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pathogen: levels of proviral DNA in the IFN-treated and control HIV-infected cells as detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification techniques were the same. The presence of large quantities of proviral DNA in cells with little or no evidence for active transcription suggests true microbiological latency and this is in a nonreplicating cell with no direct evidence for integrated virus. Such transcriptional restriction of virus replication in the IFNtreated, HIV-infected monocytes has no precedent in previously described retroviral systems. The authors thank members of the Walter Reed Retroviral Research Group for excellent patient management. Dr H.E. Gendelman is a Carter-Wailace fellow of The Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health and Hygiene in the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases. These studies were supported in part by the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA. References

1 Schnittman, S.. Psallidopoulos, M.C., Lane, H.C. et al. (1989) Science 245, 305-308 2 Ho, D D., Moudgil, T. and Alam, M. (1989) NewEngl. J. Med. 321, 1621-1625 3 Harper, M.E., Marselle, L.M., Gallo, R.C. and Wong-Staal, F. (1986) Proc. NatlAcad. Sci. USA 83, 772-776 4 Koenig, S., Gendelman, H.E., Orenstein, J.M. etal. (1986) Science 233, 1089-1093 5 Cameron, P.U., Dawkins, R.L., Amstrong, J.A. and Bonifacio, E. (1987) Ciin. Exp. ImmunoL 68, 465-478 6 Plata, F., Autrar,, B., Martins, L.P. etal. (1987)Nature 328, 348-351 ? Gendelman, H.E., Orenstein J.M., Baca, L.M. etal. (1989) AIDS 3, 475-495 8 Bender, B.S., Davidson, B.L., line, R. etal. (1988) P,ev. Infect. Dis. 10, 1142-1154 9 Gendelman, H.E., Narayan, 0., Molineaux, S. etal. (1985) Proc. Nat! Acad. Sci. USA 82, 7086-7094 10 Leonard, J., Khillan, J.S., Gendelman, H.E. et al. (1989) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 5, 42!-430 11 Gartner, S., Markovits, P., Markovitz, D.M. et al. (1986) Science 233, 215--219 12 Koyanagi, Y., Miles, S., Mitsuyasu, R.T. etaL (1987) Science 236, 819-822

NAP-1 (IL-8) Sir,

MDNCF, NAF, MONAP, LYNAP, ENAP, NAP-l, I L - 8 - the plethora of names reflects the purification and sequencing of the same chemotactic and neutrophil-activating protein from different sources by different laboratories 1-4. Current use is divided between NAP- 1 (neutrophil attractant/ activation protein-I)and IL-8. I favor the name NAP-1 for three reasons. (1) The name 'neutrophil attractant/ activation protein-l' or NAP-I is pr_~jnant with meaning and mnemonic advantage. It reminds the reader that this molecule is a protein, with

13 Gendelman, H.E., Orenstein, JM., Martin, M.A. et al. (1988) J. Exp. Med. 167, i428-1441 14 Gendelman, H.E., Baca, L., Husayni, H. et aL AIDS (in press) 15 Orenstein, J.M., Meltzer, M.S., Phipps, T. and Gendelman, H.E. (1988)J. Virol. 62, 2578-2586 16 Gomatos, P.J., Stamatos, N.M., Gendelman, H.E. et al. J. ImrnunoL (in press) 17 Takeda, A., Tuazon, C.U. and Ennis, FA. (1988) Science 242, 580-583 18 Homsy, J., Meyer, M., Tateno, M. et al. (1989)Science 244, 1357-1360 19 Ezekowitz, R.A.B., Kuhlman, M., Groopman, J.E. and Bym, R.A. (1989) J. Exp. Med. 169, 185-196 20 Gendelman, H.G., Leonard, J.M., Dutko, F.J. etal. (1988) Ann. Neurol. 23, $78-$81 21 Wahl, L.M., Corcoran, M.L., Pyle, S.W. etai. (1989) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 621-625 22 Nakajima, K., Martinez-Maza, O., Hirano, T. etal. (1989) J. Immunol. 142, 531-536 23 Merrill, J.E., Koyanagi, Y. and Chen, I.S.Y. (1989) J. :.','rol. 63, 4404 4408 24 Meltzer, M.S. and Gendelman, H.E. (1988) Irnmunol. Le~. 19, 193-198 25 Koyanagi, Y., O'Brian, W.A., Zhao, J.~. etal. t,~988) Science 241, 1673-1675 26 Lifson, A.R., Rutherford, G.W. and Jaffe, H.W. (1988) J. Infect. Dis. 158, 1360-1367 27 Clouse, K.A., Powell, D., Washington, I. etal. (1989) J. Immunol. 142, 431-438 28 Nabel, G. and Baltimore, D. (1987)Nature 326, 711-713 29 Griffin, C~.E.,Leung, K., Folks, T.M. etaL (I989) Nature 339, 70-73 30 Osbom, L., Kunkel, S. and Nabel, GJ. (1989) Proc Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 2336-2340 31 Friedman, R.M. and Pitha, P.M. (1984) in Interferon: Vol. 3 (Mechanisms of Production and Action) (Friedman, R.M., ed.), pp. 319-341, Elsevier Science Publishers 32 Narayan, O., Sheffer, D., Clements, J.E. and Teenekoon, G. (1985) J. Exp. Med. 162, 1954-1962 33 Lairmore, M.D., Butera, S.T., Callahan, G.N. and DeMartini, J.C. (! 988) J. !mmunol.. !40, 779-785 34 Vadhan, R., Wong, G., Gnecco, C. etal. (1986) Cancer Res. 46, 417-425 35 Gendelman, H.E., Baca, L., Turpin, J.A. et al. J. Immunoi. (in press)

both chemoattractant and activation effects on neutrophils. (2) The term reflects the historical fact that its discovery was based on its action on neutrophils. (3) 'NAP-I' makes it easy to name additional neutrophil attractant/activation proteins. NAP-2 has already burst upon the scene s. Platelet-derived CTAP-III becomes NAP-2 (with neutrophil attractant properties) after hydrolysis by elastase of its amino-terminal 15 residues 6. 'NAP-2' is a snappy functional name, compared to, for example, 'CTAP-III-des-1-15'. I am not impressed with the arguments favoring the use of IL-8 for the following longer list of reasons. (1) 'IL-8' does not give a clue about func-

~) 1990. ElsevierSciencePublishersLtd. UK. 0167--4919/90/$02.00

tion. That leaves all but a few cognoscenti in the dark. We are reduced to attempting to devise a mnemonic for eight interleukins [like the medical student mnemonic for the eight wrist bones (Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle)]. (2) The term %-8' was suggested when it was found that NAP-1 attracts iymphocytes 7. However, t', ,e percentage of :ymphocytes responding is low compared with the neutrophil response 8 and intwadermal injection of NAP-1 in humans causes neutrophilo not lymphocyte, infiltration 9. Furthermore, nowhere is it written that a common name should convey a list of all possible functions. (3) The term 'interleukin' has been useful in its ;:23

7b0ok f'#,gl

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emphasis on the pleiotropic attri- (IL-8)] or included in a keyword list, so butes of the named molecules. It that computer searches find all the solves a dilemma, when there is no papers in this very active field. obvious single predominant action of Edward J. Leonard ' a cytoKine iike IL-I or IL-6. For NAP-I this is not such a problem, especially ImmunopathologySection, Laboratoryof since the 'A' in NAP-I alludes to atImmunobioiogy,NCI, FCRF,Frederick, tractant and activation effects. (4) To MD 21701, USA. be picky, 'interleukin' refers to molecules produced by and acting on leukocytes. NAP-I is produced not References only by leukocytes, but also by endo- 1 Yoshimura, T., Matsushima, K., thelial cells and fibroblasts. (5) As Oppenheim, J.J. and Leonard, E.J. for the argument that the term IL-8 (1987) ./. Immunol. 139, 788-793 was adooted by an international :~ Yoshimura, T., Matsushima, K., conference on this cytokine ~°. our Tanaka, S. etaL (1987)Proc. NatlAcad. laboratory was not represented at 5ci. USA 84, 9233-9237 that conference; and at an earlier ] Schroeder, J.M., MrowiEtz, U., Morita, luncheon meeting in Vienna the E. and Chfistophers, E. (1987) J. immunol. 139, 3474-3483 name NAP-I was agreed upon b~t 4 Walz, A., Peveri, P., Aschauer, H. and not publicized. Baggiolini, M. (1987) Bloc,hem. Biophys. My propo~l is to use the NAP-I Res. Commun. 149, 755-761 terminology iw, future publications. $ Walz, A., Dewa!d, B., yon Tscharner, During the transition period, !L-8 V. and Bagglolini, M. (1989)1 Exp. ,.,..,-,-,,could be used in combination [NAP-I Meal. 170, 1745-1750

I l

6 Castor, C.W., Walz, D.A., kagsdale, C.G. et aL (1989) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163, 1071-1078 7 Larsen, C.G., Anderson, A.O., Appella, E., Oppenheim, J.J. and Matsushima, K. (1989) Science 243,

1464-1466 8 Leonard, E.J., Skeel, A., Yoshimura, T. et al. (1990) J. lmmunol. 144, 1323-1330 9 Leonard, E.J., Yoshimura, T., Tanaka, S. and Rafted, M. (1990)in Pathophvsiologic and Therapeutic Roles of Cytokines (Dinarello, C.A., Kluger, M., Powanda, M. and Oppenheim, J., eds), Alan Liss, (in press) 10 Westwick, J., Li. S.W. and Camp, R.D. (1989) ImmunoL Today 10, 146-147 Editorsnote: Interleukinnomenclatureis currently underconsiderationby an IUISsubcommitteeunder the chairmanshipof Dr W. Paul.The recommendations of the subcommitteewill be published in ImmunologyTodayin due courseand in the meantimethe readeris referre6to a =hartarticlebyDrPaul (Immunol.Today,1988,9, 366).

ecules and voiced some skepticism quality monograph series such as this about 'macrophage-derived libra- promises to be. Many will recall the blast growth factor'. Two articles series Lymphokines edited by Pick cover different aspects of the activi- which was a widely used source and edited by Clemens Sorg, S. Karger, 1989. ties of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was unfortunately discontinued just $120.00(,qii+ 234 pages)lSBN3 80~54793 5 and are complementary: one focuses as the field exploded. Monographs, on shock and cachexia effects (Fang compared to big multi-authored The field of cytokines and growth et al.) and the other on immuno- books can get information out quicker, favors has recently spawned a host regulatory and anti-tumor effects are more flexible in subject and thereof new, high quality publications. (Pattor, et aL). fore are better for appreciating curCytokines is a new monograph series Macrophage-Derived Cell Regulat- rent thinking, and certainly it, ~!'e that has been launched with this ory Factors is indexed by subject. It case of some of these article,, :.:~:: first volume, Macrophage-Derived could be improved by giving some can be more Frovocative. On the subCell Regulatory Factors. future titles in the series. A minor ject of cytokines, there are plenty of This first volume consists of eleven complaint is the bibliography format: interesting things to be written and articles about cytokines and macro- this lists only the first three authors, good people to write them and the phages. There has not been an effort which would make sense in a journal difficult job of putting them together to produce a comprehensive treat- that wants to save space, but is a has been achieved in the first volume ment of this subject, but rather to mistake in a book of reviews because of Cytokines. brin=l together papers of interest. one often cannot tell which papers Sce~K. Durum These range in approach from the come from the same laboratory, or most comprehensive review to date importantly, from the author's own National Cancer Institute, Building 560, of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) literature (by laboratory. C. Dinarello) to a brief speculative Frederick, MD 21701, USA. There is much to be said for a paper by Biliiau forwarding an idea on cytokines and AIDS pathogenesis. Some other highlights are Ralph and Intrasplenicimmunization with minute amounts of antigen colleagues reviewing macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) In the arfic!e q,,trasplenic immunization with minute amounts of antigen' by B.a. structure and processing, and Mundy .~'i~sson and A. Larson (Immunology Today, 1990, 11: 10-12) it was stated that and Bonewald reviewing bone intrasplenic immunization was introduced by Ni~sson et aL (1983). In fact intraeffects of cy-tokines. Acid ~,ld basic splenic administration of antigen w-ls first described by LR. Draper and D.H. fihroblast growth factors are often Sussdorf in 1957 U. Infect. Dis. 100, 147-161) and an improved technique was not included in collections on cytodescribed in a subsequent paper D.H. Sussdorf in 1974 (Immunology 27, 305-310). kines, and here Bohlen has discussed these extremely interesting mol224

Macrophage-Derived Cel{ Regulatory Factors