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Nanoparticle toxicity studies in insects
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Abstracts / Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 163 (2012) S10–S27
zooplankton–zooplanktivorous fish in relation to climate changes” (PTDC/AAC-AMB/110331/2009), funded by the COMPETE programme (FCOMP-01-24-FEDER-01387601) and the Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology (FCT) through the OE component.
doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.062
31. Effects of short-term exposure to microplastics and pyrene on Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei, Gobiidae) M. Oliveira, A. Ribeiro, L. Guilhermino (University of Porto, CIIMAR & ICBAS, Portugal) The increasing rate of plastic consumption worldwide associated with a very low degradation rate resulted in its accumulation in coastal sediments, pelagic zone from shallow coastal areas to the open ocean, and from polar seas to the tropics. However, the available data concerning the effects of microplastic particles is limited and even less is known concerning microplastics contaminated with ubiquitous and highly toxic environmental contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Thus, the current study focused on the acute effects of simultaneous exposure to microplastics and pyrene, one of the dominant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in the environment, on the common goby Pomatoschistus microps, a species with a relevant role in trophic webs of lagoons and estuaries in the NW Portuguese coast. Juveniles were individually exposed for 96 h to a range of concentrations and biomarkers (involved in energy production, neurotransmission, biotransformation and oxidative stress) and behaviour (swimming performance) were used as effect criteria. The results showed that several biomarkers were altered highlighting the need of more studies on the subject. Acknowledgements: This work done in the scope of the project “SIGNAL — Effects of pollution on estuarine ecological interactions zooplankton–zooplanktivorous fish in relation to climate changes” (PTDC/AAC-AMB/110331/2009), funded by the COMPETE programme (FCOMP-01-24-FEDER-01387601) and the Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology (FCT) through the OE component.
doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.063
32. Nanoparticle toxicity studies in insects M.A. Ochoa-Zapater (Departamento de Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Spain); F.M. Romero, A. Ribera, E. Coronado (Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Spain); A. Torreblanca, M.D. Garcerá (Departamento de Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Spain) The growing use of materials containing nanoparticles in commercial goods is leading to its release to the environment. Understanding the in vivo toxicity profile of nanoparticles is essential for the determination of their potential applications like controlled-release carriers in biological systems without adverse effects to the ecosystems. The toxicity of nanoparticles from different materials was preliminary assessed in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica and the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. The synthesis of the gold nanoparticles was based on the works of Bastús et al. (2001) and Brust et al. 1994 while silica nanoparticle synthesis was based on the previous article of Busbee et al. (2009). The nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis, Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). To study nanoparticle toxicity, two different bioassays were carried out: spray exposure by a Potter spray tower and the tarsal contact test (WHO,1970). For each bioassay 5 to 15 adults of laboratory-reared populations, aged 1 day, were used; mortality rates were scored 24 h, 48 h and 72 h posttreatment. Finally, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was performed for nanoparticle intake determinations in treated insects. The results indicate that the nanoparticles used in these experiments show no significant mortality in any of the bioassays used. Sublethal endpoint studies are currently in progress. Acknowledgements: This work has been supported by grant AGL2010-21555 from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. References: Bastús N.G., Comenge J., Puntes V., Langmuir, 27 (2001) 11098–11105. Brust M., Walker M., Bethell D., Schiffin D.J., Whyman R., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1994) 801–802. Busbee J.D., Juhl A.T., Natarajan L.V., Tongdilia V.P., Bunning T.J., Vaia R.A., Braun P.V., Adv. Mater., 21 (2009) 3659–3662. WHO, Technical Report Series, Annex 12, 443 (1970) 130–133.
doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.064
33. Silver accumulation in oysters from the Gironde Estuary (France): Distribution between different organs and histopathological alterations based on microscopical observations L. Lanceleur (EPOC UMR, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France); B. Zaldibar (CBET Research Group, University of the Basque Country UPV/ EHU, Basque Country, Spain); M. Mikolaczyk, J. Schäfer (IFREMER, Station d'Arcachon, France); M. Soto (CBET Research Group, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain); R. Kantin, A. Lejolivet (IFREMER, Station d'Arcachon, France); J.F. Chiffoleau (IFREMER, Centre de Nantes , France); G. Blanc (EPOC UMR, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France); I. Marigomez (CBET Research Group, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain) Oysters in the Gironde Estuary have been heavily contaminated by Ag derived from different changing sources during the past three decades (Lanceleur et al., 2011). In the present work, we have sampled wild oysters (5 and 8 cm shell length) from the Gironde Estuary mouth and analysed metal concentrations (ICP-MS) in four different tissues: muscle, gills, mantle and visceral mass. The Ag concentrations varied strongly between individuals and tissues. However, average whole soft body concentrations (72 ± 40 mg/kg d.w.; n = 15) confirmed increasing contamination observed since 2005. Average Ag distribution between tissues was 2± 2% in muscle, 19±7% in gills, 22±13% in mantle and 57±16% in visceral mass. The highest concentrations occurred generally in digestive gland (up to 300 mg/kg). Histological observations have revealed strong degradation of digestive tubules, including decrease in the epithelial thickness and augmented presence of connective tissue surrounding digestive tubules suggesting reduced digestive efficiency. The presence of metals in the different tissues has also been detected by means of autometallography indicating strong metal presence in the basal layer of digestive epithelium, hemocytes and gill epithelium. On the other hand, ultrastructural analysis of the digestive gland also indicated severe alterations at subcellular levels. Spatial distribution of Ag within the digestive gland has also been carried out by means of X-ray microanalysis. Acknowledgements: Work funded by the Basque Government through a grant to Consolidated Research Groups (Ref.: GIC07/26-IT393-07) and UPV/EHU (UFI 11/37).
Abstracts / Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 163 (2012) S10–S27
zooplankton–zooplanktivorous fish in relation to climate changes” (PTDC/AAC-AMB/110331/2009), funded by the COMPETE programme (FCOMP-01-24-FEDER-01387601) and the Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology (FCT) through the OE component.
doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.062
31. Effects of short-term exposure to microplastics and pyrene on Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei, Gobiidae) M. Oliveira, A. Ribeiro, L. Guilhermino (University of Porto, CIIMAR & ICBAS, Portugal) The increasing rate of plastic consumption worldwide associated with a very low degradation rate resulted in its accumulation in coastal sediments, pelagic zone from shallow coastal areas to the open ocean, and from polar seas to the tropics. However, the available data concerning the effects of microplastic particles is limited and even less is known concerning microplastics contaminated with ubiquitous and highly toxic environmental contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Thus, the current study focused on the acute effects of simultaneous exposure to microplastics and pyrene, one of the dominant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in the environment, on the common goby Pomatoschistus microps, a species with a relevant role in trophic webs of lagoons and estuaries in the NW Portuguese coast. Juveniles were individually exposed for 96 h to a range of concentrations and biomarkers (involved in energy production, neurotransmission, biotransformation and oxidative stress) and behaviour (swimming performance) were used as effect criteria. The results showed that several biomarkers were altered highlighting the need of more studies on the subject. Acknowledgements: This work done in the scope of the project “SIGNAL — Effects of pollution on estuarine ecological interactions zooplankton–zooplanktivorous fish in relation to climate changes” (PTDC/AAC-AMB/110331/2009), funded by the COMPETE programme (FCOMP-01-24-FEDER-01387601) and the Portuguese Foundation for the Science and Technology (FCT) through the OE component.
doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.063
32. Nanoparticle toxicity studies in insects M.A. Ochoa-Zapater (Departamento de Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Spain); F.M. Romero, A. Ribera, E. Coronado (Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Spain); A. Torreblanca, M.D. Garcerá (Departamento de Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Spain) The growing use of materials containing nanoparticles in commercial goods is leading to its release to the environment. Understanding the in vivo toxicity profile of nanoparticles is essential for the determination of their potential applications like controlled-release carriers in biological systems without adverse effects to the ecosystems. The toxicity of nanoparticles from different materials was preliminary assessed in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica and the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. The synthesis of the gold nanoparticles was based on the works of Bastús et al. (2001) and Brust et al. 1994 while silica nanoparticle synthesis was based on the previous article of Busbee et al. (2009). The nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis, Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). To study nanoparticle toxicity, two different bioassays were carried out: spray exposure by a Potter spray tower and the tarsal contact test (WHO,1970). For each bioassay 5 to 15 adults of laboratory-reared populations, aged 1 day, were used; mortality rates were scored 24 h, 48 h and 72 h posttreatment. Finally, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was performed for nanoparticle intake determinations in treated insects. The results indicate that the nanoparticles used in these experiments show no significant mortality in any of the bioassays used. Sublethal endpoint studies are currently in progress. Acknowledgements: This work has been supported by grant AGL2010-21555 from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. References: Bastús N.G., Comenge J., Puntes V., Langmuir, 27 (2001) 11098–11105. Brust M., Walker M., Bethell D., Schiffin D.J., Whyman R., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1994) 801–802. Busbee J.D., Juhl A.T., Natarajan L.V., Tongdilia V.P., Bunning T.J., Vaia R.A., Braun P.V., Adv. Mater., 21 (2009) 3659–3662. WHO, Technical Report Series, Annex 12, 443 (1970) 130–133.
doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.064
33. Silver accumulation in oysters from the Gironde Estuary (France): Distribution between different organs and histopathological alterations based on microscopical observations L. Lanceleur (EPOC UMR, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France); B. Zaldibar (CBET Research Group, University of the Basque Country UPV/ EHU, Basque Country, Spain); M. Mikolaczyk, J. Schäfer (IFREMER, Station d'Arcachon, France); M. Soto (CBET Research Group, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain); R. Kantin, A. Lejolivet (IFREMER, Station d'Arcachon, France); J.F. Chiffoleau (IFREMER, Centre de Nantes , France); G. Blanc (EPOC UMR, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France); I. Marigomez (CBET Research Group, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain) Oysters in the Gironde Estuary have been heavily contaminated by Ag derived from different changing sources during the past three decades (Lanceleur et al., 2011). In the present work, we have sampled wild oysters (5 and 8 cm shell length) from the Gironde Estuary mouth and analysed metal concentrations (ICP-MS) in four different tissues: muscle, gills, mantle and visceral mass. The Ag concentrations varied strongly between individuals and tissues. However, average whole soft body concentrations (72 ± 40 mg/kg d.w.; n = 15) confirmed increasing contamination observed since 2005. Average Ag distribution between tissues was 2± 2% in muscle, 19±7% in gills, 22±13% in mantle and 57±16% in visceral mass. The highest concentrations occurred generally in digestive gland (up to 300 mg/kg). Histological observations have revealed strong degradation of digestive tubules, including decrease in the epithelial thickness and augmented presence of connective tissue surrounding digestive tubules suggesting reduced digestive efficiency. The presence of metals in the different tissues has also been detected by means of autometallography indicating strong metal presence in the basal layer of digestive epithelium, hemocytes and gill epithelium. On the other hand, ultrastructural analysis of the digestive gland also indicated severe alterations at subcellular levels. Spatial distribution of Ag within the digestive gland has also been carried out by means of X-ray microanalysis. Acknowledgements: Work funded by the Basque Government through a grant to Consolidated Research Groups (Ref.: GIC07/26-IT393-07) and UPV/EHU (UFI 11/37).