDFRPR5XVVRD D
'HSDUWPHQWRI&LYLODQG0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI&DVVLQRDQG6RXWKHUQ/D]LR,WDO\ /81$0,)677$5,QVWLWXW)UDQoDLVGHV6FLHQFHVHWGHV7HFKQRORJLHVGHV7UDQVSRUWVGHO $PpQDJHPHQWHWGHV5pVHDX[%3URXWHGH %RXD\H%RXJXHQDLV)UDQFH F ,QVWLWXWGHV0DWpULDX[-HDQ5RX[HO,01 8QLYHUVLWpGH1DQWHV&156UXHGHOD+RXVVLQLqUH%31DQWHV&HGH[)UDQFH
E
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© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJDQGVFLHQWLILFFRPPLWWHHVRI&15,* Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing and scientific committees of CNRIG2016 .H\ZRUGV/LPHWUHDWPHQWPLFURVWUXFWXUHSR]]RODQLFUHDFWLRQVK\GURPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRXU
,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHDGGLWLRQRIOLPHWRDFOD\H\VRLOVKDVDVWURQJLPSDFWRQWKHJHRWHFKQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHVRLOVDVUHVXOWVRI
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ (PDLODGGUHVVHYLWDOH#XQLFDVLW
1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing and scientific committees of CNRIG2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.410
88
Enza Vitale et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 87 – 91
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
3HUFHQWDJH
6L2
$O2
&D2
.2
0J2
)H2
([SHULPHQWDOSURFHGXUHV ;5D\GLIIUDFWLRQDQDO\VLV;5' ;5D\GLIIUDFWLRQDQDO\VHVKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWRQQRWWUHDWHGDQG&D2WUHDWHGVDPSOHVDWLQFUHDVLQJFXULQJ WLPHVQDPHO\GD\V6DPSOHV ZHUHIUHH]HGULHGEHIRUHWHVWLQJ>@;5'SDWWHUQV ZHUH SHUIRUPHGRQUDQGRPO\RULHQWHGSRZGHUXVLQJD%UXFNHU$;6'$GYDQFH'LIIUDFWRPHWHUZLWK&X.ĮȜ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
89
Enza Vitale et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 87 – 91
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ǻıYı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
)LJ;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQSDWWHUQRIQRWWUHDWHGDQG&D2WUHDWHGEHQWRQLWHDWLQFUHDVLQJFXULQJWLPHV
Ϯ͕ϱ Ϯ ϭ͕ϱ ϭ
ϯйĂK
Ϭ͕ϱ
,LJĚƌĂƚĞƐ
Ϭ Ϭ
ϱϬ
ĚĂLJƐ
ϭϬϬ
ϭϱϬ
ϮϬ ϭϴ ϭϲ ϭϰ ϭϮ ϭϬ ϴ ϲ ϰ Ϯ Ϭ
ϯ
ďͿ Ϯ͕ϱ Ϯ ϭ͕ϱ ϭ
ϱйĂK
Ϭ͕ϱ
,LJĚƌĂƚĞƐ
йDĂƐƐůŽƐƐͲ,LJĚƌĂƚĞͲϭϭϬΣͲϰϬϬΣ
ĂͿ
йDĂƐƐůŽƐƐͲ,LJĚƌĂƚĞͲϭϭϬΣͲϰϬϬΣ
ϯ
ϮϬ ϭϴ ϭϲ ϭϰ ϭϮ ϭϬ ϴ ϲ ϰ Ϯ Ϭ
йDĂƐƐůŽƐƐͲĂ;K,ͿϮ ϯϵϬΣͲϰϲϬΣ
Enza Vitale et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 87 – 91
йDĂƐƐůŽƐƐͲĂ;K,ͿϮ ϯϵϬΣͲϰϲϬΣ
90
Ϭ Ϭ
ϱϬ
ĚĂLJƐ
ϭϬϬ
ϭϱϬ
)LJ0LQHUDORJLFDOHYROXWLRQRIOLPHWUHDWHGEHQWRQLWH3RUWODQGLWHFRQVXPSWLRQDQGSUHFLSLWDWLRQRIK\GUDWHVDVDIXQFWLRQRIWLPH±D &D2E &D2 ϭϲϬϬϬ ͺƉ,сϳ͘ϱϱ
ϭϰϬϬϬ
ͺĂ;K,ͿϮͺƉ,сϭϮ͘ϰ
ǀĞƌĂŐĞƐŝnjĞ;ŶŵͿ
ϭϮϬϬϬ ϭϬϬϬϬ ϴϬϬϬ ϲϬϬϬ ϰϬϬϬ ϮϬϬϬ Ϭ Ϭ
ϭϬ
ϮϬ
ϯϬ
ϰϬ
ƚŝŵĞ;ŵŝŶͿ
ϱϬ
ϲϬ
)LJ(YROXWLRQRIWKHDYHUDJHIORFVL]HRIQRWWUHDWHGDQGOLPHWUHDWHGEHQWRQLWHVXVSHQVLRQV
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
91
Enza Vitale et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 (2016) 87 – 91
FRPSUHVVLELOLW\DVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHFXULQJWLPH)LJE KLJKOLJKWLQJWKHUROHRISR]]RODQLFFRPSRXQGVLQSURPRWLQJ WKHW\SLFDOUHVSRQVHRIVWUXFWXUHGVRLOV
ďͿ
LY
LY
ĂͿ
%HQWRQLWH &D2G
%HQWRQLWH
&D2G
&D2G
&D2G
&D2G
&D2G
&D2G
&D2G
ZY N3D
ZY N3D
)LJ&RPSUHVVLELOLW\FXUYHVRIQRWWUHDWHGDQGOLPHWUHDWHGEHQWRQLWHDWLQFUHDVLQJFXULQJWLPHD &D2E &D2
&RQFOXVLRQV 7KHFKHPRSK\VLFDOHYROXWLRQLQGXFHGE\WKHDGGLWLRQRIOLPHVWURQJO\DIIHFWVWKHPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRXURIWKH WUHDWHG EHQWRQLWH 7HVW UHVXOWV KLJKOLJKW WKH KLJK UHDFWLYLW\ RI PRQWPRULOORQLWH WR SURPRWH WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI SR]]RODQLFUHDFWLRQVLQFHWKHYHU\VKRUWWHUP$VDUHVXOWWKHPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRXURIWKHWUHDWHGEHQWRQLWHGHSHQGV RQWKHFRPELQHGHIIHFWRIWZRFODVVHVRIUHDFWLRQVZKLFKVLPXOWDQHRXVO\DIIHFWWKHPLFURVWUXFWXUDOIHDWXUHVRIWKH WUHDWHGVRLOQDPHO\FDWLRQH[FKDQJHDQGIORFFXODWLRQDQGSR]]RODQLFUHDFWLRQV7KHIRUPDWLRQRIODUJHUDJJUHJDWHV WRJHWKHUZLWKWKHSUHFLSLWDWLRQRIERQGLQJFRPSRXQGVH[SODLQWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKHPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRXUWRZDUGVWKH EHKDYLRXURIDVWUXFWXUHGVRLORYHUFXULQJWLPHLHLQFUHDVHRI\LHOGVWUHVVUHGXFWLRQRIFRPSUHVVLELOLW\DQGFOHDU GHERQGLQJVWDJHIRUKLJKHUVWUHVVOHYHOV 5HIHUHQFHV >@)*%HOO/LPHVWDELOL]DWLRQRIFOD\PLQHUDOVDQGVRLOV(QJLQHHULQJ*HRORJ\ >@6'LDPRQG(%.LQWHU0HFKDQLVPVRIVRLOOLPHVWDELOL]DWLRQDQLQWHUSUHWDWLYHUHYLHZ´+LJKZD\5HVHDUFK5HFRUGV >@&')5RJHUV6*OHQGLQQLQJ0RGLILFDWLRQRIFOD\VRLOVXVLQJOLPH,Q/LPH6WDELOLVDWLRQ&')5RJHUV6*OHQGLQQLQJDQG1 'L[RQHGV 7KRPDV7HOIRUG$FDGHPLF3UHVV1HZ@*5XVVR*0RGRQL)DEULFFKDQJHVLQGXFHGE\OLPHDGGLWLRQRQFRPSDFWHGDOOXYLDOVRLO*pRWHFKQLTXH/HWWHUV >@./HPDLUH''HQHHOH6%RQQHW0/HJUHW(IIHFWVRIOLPHDQGFHPHQWWUHDWPHQWRQWKHSK\VLFRFKHPLFDOPLFURVWUXFWXUDODQGPHFKDQLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDSODVWLFVLOW(QJLQHHULQJ*HRORJ\ >@3'HODJH)03HOOHULQ,QIOXHQFHGHODO\RSKLOLVDWLRQVXUODVWUXFWXUHG¶XQHDUJLOHVHQVLEOHGX4XpEHF&OD\PLQHUDOV