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Negation: A linguistic variable
patientsMere
r&es
53 days, range 24-126 days). The other group consisted o
atients who receiv
called “neuroleptic group”. The main instrument was a Swedis thoroughly presented in o it consists of 22 mark off one of fo a free verbalizing form the subject g?~es words.. The interpretation or wrong. (4) In this study we used both these forms. mprovement was measured by scales for ev and active behavior and for eval scale which is a simplified version two subscales: “socia a series of studiies the interjudge ag found to be from 0.59 to 0.78 ( between clinic in evalsati0n.s act 0.64 (p < O.Ol), the other. e scale for evaluation of sy s has items for bo leulerian meanin omi~~nce of the he correlation etween clinical evaluation an according to symptom evaluation is r bb 10.82(p ment between two jud valuation of behavior on the wards for the last was done after i~s~uction by the war ation of symptoms was done by t e prychiatrists only on patients in the neuroleptic group. hey were do@ein connection with the proverbs testings at admission to the hospital and at the end of treatrrent. I[: patients in each treatment grou were divided into two criterion sub oups by help of the evaluations, ne sub-group consisted of patients for whom the
s
CARL-
chauge in bchavim s
e main resu’lts c9
tween the sub-groups.
the cases whams
ation in change between sub-groups. % 130
The whole group Pretest Retest
% 100
.1O
90
:?O
80
70
70
ii0
60
‘0 3
50
40
40 30 Ar 41.23
Fig. I
istribution in % of the number of
The whde group Pretest Ret&t Aw 16.32
Ar 49.09
Aw 7.66
Ar 56.18
ig. 2 in various categories of inter~reta~o~
2. istribution in % of s in various catego-ies of interretation in the proverbs test, free verbaliz abstract right Cr = concrete right = concrete wron
2
M
Sxnn~ary of the testing of sigticances The whole group Free verbal. fmn
fmnl
P
P
P
. . . . . . . .
>o.os
. . . . .
concrete
right
.
Abdract Concrete Abstrxt Concrete. fight . wrong
wrong. wrong
iff. between different
Multiplechoke form
o.co2 0.M 0.04
Abstract right
of
. . .
. . . . . . . .
0.02
. . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.02 >0.05 >O.OS
>o.oa >o.os >o.os 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.09
0.03 >O.OS >o.os >o.os >O.QS >0.05 >o.os >O.OS
TABLE 2.
Summary of the testing of significmzes of differeaw.
The whole group
Abstract Concrete Abstract Concrete Abstract Concrete Right
Wrong
right . right . wrong. wrong
Multipitchoice form
Free verbal, form
P
P
. .
0.005 0.02
0.001 3 0.05
. .
\ firI4* V.b”
t:.
. ,
I
. .
0.085 0.05
. . . . .
>
. . . . .
> 0.05
. 1 . . . . .
0.001
*. . . . . .
0.001
> 0.05 < 0.001
c- 9p.Ool P 0.05 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.05 ;” O.ooE 0.05 < 0.001
0.03 0.07 > 0.05 0.06 0. > 0.05 > 0.05
0.05 0.002 > 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.05 3 0.05
0.01
0.003 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
The conclusion of our results is t.kW inter retations of pr~~d,~ change over time and that the change is positive1 related to various forms of ckicaP improvement, in our study elicited by psychiatric treatments as insuHh coma and pharmaca therapy. The changes go in direction of r similarity with interpretations made by normals. gr terpretative improvement” is most marked in patients of low
% 100 90
30 SO
0 50 0 30 20 10 J
Fig. 5 istribution in % of the num
course in line with clinical e
“abstracting function” to be related to clinical improllement.
hgU”OWd
Fig.7
istibution
in % of
ribution in % of the num
.
7.
AW
of interpretation
I
Ar = abstract Cr = concrete
right right
Aw= abstract cw 5= concrete
in
in
Aw I 15.91
Improved &?iea2 Pretest
r of responses in various categories of interpretation
Fig. 8.
r of responses in various catqyxies
10
20
30
40
40
70
80
90
100
%
50
Ar 36.6
12.8
Aw
un!mprovsd Retest Preteet
60
Retest
60
Pretest
60
80
90
100
96
Behnviorally
Fig. 8
wrong wrong
e proverbs
e proverbs
I
’
Behaviorally
test, free verbalizing
form.
form.
Unimproved Retest
test, mdtiple-choice
Ar 41.32
lE6
Prekst~
so
S
TWO
groups of male schizophrenic pa,Bents, n I.5 and
with a Swedish proverbs
t in the second neuroleptic pharmaca trea teat was repeated at the end of the treati psychiatric status was evaluated ii97dthe in chnical evaluations we found changes in inte patients interpreted the of “interpretative improvement* between magnitudes of interpremtive and clinical improvements are discussed. FERENCES
1. Brattemo, C. IE., t~~ret~tions of proverbs in schizop patients. Actu Psychol. 1961, 18, 342-350. izophrenic cations, proverbs in 2. , Studies in interpretations Unpublished thesis. Univ. of Uppsala 1962. Interpretations of prove&s in schizophrenic atients. Further studies. 3. --, Acta Pseychol. 1962, 20, 254-263. 4. Dureman, I. and EL rimental methods for the and D. R. Gorham, asuring the impairment of the abstracting ction with the prove test. J. Clin. Psycho!. 1957, IS, 163-166. se of the proverbs st for differentiating schizophrenics 7. Gottesman, L. and L. J. C
review of research on the conceptual thinking of seness of association” and impairu~~
of abstra~tioR
11. Siegel, S., Nonavior in chronic schizophrenia. Rrychiat. Neural. Stand. 1960, 3.5, 14%
r&es
53 days, range 24-126 days). The other group consisted o
atients who receiv
called “neuroleptic group”. The main instrument was a Swedis thoroughly presented in o it consists of 22 mark off one of fo a free verbalizing form the subject g?~es words.. The interpretation or wrong. (4) In this study we used both these forms. mprovement was measured by scales for ev and active behavior and for eval scale which is a simplified version two subscales: “socia a series of studiies the interjudge ag found to be from 0.59 to 0.78 ( between clinic in evalsati0n.s act 0.64 (p < O.Ol), the other. e scale for evaluation of sy s has items for bo leulerian meanin omi~~nce of the he correlation etween clinical evaluation an according to symptom evaluation is r bb 10.82(p ment between two jud valuation of behavior on the wards for the last was done after i~s~uction by the war ation of symptoms was done by t e prychiatrists only on patients in the neuroleptic group. hey were do@ein connection with the proverbs testings at admission to the hospital and at the end of treatrrent. I[: patients in each treatment grou were divided into two criterion sub oups by help of the evaluations, ne sub-group consisted of patients for whom the
s
CARL-
chauge in bchavim s
e main resu’lts c9
tween the sub-groups.
the cases whams
ation in change between sub-groups. % 130
The whole group Pretest Retest
% 100
.1O
90
:?O
80
70
70
ii0
60
‘0 3
50
40
40 30 Ar 41.23
Fig. I
istribution in % of the number of
The whde group Pretest Ret&t Aw 16.32
Ar 49.09
Aw 7.66
Ar 56.18
ig. 2 in various categories of inter~reta~o~
2. istribution in % of s in various catego-ies of interretation in the proverbs test, free verbaliz abstract right Cr = concrete right = concrete wron
2
M
Sxnn~ary of the testing of sigticances The whole group Free verbal. fmn
fmnl
P
P
P
. . . . . . . .
>o.os
. . . . .
concrete
right
.
Abdract Concrete Abstrxt Concrete. fight . wrong
wrong. wrong
iff. between different
Multiplechoke form
o.co2 0.M 0.04
Abstract right
of
. . .
. . . . . . . .
0.02
. . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.02 >0.05 >O.OS
>o.oa >o.os >o.os 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.09
0.03 >O.OS >o.os >o.os >O.QS >0.05 >o.os >O.OS
TABLE 2.
Summary of the testing of significmzes of differeaw.
The whole group
Abstract Concrete Abstract Concrete Abstract Concrete Right
Wrong
right . right . wrong. wrong
Multipitchoice form
Free verbal, form
P
P
. .
0.005 0.02
0.001 3 0.05
. .
\ firI4* V.b”
t:.
. ,
I
. .
0.085 0.05
. . . . .
>
. . . . .
> 0.05
. 1 . . . . .
0.001
*. . . . . .
0.001
> 0.05 < 0.001
c- 9p.Ool P 0.05 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.05 ;” O.ooE 0.05 < 0.001
0.03 0.07 > 0.05 0.06 0. > 0.05 > 0.05
0.05 0.002 > 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.05 3 0.05
0.01
0.003 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
The conclusion of our results is t.kW inter retations of pr~~d,~ change over time and that the change is positive1 related to various forms of ckicaP improvement, in our study elicited by psychiatric treatments as insuHh coma and pharmaca therapy. The changes go in direction of r similarity with interpretations made by normals. gr terpretative improvement” is most marked in patients of low
% 100 90
30 SO
0 50 0 30 20 10 J
Fig. 5 istribution in % of the num
course in line with clinical e
“abstracting function” to be related to clinical improllement.
hgU”OWd
Fig.7
istibution
in % of
ribution in % of the num
.
7.
AW
of interpretation
I
Ar = abstract Cr = concrete
right right
Aw= abstract cw 5= concrete
in
in
Aw I 15.91
Improved &?iea2 Pretest
r of responses in various categories of interpretation
Fig. 8.
r of responses in various catqyxies
10
20
30
40
40
70
80
90
100
%
50
Ar 36.6
12.8
Aw
un!mprovsd Retest Preteet
60
Retest
60
Pretest
60
80
90
100
96
Behnviorally
Fig. 8
wrong wrong
e proverbs
e proverbs
I
’
Behaviorally
test, free verbalizing
form.
form.
Unimproved Retest
test, mdtiple-choice
Ar 41.32
lE6
Prekst~
so
S
TWO
groups of male schizophrenic pa,Bents, n I.5 and
with a Swedish proverbs
t in the second neuroleptic pharmaca trea teat was repeated at the end of the treati psychiatric status was evaluated ii97dthe in chnical evaluations we found changes in inte patients interpreted the of “interpretative improvement* between magnitudes of interpremtive and clinical improvements are discussed. FERENCES
1. Brattemo, C. IE., t~~ret~tions of proverbs in schizop patients. Actu Psychol. 1961, 18, 342-350. izophrenic cations, proverbs in 2. , Studies in interpretations Unpublished thesis. Univ. of Uppsala 1962. Interpretations of prove&s in schizophrenic atients. Further studies. 3. --, Acta Pseychol. 1962, 20, 254-263. 4. Dureman, I. and EL rimental methods for the and D. R. Gorham, asuring the impairment of the abstracting ction with the prove test. J. Clin. Psycho!. 1957, IS, 163-166. se of the proverbs st for differentiating schizophrenics 7. Gottesman, L. and L. J. C
review of research on the conceptual thinking of seness of association” and impairu~~
of abstra~tioR
11. Siegel, S., Nonavior in chronic schizophrenia. Rrychiat. Neural. Stand. 1960, 3.5, 14%