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n-Alkane distribution patterns in species of Lythraceae sensu lato (Myrtales)
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 34 (2006) 273e274 www.elsevier.com/locate/biochemsyseco
n-Alkane distribution patterns in species of Lythraceae sensu lato (Myrtales) Cintia Rocini a, De´borah Yara Alves Cursino dos Santos a,*, Shirley Graham b a
Institute of Biosciences, University of Sa˜o Paulo, C. Postal 11461, CEP 05422-970, Sa˜o Paulo-SP, Brazil b Missouri Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 299 Saint Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA Received 5 April 2005; accepted 1 September 2005
Keywords: Lythraceae; n-Alkanes; Wax; Chemotaxonomy
1. Subject and source Lythraceae sensu lato (Thorne, 1992a,b) is distributed worldwide and comprises 31 genera, the majority being monotypic or ditypic. This paper reports the n-alkane distribution of Adenaria floribunda Kunth (Breedlove 18133), Capuronia madagascariensis Lourteig (D’Arcy 942), Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. (Graham 437), Galpinia transvaalica N. E. Brown (H. Joffe 436), Koehneria madagascariensis (Baker) S. A. Graham et al. (D’Arcy 1531), that belong to monotypic genera, Punica granatum L. (cultivated, no voucher), Woodfordia uniflora (L.) S. Kurz (PI19882), that belong to ditypic genera, Ginoria americana Jacq. (Graham 1127), Ginoria glabra Griseb. (cultivated, no voucher), Ginoria nudiflora (Hemsl.) Koehne (C. Gutierrez B. 3098), Ginoria rohrii (Vahl.) Koehne (G. Procter 48846), Heimia montana (Griseb.) Lillo (J. Solomon 10509), Lagerstroemia tomentosa Presl. (J. Maxwell s. n.), Lythrum alatum Presl. (B. Brown L. A. 2), Lythrum flagellare Shuttlew (Graham 1103), Lythrum salicaria L. (cultivated, no voucher), Pleurophora anomala (St.-Hil.) Koehne (W. Roath s. n.) and Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne (Demaree 70194). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium. Specimens were collected in Africa, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Porto Rico, Thailand and USA. 2. Previous work Only n-alkane distribution patterns of Diplusodon species (Blatt et al., 1991) had already been reported in Lythraceae s. l. 3. Present study n-Alkanes from leaf epicuticular waxes were isolated and identified by standard procedures (Mimura et al., 1998). Hydrocarbons ranged from C18 to C33; odd numbered homologues predominated being C29 or C31 the most abundant * Corresponding author. Fax: C55 11 30917547. E-mail address: [email protected] (D.Y.AlvesC. dos Santos). 0305-1978/$ - see front matter Ó 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2005.09.003
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C. Rocini et al. / Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 34 (2006) 273e274
Table 1 n-Alkanes profiles of 18 species of Lythraceae sensu lato Species
Homologue concentration (%) C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C31 C32 C33 ? (%)
Heimia montana (J. Solomon 10509) Adenaria floribunda (Breedlove 18133) Lagerstroemia tomentosa (J. Maxwell s. n.) Galpinia transvaalica (H. Joffe 436) Pleurophora anomala (W. Roath s. n.) Ginoria glabra (cultivated, no voucher) Ginoria rohrii (G. Procter 48846) Koehneria madagascariensis (D’Arcy 1531) Punica granatum (cultivated no voucher) Woodfordia uniflora (PI-19882) Lythrum alatum (B. Brown L. A. 2) Lythrum flagellare (Graham 1103) Lythrum salicaria (cultivated, no voucher) Ginoria nudiflora (C. Gutierrez B. 3098) Capuronia madagascariensis (D’Arcy 492) Ginoria americana (Graham 1127) Rotala ramosior (Demaree 70194) Decodon verticillatus (Graham 437)
1 1 2 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
1 1 3 e e e e e e 2 e e e e e 1 2 e
2 e e e e e e e e 3 e e e e e 4 3 3
2 1 e e e e e e e 2 e e e e e 2 2 3
3 3 3 e e e e e e 2 e 2 e e e 5 3 9
4 3 4 e e e e e e 2 4 5 e e e 8 8 16
7 6 6 3 12 2 1 e e 6 9 9 e e e 12 10 18
8 6 7 3 6 2 1 e e 6 8 10 e 1 7 9 14 13
8 7 6 3 e e 1 e e 5 8 8 e 1 e 10 17 9
8 7 5 3 e 1 1 2 6 9 9 5 10 14 12 7 14 10
5 5 3 2 e e 1 e e 4 4 5 11 7 6 3 9 6
6 8 5 15 17 9 23 26 23 35 32 22 71 46 55 6 8 8
3 4 3 6 e 4 7 4 3 3 e 3 5 4 e 2 4 e
23 28 42 43 33 62 44 52 51 20 13 9 3 24 20 11 2 e
3 5 4 5 e 8 7 5 4 e e e e 1 e e e e
6 8 7 7 12 12 14 11 13 e e e e 2 e e e e
10 7 e 10 20 e e e e 1 13 22 e e e 20 4 5
?: not identified; e: not detected.
in the majority of species (Table 1). Three patterns were recognized based on n-alkane abundance (Table 1): (a) C29 as main n-alkane, characterizing C. madagascariensis, G. nudiflora, L. alatum, L. flagellare, L. salicaria and W. uniflora; (b) C31 as main n-alkane, characterizing A. floribunda, G. transvaalica, G. glabra, G. rohrii, H. montana, K. madagascariensis, L. tomentosa, P. anomala and P. granatum; (c) no predominant homologues, characterizing D. verticillatus, G. americana and R. ramosior. 4. Chemotaxonomic significance The distribution patterns recognized allow distinguishing Diplusodon from other genera of Lythraceae s. l. by high concentration of C33, in addition to C29 and C31 (Blatt et al., 1991). However, Ginoria species presented the three different patterns described above (a, b and c; Table 1). High variability was also observed in Diplusodon that presented inter- and intraspecific variation. In this genus, n-alkane distribution was considered useful to the majority of taxa studied at specific level or below (Blatt et al., 1991). The variability of distribution patterns observed for both Ginoria and Diplusodon species suggests that n-alkanes could be more useful as characters below generic level than at family level. As previously reported by Mimura et al. (1998), n-alkanes are characters that seem to present a rapid evolution rate, what results in a high variability degree at specific level. Therefore, n-alkane distributions can be more informative for comparisons limited to lower hierarchic levels. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to CAPES (Coordenadoria de Aperfeic¸oamento do Pessoal do Ensino Superior) and FAPESP (Fundac¸a˜o de Amparo a` Pesquisa do Estado de Sa˜o Paulo) for financial support. References Blatt, C.T.T., Salatino, M.L.F., Salatino, A., 1991. Taxonomic implications of the distribution of the foliar epicuticular waxes of Diplusodon Pohl (Lythraceae). In: Sandra, P. (Ed.), Thirteenth International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography, vol. 1. Huethig, Riva del Garda, pp. 661e667. Mimura, M.R.M., Salatino, M.L.F., Salatino, A., Baumgratz, J.F.A., 1998. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 26, 581. Thorne, R., 1992a. Aliso 13, 365. Thorne, R., 1992b. Bot. Rev. 58, 225.
n-Alkane distribution patterns in species of Lythraceae sensu lato (Myrtales) Cintia Rocini a, De´borah Yara Alves Cursino dos Santos a,*, Shirley Graham b a
Institute of Biosciences, University of Sa˜o Paulo, C. Postal 11461, CEP 05422-970, Sa˜o Paulo-SP, Brazil b Missouri Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 299 Saint Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA Received 5 April 2005; accepted 1 September 2005
Keywords: Lythraceae; n-Alkanes; Wax; Chemotaxonomy
1. Subject and source Lythraceae sensu lato (Thorne, 1992a,b) is distributed worldwide and comprises 31 genera, the majority being monotypic or ditypic. This paper reports the n-alkane distribution of Adenaria floribunda Kunth (Breedlove 18133), Capuronia madagascariensis Lourteig (D’Arcy 942), Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. (Graham 437), Galpinia transvaalica N. E. Brown (H. Joffe 436), Koehneria madagascariensis (Baker) S. A. Graham et al. (D’Arcy 1531), that belong to monotypic genera, Punica granatum L. (cultivated, no voucher), Woodfordia uniflora (L.) S. Kurz (PI19882), that belong to ditypic genera, Ginoria americana Jacq. (Graham 1127), Ginoria glabra Griseb. (cultivated, no voucher), Ginoria nudiflora (Hemsl.) Koehne (C. Gutierrez B. 3098), Ginoria rohrii (Vahl.) Koehne (G. Procter 48846), Heimia montana (Griseb.) Lillo (J. Solomon 10509), Lagerstroemia tomentosa Presl. (J. Maxwell s. n.), Lythrum alatum Presl. (B. Brown L. A. 2), Lythrum flagellare Shuttlew (Graham 1103), Lythrum salicaria L. (cultivated, no voucher), Pleurophora anomala (St.-Hil.) Koehne (W. Roath s. n.) and Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne (Demaree 70194). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium. Specimens were collected in Africa, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Porto Rico, Thailand and USA. 2. Previous work Only n-alkane distribution patterns of Diplusodon species (Blatt et al., 1991) had already been reported in Lythraceae s. l. 3. Present study n-Alkanes from leaf epicuticular waxes were isolated and identified by standard procedures (Mimura et al., 1998). Hydrocarbons ranged from C18 to C33; odd numbered homologues predominated being C29 or C31 the most abundant * Corresponding author. Fax: C55 11 30917547. E-mail address: [email protected] (D.Y.AlvesC. dos Santos). 0305-1978/$ - see front matter Ó 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2005.09.003
274
C. Rocini et al. / Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 34 (2006) 273e274
Table 1 n-Alkanes profiles of 18 species of Lythraceae sensu lato Species
Homologue concentration (%) C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C31 C32 C33 ? (%)
Heimia montana (J. Solomon 10509) Adenaria floribunda (Breedlove 18133) Lagerstroemia tomentosa (J. Maxwell s. n.) Galpinia transvaalica (H. Joffe 436) Pleurophora anomala (W. Roath s. n.) Ginoria glabra (cultivated, no voucher) Ginoria rohrii (G. Procter 48846) Koehneria madagascariensis (D’Arcy 1531) Punica granatum (cultivated no voucher) Woodfordia uniflora (PI-19882) Lythrum alatum (B. Brown L. A. 2) Lythrum flagellare (Graham 1103) Lythrum salicaria (cultivated, no voucher) Ginoria nudiflora (C. Gutierrez B. 3098) Capuronia madagascariensis (D’Arcy 492) Ginoria americana (Graham 1127) Rotala ramosior (Demaree 70194) Decodon verticillatus (Graham 437)
1 1 2 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
1 1 3 e e e e e e 2 e e e e e 1 2 e
2 e e e e e e e e 3 e e e e e 4 3 3
2 1 e e e e e e e 2 e e e e e 2 2 3
3 3 3 e e e e e e 2 e 2 e e e 5 3 9
4 3 4 e e e e e e 2 4 5 e e e 8 8 16
7 6 6 3 12 2 1 e e 6 9 9 e e e 12 10 18
8 6 7 3 6 2 1 e e 6 8 10 e 1 7 9 14 13
8 7 6 3 e e 1 e e 5 8 8 e 1 e 10 17 9
8 7 5 3 e 1 1 2 6 9 9 5 10 14 12 7 14 10
5 5 3 2 e e 1 e e 4 4 5 11 7 6 3 9 6
6 8 5 15 17 9 23 26 23 35 32 22 71 46 55 6 8 8
3 4 3 6 e 4 7 4 3 3 e 3 5 4 e 2 4 e
23 28 42 43 33 62 44 52 51 20 13 9 3 24 20 11 2 e
3 5 4 5 e 8 7 5 4 e e e e 1 e e e e
6 8 7 7 12 12 14 11 13 e e e e 2 e e e e
10 7 e 10 20 e e e e 1 13 22 e e e 20 4 5
?: not identified; e: not detected.
in the majority of species (Table 1). Three patterns were recognized based on n-alkane abundance (Table 1): (a) C29 as main n-alkane, characterizing C. madagascariensis, G. nudiflora, L. alatum, L. flagellare, L. salicaria and W. uniflora; (b) C31 as main n-alkane, characterizing A. floribunda, G. transvaalica, G. glabra, G. rohrii, H. montana, K. madagascariensis, L. tomentosa, P. anomala and P. granatum; (c) no predominant homologues, characterizing D. verticillatus, G. americana and R. ramosior. 4. Chemotaxonomic significance The distribution patterns recognized allow distinguishing Diplusodon from other genera of Lythraceae s. l. by high concentration of C33, in addition to C29 and C31 (Blatt et al., 1991). However, Ginoria species presented the three different patterns described above (a, b and c; Table 1). High variability was also observed in Diplusodon that presented inter- and intraspecific variation. In this genus, n-alkane distribution was considered useful to the majority of taxa studied at specific level or below (Blatt et al., 1991). The variability of distribution patterns observed for both Ginoria and Diplusodon species suggests that n-alkanes could be more useful as characters below generic level than at family level. As previously reported by Mimura et al. (1998), n-alkanes are characters that seem to present a rapid evolution rate, what results in a high variability degree at specific level. Therefore, n-alkane distributions can be more informative for comparisons limited to lower hierarchic levels. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to CAPES (Coordenadoria de Aperfeic¸oamento do Pessoal do Ensino Superior) and FAPESP (Fundac¸a˜o de Amparo a` Pesquisa do Estado de Sa˜o Paulo) for financial support. References Blatt, C.T.T., Salatino, M.L.F., Salatino, A., 1991. Taxonomic implications of the distribution of the foliar epicuticular waxes of Diplusodon Pohl (Lythraceae). In: Sandra, P. (Ed.), Thirteenth International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography, vol. 1. Huethig, Riva del Garda, pp. 661e667. Mimura, M.R.M., Salatino, M.L.F., Salatino, A., Baumgratz, J.F.A., 1998. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 26, 581. Thorne, R., 1992a. Aliso 13, 365. Thorne, R., 1992b. Bot. Rev. 58, 225.