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National elections the cycle of elections
Electoral Studies
Pergamon
Electoral
Studies
1X (1999)
149-151
National Elections The Cycle of Elections Most recent popular election (Lower House and President) Argentina Australia Austria
TCW?l 2/2 6 3 (House) 4 (President) 6 (House) (President)
Belgium 4 Bosnia & Herzegovina Brazil
(House) (House) (President)
4 5
(House) (President)
4 5
Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Colombia
(House) (President)
Costa Rica Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador EU Estonia Finland France Germany Georgia Ghana
4 (President) (President) (House) (President) (House) (President) (House) (President) (House) (President) (President)
GEXe
Hungary Iceland India Ireland ISRIEd
Italy Jamaica Japan
5 4 4 4 4
(House) (President) (House) (President) (House)
5 4 4 3 6 5 7 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4(+4) 5 5 7 4 5 5 4
TtW?l (96: 1) (96:l) (96:3) (96:3) (92:4) (97:4) (953) (97:l)
26 Ott 14 May 2 Mar 17 Dee 24 May Apr 21 May
(95:2) (952) (97:4) (95:2)
3 Ott 94 3 Ott 94 Apr 97 18 Dee 94 19 Jan 92 Apr 97 Jun 97 25 Ott 93 13 Mar 94 29 May 94 6 Feb 94 31 May1 Jun 96 21 sep 94 May 96
(97:4) (98:l) (94:2) (87: 1) (87: 1) (95: 1) (96:4) (95:3) (97: I) (97:l) (94:4) (95:3) (93:2) (97:2) (94:3) (93:4) (96: 1) (91:2) (96:2) (96:2) (97:4) (94:3) (9X:2) (95: 1) (96:4) (96:4) (97:2) (93:2) (91:2) (97:l) (96:4) (89:2) (97: I)
The table seeks to include countries of competitive multi-party elections. size. (Figures in parentheses indicate were last reported.)
97 95 96 95 92 97 95
May 96 9 Jun 94 5 Mar 95 20 Sep 92 19 Mar 95 16 Jan 94 28 Mar 93 23 Apr/ 7 May 95 16 Ott 94 5 Nov 95 5 Nov 95 IO Ott May 29 May 8 Apr 29 Jun Nov 25 Nov 7 Nov May 22 Apr 30 Mar 20 Ott
93 98 94 95 96 96 92 90 96 96 93 96
The Krygystan Latvia
(House) (President) (House)
Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mexico
3 5 5 5
(House) (President) The Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Poland (House) (President) Portugal (House) (President) Russia (House) Sierra Leone
(President)
Slovakia Slovenia
(House) (House) (President)
South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand The Gambia Ukraine
6(+6) 6 3 4
(President) (House) (President)
United Kingdom USA
5 (House) (President)
Uruguay Venezuela Zambia
(House) (President) (House) (President)
(97:4) (94:4) (96:lj (87:3) (97:4) (952) (95:2) (95:l) (97:2) (94:2) (98: 1) (83:2) (94:2) (96:3) (97:2) (97:2) (94:3) (97:l) (96:4) (97:4) (97:4) (95: 1) (96:4)
(House) (President) (House) (President)
(96:4) (96:4) (96: 1)
5 5 5 5
(96:3) (89:2) (89:2) (95:2) (96: 1) (96:4) (97:3) (97:4) (95: 1) (95:l) (92:4) (97:3) (97:3) (97:4) (95:2) (952) (95:l) (95:l) (97:3)
Feb 95 Dee 95 30 Sep/ 1 Ott 95 4 Nov 96 12 Jun 94 24125 Apr 95 23 Feb 92 21 Aug 21 Aug 3 May 23 Nov 13 Sep Feb 13-27 Jun 19 Sep 5119 Nov 1 Ott 14 Jan 17 Dee 16 Jun Jan 10 Nov 10 Nov 6 Dee 27-29 Apr 11 Apr 19 Dee 3 Mar 16 Aug 9 Nov 18 Sep 22 Ott 23 Mar
94 94 94 96 93 97 92 93 95 95 96 95 96 96 96 96 92 94 96 92 96 94 94 94 95 96
Jan Dee 6 Apr 26 Jun 9 Apr Nov 5 Nov 8 Dee 5 Nov 5 Nov 5 Dee 5 Dee Nov
96 951 96 94 92 96 96 96 96 96 93 93 96
with a population of over one million which have an established record Iceland, Luxembourg and Malta are also included despite their smaller year and issue number of Electoral Studies where results from a country
150
National Elections/Electoral
Studies 18 (1999) 149-151
INDIA PARTY POSITIONS: 539 SEATS (In terms of 1998 pre-election alliances) Party BJP and allies BJP AIADMK Samata Party Biju Janata Dal Shiromani Akali Dal Trinamool Congress Shiv Sena PMK Lok Shakti MDMK Janata Party Haryana Vikas Party Congress and allies Congress Rashtriya Janata Dal Republican Party of India Muslim League United Minorities Front Sikkim Democratic Front Kerala Congress (Mani) United Front Communist Party (Marxist) Samajwadi Party Telegu Desam Communist Party of India DMK Janata Dal Revolutionary Socialist Party Tamil Maanila Congress Forward Bloc J & K National Conference Autonomous State Demand Committee Peasants & Workers Party All India Indira Congress (S) Others Bahujan Samaj Party Haryana Lok Dal Arunachal Congress Rashtriya Janata Party Samajwadi Janata Party MIM Manipur State Congress Party Independents
Seats (1998) 251 179 18 12
9 8 7 6 4 3 3 1 1 167 141 17 2 4 1 1 1 100 32 20 12 9 6 6 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 21 5 4 2 1 1 1 1 6
Seats (1996) 161 0 8 8 15 0 0 0 3 140
32 16 16 12 17 46 4 20 3 0 1 0 0 11 1 1 0 9
Note: In 1996, other parties won 1.5 of the 543 seats in the House. Those parties have either ceased to exist or have won no seats this time. A “-” in the 1996 column means that the party did not exist in that form at the time.
National Elections/Electoral
Studies 18 (1999) 149-151
151
DENMARK
Unity List/Red-Greens Socialist People’s Party Social Democrats Social Liberals Centre Democrats Christian People’s Party Democratic Renewal Conservative People’s Party Liberals Danish People’s Party Progressive Party Independent candidates
I1 March 1998 (21 September 1994) Votes % 2.7 (3.1) 7.6 (7.3) 35.9 (34.6) 3.9 (4.6) 4.3 (2.8) 2.5 (1.9) 0.3 (-) 8.9 (15.0) 24.0 (23.3) 7.4 (-) 2.4 (6.4) 0.1 (1.0)
175 seats* 5 (6) 13 (13) 63 (62) 7 (8) 8 (5) 4 C-1 - C-1 16 (27) 42 (42) 13 C-1 4 (11) - (1)
Electorate 3.99 m. (3.99 m.). Valid votes 85.3% (83.4%). *The Faroe Islands’ 2 seats and Greenland’s 2 seats are disregarded. Each of these two parts of the realm returned in 1998 1 Social Democratic MP and 1 non-socialist MP.
UNITED
Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish Nationalist Party (SNP) Plaid Cymru (PC) Northern Irish Parties* Independent Referendum Party
KINGDOM
I May 1997 (9 April 1992) Votes % 43.3 (34.4) 30.7 (41.9) 16.8 (17.8) 2.0 (1.9) 0.5 (0.5) 2.5 (2.2) 2.6 (-)
659 seats (651 seats) 419 (271) 165 (336) 46 (20) 6 (3) 4 (4) 18 (17) 1 (0) 0 C-1
Electorate 43.77 m (43.25 m). Valid votes 71.5% (77.7%)
*NORTHERN Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) United Kingdom Unionist Party (UKU) Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) Sinn Fein
IRISH PARTIES Votes % (of NJ.) 32.7 (34.5) 13.6 (13.1) 1.6 (-) 24.1 (23.5) 16.1 (10)
18 seats (17 seats) 10 (9) 2 (3) 1 C-1 3 (4) 2 (0)
Pergamon
Electoral
Studies
1X (1999)
149-151
National Elections The Cycle of Elections Most recent popular election (Lower House and President) Argentina Australia Austria
TCW?l 2/2 6 3 (House) 4 (President) 6 (House) (President)
Belgium 4 Bosnia & Herzegovina Brazil
(House) (House) (President)
4 5
(House) (President)
4 5
Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Colombia
(House) (President)
Costa Rica Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador EU Estonia Finland France Germany Georgia Ghana
4 (President) (President) (House) (President) (House) (President) (House) (President) (House) (President) (President)
GEXe
Hungary Iceland India Ireland ISRIEd
Italy Jamaica Japan
5 4 4 4 4
(House) (President) (House) (President) (House)
5 4 4 3 6 5 7 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4(+4) 5 5 7 4 5 5 4
TtW?l (96: 1) (96:l) (96:3) (96:3) (92:4) (97:4) (953) (97:l)
26 Ott 14 May 2 Mar 17 Dee 24 May Apr 21 May
(95:2) (952) (97:4) (95:2)
3 Ott 94 3 Ott 94 Apr 97 18 Dee 94 19 Jan 92 Apr 97 Jun 97 25 Ott 93 13 Mar 94 29 May 94 6 Feb 94 31 May1 Jun 96 21 sep 94 May 96
(97:4) (98:l) (94:2) (87: 1) (87: 1) (95: 1) (96:4) (95:3) (97: I) (97:l) (94:4) (95:3) (93:2) (97:2) (94:3) (93:4) (96: 1) (91:2) (96:2) (96:2) (97:4) (94:3) (9X:2) (95: 1) (96:4) (96:4) (97:2) (93:2) (91:2) (97:l) (96:4) (89:2) (97: I)
The table seeks to include countries of competitive multi-party elections. size. (Figures in parentheses indicate were last reported.)
97 95 96 95 92 97 95
May 96 9 Jun 94 5 Mar 95 20 Sep 92 19 Mar 95 16 Jan 94 28 Mar 93 23 Apr/ 7 May 95 16 Ott 94 5 Nov 95 5 Nov 95 IO Ott May 29 May 8 Apr 29 Jun Nov 25 Nov 7 Nov May 22 Apr 30 Mar 20 Ott
93 98 94 95 96 96 92 90 96 96 93 96
The Krygystan Latvia
(House) (President) (House)
Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mexico
3 5 5 5
(House) (President) The Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Poland (House) (President) Portugal (House) (President) Russia (House) Sierra Leone
(President)
Slovakia Slovenia
(House) (House) (President)
South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand The Gambia Ukraine
6(+6) 6 3 4
(President) (House) (President)
United Kingdom USA
5 (House) (President)
Uruguay Venezuela Zambia
(House) (President) (House) (President)
(97:4) (94:4) (96:lj (87:3) (97:4) (952) (95:2) (95:l) (97:2) (94:2) (98: 1) (83:2) (94:2) (96:3) (97:2) (97:2) (94:3) (97:l) (96:4) (97:4) (97:4) (95: 1) (96:4)
(House) (President) (House) (President)
(96:4) (96:4) (96: 1)
5 5 5 5
(96:3) (89:2) (89:2) (95:2) (96: 1) (96:4) (97:3) (97:4) (95: 1) (95:l) (92:4) (97:3) (97:3) (97:4) (95:2) (952) (95:l) (95:l) (97:3)
Feb 95 Dee 95 30 Sep/ 1 Ott 95 4 Nov 96 12 Jun 94 24125 Apr 95 23 Feb 92 21 Aug 21 Aug 3 May 23 Nov 13 Sep Feb 13-27 Jun 19 Sep 5119 Nov 1 Ott 14 Jan 17 Dee 16 Jun Jan 10 Nov 10 Nov 6 Dee 27-29 Apr 11 Apr 19 Dee 3 Mar 16 Aug 9 Nov 18 Sep 22 Ott 23 Mar
94 94 94 96 93 97 92 93 95 95 96 95 96 96 96 96 92 94 96 92 96 94 94 94 95 96
Jan Dee 6 Apr 26 Jun 9 Apr Nov 5 Nov 8 Dee 5 Nov 5 Nov 5 Dee 5 Dee Nov
96 951 96 94 92 96 96 96 96 96 93 93 96
with a population of over one million which have an established record Iceland, Luxembourg and Malta are also included despite their smaller year and issue number of Electoral Studies where results from a country
150
National Elections/Electoral
Studies 18 (1999) 149-151
INDIA PARTY POSITIONS: 539 SEATS (In terms of 1998 pre-election alliances) Party BJP and allies BJP AIADMK Samata Party Biju Janata Dal Shiromani Akali Dal Trinamool Congress Shiv Sena PMK Lok Shakti MDMK Janata Party Haryana Vikas Party Congress and allies Congress Rashtriya Janata Dal Republican Party of India Muslim League United Minorities Front Sikkim Democratic Front Kerala Congress (Mani) United Front Communist Party (Marxist) Samajwadi Party Telegu Desam Communist Party of India DMK Janata Dal Revolutionary Socialist Party Tamil Maanila Congress Forward Bloc J & K National Conference Autonomous State Demand Committee Peasants & Workers Party All India Indira Congress (S) Others Bahujan Samaj Party Haryana Lok Dal Arunachal Congress Rashtriya Janata Party Samajwadi Janata Party MIM Manipur State Congress Party Independents
Seats (1998) 251 179 18 12
9 8 7 6 4 3 3 1 1 167 141 17 2 4 1 1 1 100 32 20 12 9 6 6 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 21 5 4 2 1 1 1 1 6
Seats (1996) 161 0 8 8 15 0 0 0 3 140
32 16 16 12 17 46 4 20 3 0 1 0 0 11 1 1 0 9
Note: In 1996, other parties won 1.5 of the 543 seats in the House. Those parties have either ceased to exist or have won no seats this time. A “-” in the 1996 column means that the party did not exist in that form at the time.
National Elections/Electoral
Studies 18 (1999) 149-151
151
DENMARK
Unity List/Red-Greens Socialist People’s Party Social Democrats Social Liberals Centre Democrats Christian People’s Party Democratic Renewal Conservative People’s Party Liberals Danish People’s Party Progressive Party Independent candidates
I1 March 1998 (21 September 1994) Votes % 2.7 (3.1) 7.6 (7.3) 35.9 (34.6) 3.9 (4.6) 4.3 (2.8) 2.5 (1.9) 0.3 (-) 8.9 (15.0) 24.0 (23.3) 7.4 (-) 2.4 (6.4) 0.1 (1.0)
175 seats* 5 (6) 13 (13) 63 (62) 7 (8) 8 (5) 4 C-1 - C-1 16 (27) 42 (42) 13 C-1 4 (11) - (1)
Electorate 3.99 m. (3.99 m.). Valid votes 85.3% (83.4%). *The Faroe Islands’ 2 seats and Greenland’s 2 seats are disregarded. Each of these two parts of the realm returned in 1998 1 Social Democratic MP and 1 non-socialist MP.
UNITED
Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish Nationalist Party (SNP) Plaid Cymru (PC) Northern Irish Parties* Independent Referendum Party
KINGDOM
I May 1997 (9 April 1992) Votes % 43.3 (34.4) 30.7 (41.9) 16.8 (17.8) 2.0 (1.9) 0.5 (0.5) 2.5 (2.2) 2.6 (-)
659 seats (651 seats) 419 (271) 165 (336) 46 (20) 6 (3) 4 (4) 18 (17) 1 (0) 0 C-1
Electorate 43.77 m (43.25 m). Valid votes 71.5% (77.7%)
*NORTHERN Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) United Kingdom Unionist Party (UKU) Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) Sinn Fein
IRISH PARTIES Votes % (of NJ.) 32.7 (34.5) 13.6 (13.1) 1.6 (-) 24.1 (23.5) 16.1 (10)
18 seats (17 seats) 10 (9) 2 (3) 1 C-1 3 (4) 2 (0)