- Email: [email protected]
Neo-Davidsonian-Based Event Class Semantic Representation
Available Available online online at at www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia (2019) ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Computer Science00 Science00 (2019) 000–000 000–000 Procedia Computer Science 166 (2020) 120–124
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3rd 3rd International International Conference Conference on on Mechatronics Mechatronics and and Intelligent Intelligent Robotics Robotics (ICMIR-2019) (ICMIR-2019)
Neo-Davidsonian-Based Event Class Semantic Representation 1*1 1 11 11 Xian Wang ,, Xiu Ming Chen and Xian Chuan Chuan Wang Wang1*1,, Xian Xian Chao Chao Wang Wang1,, Shi Shi Bing Bing Wang Xiu Ming Chen and Zong Zong 22 Tian Liu Tian Liu 1 1
School of School of Computer Computer Science Science and and Information Information Engineering, Engineering, Fuyang Fuyang Normal Normal University, University, Fuyang,236037, Fuyang,236037, China China 2 2 School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444,China School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444,China
Abstract. Abstract. Event Event class class is is an an abstract abstract event event that that represents represents aa set set of of events events with with some some common common features. features. There There are are inherent inherent relations relations among among event classes. Event classes and their relations are the important parts of event knowledge base. We gave a novel event classes. Event classes and their relations are the important parts of event knowledge base. We gave a novel framework framework to to represent represent event event class class semantic semantic by by marriage marriage Neo-Davidsonian Neo-Davidsonian event event semantic semantic and and 6-element 6-element event event class class model. model. The The framework framework treated treated the the predicate predicate of of event event class class as as unary unary predicate predicate with with event event class class argument argument only. only. It It connected connected the the predicate predicate and and the the other other elements elements of of event event class class with with connecting connecting symbol symbol .. And And the the framework framework can’t can’t only only represent represent the the taxonomic taxonomic relations relations among among event event and .The classes, classes, but but also also respectively respectively represent represent non-taxonomic non-taxonomic relations relations via via the the connecting connecting symbols symbols and .The representation examples indicate the novel framework can represent event classes semantic and different kinds of relations representation examples indicate the novel framework can represent event classes semantic and different kinds of relations among among event event classes. classes. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © The Authors. Published by B.V. © 2019 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics and Intelligent Peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of of the organizing committee and Intelligent Intelligent Peer-review scientific committeeofofthe the3rd 3rd International International Conference Conference on on Mechatronics Mechatronics and Robotics (ICMIR-2019) Robotics (ICMIR-2019) Robotics, ICMIR-2019. Keywords: Keywords: NeoNeo-Davidsonian Davidsonian,, Event Event Semantic, Semantic, Event Event Class, Class, Event Event Class Class Relation, Relation, Knowledge Knowledge Representation. Representation.
1. 1.
Introduction Introduction The The event event class class is is objective objective and and its its action, action, object, object, time time and and environment environment are are also also objective, objective, which which do do not not depend depend on the language that describe them [1]. From the aspect of the event semantic, the meaning of the sentences on the language that describe them [1]. From the aspect of the event semantic, the meaning of the sentences in in natural natural language language can can be be represented represented by by the the specific specific event event semantic semantic structure. structure. Additionally, Additionally, each each event event semantic semantic structure structure is is not not completely completely independent independent and and there there are are event event semantic semantic relations relations between between them. them. The The same same as as event event classes and their relations. Thus, it can find the essential features of semantic model in natural language classes and their relations. Thus, it can find the essential features of semantic model in natural language by by 1 1 Corresponding Author. Tel.+(86) Corresponding Author. Tel.+(86) * *E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
13855807940 13855807940
2019 2019 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier B.V. B.V. This This is is an an open open access access article article under under the the CC CC BY-NC-ND BY-NC-ND license license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection Selection and and peer-review peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of of the the scientific scientific committee committee of of the the 3rd 3rd International International Conference Conference on on Mechatronics Mechatronics and and Intelligent Intelligent Robotics Robotics (ICMIR-2019) (ICMIR-2019) 1877-0509 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics and Intelligent Robotics, ICMIR-2019. 10.1016/j.procs.2020.02.032
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representing event classes and their relations, which can get a new event semantic- based language cognition from the aspect of computational linguistics. There are inherent relations between events in the real world. An event class an abstracted event from some events with common features. Thus, there are inherent relations between event classes. Event ontology is an event class-based formal knowledge base, which is consistent with human cognitive law. Event classes and their relations are important parts of event ontology[1]. Representing event classes and their relations by formal language benefits to event ontology. It not only indicates the criticalness and specification of event semantic representation, but also help computers read and tell them what they read. In this paper, Firstly, we introduced some related work about event representation and reasoning (section 2), Secondly, gave event class model and their relations (section 3), and then we gave a novel framework of event class representation by marriage event class model and Neo-Davidsonian event semantic and a new framework of event class relation representation and gave an example (section 4). 2.
Related Work At present, many researchers are concerned about the event semantic representation, rather than the event class representation. Ontology language-based and Neo-Davidsonian event semantic are the main methods of event semantic representation. 2.1
Ontology Language
Ontology language mainly includes RDF (S), OWL and Description Logic(DL) etc., which are usually used to represent the concept, and the classification relation between concepts. However, event is dynamic, which is different from the static concept. Some researchers extended ontology language and proposed new ontology language to represent event semantic. Chang Liang[2] proposed a unified formal framework called dynamic description logic, which can represent both of static and dynamic knowledge. Wei Liu considered the dynamic feature of event and extended OWL and DL to represent event for event ontology and did simple event-based knowledge reasoning [3, 4]. Based on conceptual dependence theory, Schank[5] used script to represent some event sequences and action sequences in specific field. Batsakis[6] proposed a ontology language to represent the temporal and spatial information in terms of quantity and quality, and provided a powerful set of operations including the reasoning from existing temporal and spatial relations to unknown relations. 2.2
Neo-Davidsonian Event Semantic
The Neo-Davidsonian event semantics are derived from the marriage of formal semantics and event semantics. Davidson[7] argued that verbs denote relations between events and their arguments; syntactic arguments are also arguments of the semantic predicate. Neo-Davidsonian position[8, 9] relates the relation between events and their arguments by thematic roles; syntactic arguments as well as modifiers are combined with the event via thematic roles. Champollion[10] made event semantics go well together with quantification by presenting a simple, variablefree framework which combines a Neo-Davidsonian event semantics with a type-shifting based account of quantifier scope. And he[11] argued that distance-distributive items across languages are in essence overt versions of these operators, described and explained observable cross-linguistic differences in overt distributive items in the framework of Neo-Davidsonian algebraic event semantics. Ontology language, especially DL and OWL, are the concept-based knowledge representation approach[12], which focus on the definition of concept and classification relation between concepts. The ontology language is good for representing the static domain knowledge through the conceptual taxonomy, and it is an effective way to represent the specific model. The Neo-Davidsonian event semantics represent the event semantic of natural language from the perspective of linguistics. It took regard event predicate as the unary predicate with event argument e only and introduced the other arguments through thematic roles into the event semantic. It has more detailed event semantic than Davidsonian event semantic. However, the Neo-Davidsonian event semantic mainly focus on specific examples of English corpus and discussed specific modifiers of them. It didn’t discuss some other modifiers of events such as fuzzy information, complex object, complex environment and some concepts describing
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Xian Chuan Wang et al. / Procedia Computer Science 166 (2020) 120–124
object of event etc. There are many different event relations, which include causality, following, concurrency etc. The ontology language only described the classification relation, and the Neo-Davidsonian event semantic didn’t represent them. 3.
Event Class Model Definition 1 event[1]: We define event as a thing occurring in a certain time and environment, which some actors take part in and show some action features. Event e can be defined with a 6-element formally as formula (1) (1) Where A denotes an action of event. O denotes objects of event, including all persons and entities involved in the event. T denotes time of event. V denotes the location of event; P denotes assertion, which describes object statuses during an event occurring, including pre-condition assertions, mid-condition assertions and post-condition assertions. L denotes language expressions of event, it includes a Core Words Expressions (CWE) set and a Core Words Collocations (CWC) set[1]. Definition 2 Event class is an abstract event that represents a set of events with some common features, denoted as EC in the formula (2):
(2) Where E denotes an event set. is the set of event elements. It denotes the common features set of certain event is called event elements class, which denotes one of the common features of event element i. element i. Liu zongtian[1] proposed an event-oriented ontology model, got event classes through abstracting some events that have common features, such as objects, actions. abstracted some events with common features into an event class. He thought the event class relations have two kinds: taxonomic relation and non-taxonomic relation. The former denotes the up-down event class relation and the latter denotes the internal semantic relations of event classes, which includes compositing relation, following relation, causal relation, concurrency relation. We respectively represented the above non-taxonomic relations with and . the connecting symbols 4.
Event Class and Relations Representation An event class an abstracted event from some events with common features. Thus, similarly to event, an event class has also action, object, time, environment, assertion and language expression. We gave a new event class semantic framework to represent event classes and relations among them through doing marriage 6-element event class model and Neo-Davidsonian event semantic. The framework treated the predicate of event class as unary predicate with event class argument ec only. It connected the predicate and the other elements of event class with connecting symbol ∧. Where the connecting symbol ∧ denotes only a connection symbol between event class predicate and event class arguments. Compared with the elements of event, the elements of event class are abstracted from the corresponding elements of event, which are not the concrete concept instances. We represented these abstracted concepts of event class in detail using Description Logic. The new framework of event class representation is shown in formula (3)
(3)
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Where ec denotes the argument of event class, denotes an existing event class. denotes event class denotes action role of event class and denotes the content of action role. predicate. denotes object roles of event class and denotes the content of object role. denotes the denotes the content of time role. denotes the environment role of event time role of event class and denotes the content of environment role. denotes assertion role of event class and class and denotes the language expression role of event class and denotes denotes the content of assertion role. the content of language expression role. Event classes are derived from people's long-term accumulative cognition about the objective world, which are relatively determinate. It is not necessarily for the occurrence of an event class lead to the occurrence of another event class, but with some occurring probability. Thus, we introduced an occurring probability into the framework of event class representation. The event class semantic can be represented in the formula (4) (4) Where and are the two different event classes. denotes there is an event class relation between and , the type of event class relation is T and the occurring probability between and is p. Where T can be ， ， ， and .We took event classes “traffic accident” and “injure” for example to represent event class and their relation. The “traffic accident” event class can be described with 6-element event class model in table 1. Table 1. “traffic accident” event class by 6-element event class model Event class Elements A O T V P L
traffic accident collide O1: car, O2: animal, person the site of event occurred pre-condition: O is ok. mid-condition: O2 is injuring. post-condition: O2 is injured. CWE collide, car, person, animal, the time of event occurred, the site of event occurred CWC O1-A-O2, O2-was collided by O1
The “traffic accident” event class can be represented with the given framework of event class representation as (1a)
(1a) The “injure” event class can be described via 6-element event class model in table 2. Table 2. “injure” event class by 6-element event class model Event class Elements A O T V P L
injure injure person or animal the site of event occurred pre-condition: O is ok.mid-condition: O is injuring. post-condition: O is injured. CWE injure, person, animal, the time of event occurred, the site of event occurred CWC O-A, A-O,O-A. or A
The “injure” event class can be represented with the given framework of event class representation as (1a)
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(1a) There is a causality relation between “traffic accident” and “injure”, and the occurring probability is 0.9. The causality relation between them can be represented as (1b). ) (1b) R(traffic accident 5.
Summary and Future Work
The event is objective, and there is an inherent relation between the events. An event class is a set of events with common features, and there is also an inherent relation between the event classes. We did marriage NeoDavidsonian event semantic and 6-element event class model and gave a novel framework of event class representation and a new framework of event class relation representation. Additionally, we took traffic accident and injure event classes for example to represent event classes and their relations using the frameworks. The given example indicates that the frameworks we gave can represent event classes and their relations. Event classes and their relations are the important parts of event ontology, we will represent event ontology and carry out event ontology-based knowledge reasoning. 6.
Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61672006) and the Talent Project of Fuyang Normal University(No. 2018kyqd0027).
7.
References 1. Zongtian, L., Meili, H., Wen, Z., Zhaoman, Z., Jianfeng, F., Jianfang, S., Huilai, Z.: Research on Event-oriented Ontology Model. Computer Science 36, 189-192,199 (2009) 2. Chang, L., Shi, Z.-Z., Qiu, L.-R., Lin, F.: A tableau decision algorithm for dynamic description logic. Chinese Journal of Computers 31, 896909 (2008) 3. Liu, W., Liu, Z., Fu, J., Hu, R., Zhong, Z.: Extending OWL for modeling event-oriented ontology. In: Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems (CISIS), 2010 International Conference on, pp. 581-586. IEEE, (2010) 4. Liu, W., Xu, W., Fu, J., Liu, Z., Zhong, Z.: An extended description logic for event ontology. In: International Conference on Grid and Pervasive Computing, pp. 471-481. Springer, (2010) 5. Schank, R.C., Abelson, R.P.: Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Psychology Press, Hove (2013) 6. Batsakis, S., Antoniou, G., Tachmazidis, I.: Representing and Reasoning over Topological Relations in OWL. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics (WIMS14), pp. 29. ACM, (2014) 7. Davidson, D.: The logical form of action sentences. Essays on Actions & Events 105-148 (1967) 8. Lasersohn, P.: A semantics for groups and events. Routledge (2016) 9. Ma, M., Wang, P., Yang, J., Li, C.: OntoEvent: An Ontology-Based Event Description Language for Semantic Complex Event Processing. pp. 448-451. Springer International Publishing, (2015) 10. Champollion, L.: The interaction of compositional semantics and event semantics. Linguistics and Philosophy 38, 31-66 (2015) 11. Champollion, L.: Covert distributivity in algebraic event semantics. Semantics and Pragmatics 9, 1-65 (2016) 12. Zenkert, J., Klahold, A., Fathi, M.: Knowledge discovery in multidimensional knowledge representation framework. Iran Journal of Computer Science 1, 199-216 (2018)
www.elsevier.com/locate/proce www.elsevier.com/locate/proce dia dia
3rd 3rd International International Conference Conference on on Mechatronics Mechatronics and and Intelligent Intelligent Robotics Robotics (ICMIR-2019) (ICMIR-2019)
Neo-Davidsonian-Based Event Class Semantic Representation 1*1 1 11 11 Xian Wang ,, Xiu Ming Chen and Xian Chuan Chuan Wang Wang1*1,, Xian Xian Chao Chao Wang Wang1,, Shi Shi Bing Bing Wang Xiu Ming Chen and Zong Zong 22 Tian Liu Tian Liu 1 1
School of School of Computer Computer Science Science and and Information Information Engineering, Engineering, Fuyang Fuyang Normal Normal University, University, Fuyang,236037, Fuyang,236037, China China 2 2 School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444,China School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444,China
Abstract. Abstract. Event Event class class is is an an abstract abstract event event that that represents represents aa set set of of events events with with some some common common features. features. There There are are inherent inherent relations relations among among event classes. Event classes and their relations are the important parts of event knowledge base. We gave a novel event classes. Event classes and their relations are the important parts of event knowledge base. We gave a novel framework framework to to represent represent event event class class semantic semantic by by marriage marriage Neo-Davidsonian Neo-Davidsonian event event semantic semantic and and 6-element 6-element event event class class model. model. The The framework framework treated treated the the predicate predicate of of event event class class as as unary unary predicate predicate with with event event class class argument argument only. only. It It connected connected the the predicate predicate and and the the other other elements elements of of event event class class with with connecting connecting symbol symbol .. And And the the framework framework can’t can’t only only represent represent the the taxonomic taxonomic relations relations among among event event and .The classes, classes, but but also also respectively respectively represent represent non-taxonomic non-taxonomic relations relations via via the the connecting connecting symbols symbols and .The representation examples indicate the novel framework can represent event classes semantic and different kinds of relations representation examples indicate the novel framework can represent event classes semantic and different kinds of relations among among event event classes. classes. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © The Authors. Published by B.V. © 2019 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics and Intelligent Peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of of the organizing committee and Intelligent Intelligent Peer-review scientific committeeofofthe the3rd 3rd International International Conference Conference on on Mechatronics Mechatronics and Robotics (ICMIR-2019) Robotics (ICMIR-2019) Robotics, ICMIR-2019. Keywords: Keywords: NeoNeo-Davidsonian Davidsonian,, Event Event Semantic, Semantic, Event Event Class, Class, Event Event Class Class Relation, Relation, Knowledge Knowledge Representation. Representation.
1. 1.
Introduction Introduction The The event event class class is is objective objective and and its its action, action, object, object, time time and and environment environment are are also also objective, objective, which which do do not not depend depend on the language that describe them [1]. From the aspect of the event semantic, the meaning of the sentences on the language that describe them [1]. From the aspect of the event semantic, the meaning of the sentences in in natural natural language language can can be be represented represented by by the the specific specific event event semantic semantic structure. structure. Additionally, Additionally, each each event event semantic semantic structure structure is is not not completely completely independent independent and and there there are are event event semantic semantic relations relations between between them. them. The The same same as as event event classes and their relations. Thus, it can find the essential features of semantic model in natural language classes and their relations. Thus, it can find the essential features of semantic model in natural language by by 1 1 Corresponding Author. Tel.+(86) Corresponding Author. Tel.+(86) * *E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
13855807940 13855807940
2019 2019 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier B.V. B.V. This This is is an an open open access access article article under under the the CC CC BY-NC-ND BY-NC-ND license license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection Selection and and peer-review peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of of the the scientific scientific committee committee of of the the 3rd 3rd International International Conference Conference on on Mechatronics Mechatronics and and Intelligent Intelligent Robotics Robotics (ICMIR-2019) (ICMIR-2019) 1877-0509 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics and Intelligent Robotics, ICMIR-2019. 10.1016/j.procs.2020.02.032
Xian Chuan Wang et al. / Procedia Computer Science 166 (2020) 120–124
121
representing event classes and their relations, which can get a new event semantic- based language cognition from the aspect of computational linguistics. There are inherent relations between events in the real world. An event class an abstracted event from some events with common features. Thus, there are inherent relations between event classes. Event ontology is an event class-based formal knowledge base, which is consistent with human cognitive law. Event classes and their relations are important parts of event ontology[1]. Representing event classes and their relations by formal language benefits to event ontology. It not only indicates the criticalness and specification of event semantic representation, but also help computers read and tell them what they read. In this paper, Firstly, we introduced some related work about event representation and reasoning (section 2), Secondly, gave event class model and their relations (section 3), and then we gave a novel framework of event class representation by marriage event class model and Neo-Davidsonian event semantic and a new framework of event class relation representation and gave an example (section 4). 2.
Related Work At present, many researchers are concerned about the event semantic representation, rather than the event class representation. Ontology language-based and Neo-Davidsonian event semantic are the main methods of event semantic representation. 2.1
Ontology Language
Ontology language mainly includes RDF (S), OWL and Description Logic(DL) etc., which are usually used to represent the concept, and the classification relation between concepts. However, event is dynamic, which is different from the static concept. Some researchers extended ontology language and proposed new ontology language to represent event semantic. Chang Liang[2] proposed a unified formal framework called dynamic description logic, which can represent both of static and dynamic knowledge. Wei Liu considered the dynamic feature of event and extended OWL and DL to represent event for event ontology and did simple event-based knowledge reasoning [3, 4]. Based on conceptual dependence theory, Schank[5] used script to represent some event sequences and action sequences in specific field. Batsakis[6] proposed a ontology language to represent the temporal and spatial information in terms of quantity and quality, and provided a powerful set of operations including the reasoning from existing temporal and spatial relations to unknown relations. 2.2
Neo-Davidsonian Event Semantic
The Neo-Davidsonian event semantics are derived from the marriage of formal semantics and event semantics. Davidson[7] argued that verbs denote relations between events and their arguments; syntactic arguments are also arguments of the semantic predicate. Neo-Davidsonian position[8, 9] relates the relation between events and their arguments by thematic roles; syntactic arguments as well as modifiers are combined with the event via thematic roles. Champollion[10] made event semantics go well together with quantification by presenting a simple, variablefree framework which combines a Neo-Davidsonian event semantics with a type-shifting based account of quantifier scope. And he[11] argued that distance-distributive items across languages are in essence overt versions of these operators, described and explained observable cross-linguistic differences in overt distributive items in the framework of Neo-Davidsonian algebraic event semantics. Ontology language, especially DL and OWL, are the concept-based knowledge representation approach[12], which focus on the definition of concept and classification relation between concepts. The ontology language is good for representing the static domain knowledge through the conceptual taxonomy, and it is an effective way to represent the specific model. The Neo-Davidsonian event semantics represent the event semantic of natural language from the perspective of linguistics. It took regard event predicate as the unary predicate with event argument e only and introduced the other arguments through thematic roles into the event semantic. It has more detailed event semantic than Davidsonian event semantic. However, the Neo-Davidsonian event semantic mainly focus on specific examples of English corpus and discussed specific modifiers of them. It didn’t discuss some other modifiers of events such as fuzzy information, complex object, complex environment and some concepts describing
122
Xian Chuan Wang et al. / Procedia Computer Science 166 (2020) 120–124
object of event etc. There are many different event relations, which include causality, following, concurrency etc. The ontology language only described the classification relation, and the Neo-Davidsonian event semantic didn’t represent them. 3.
Event Class Model Definition 1 event[1]: We define event as a thing occurring in a certain time and environment, which some actors take part in and show some action features. Event e can be defined with a 6-element formally as formula (1) (1) Where A denotes an action of event. O denotes objects of event, including all persons and entities involved in the event. T denotes time of event. V denotes the location of event; P denotes assertion, which describes object statuses during an event occurring, including pre-condition assertions, mid-condition assertions and post-condition assertions. L denotes language expressions of event, it includes a Core Words Expressions (CWE) set and a Core Words Collocations (CWC) set[1]. Definition 2 Event class is an abstract event that represents a set of events with some common features, denoted as EC in the formula (2):
(2) Where E denotes an event set. is the set of event elements. It denotes the common features set of certain event is called event elements class, which denotes one of the common features of event element i. element i. Liu zongtian[1] proposed an event-oriented ontology model, got event classes through abstracting some events that have common features, such as objects, actions. abstracted some events with common features into an event class. He thought the event class relations have two kinds: taxonomic relation and non-taxonomic relation. The former denotes the up-down event class relation and the latter denotes the internal semantic relations of event classes, which includes compositing relation, following relation, causal relation, concurrency relation. We respectively represented the above non-taxonomic relations with and . the connecting symbols 4.
Event Class and Relations Representation An event class an abstracted event from some events with common features. Thus, similarly to event, an event class has also action, object, time, environment, assertion and language expression. We gave a new event class semantic framework to represent event classes and relations among them through doing marriage 6-element event class model and Neo-Davidsonian event semantic. The framework treated the predicate of event class as unary predicate with event class argument ec only. It connected the predicate and the other elements of event class with connecting symbol ∧. Where the connecting symbol ∧ denotes only a connection symbol between event class predicate and event class arguments. Compared with the elements of event, the elements of event class are abstracted from the corresponding elements of event, which are not the concrete concept instances. We represented these abstracted concepts of event class in detail using Description Logic. The new framework of event class representation is shown in formula (3)
(3)
Xian Chuan Wang et al. / Procedia Computer Science 166 (2020) 120–124
123
Where ec denotes the argument of event class, denotes an existing event class. denotes event class denotes action role of event class and denotes the content of action role. predicate. denotes object roles of event class and denotes the content of object role. denotes the denotes the content of time role. denotes the environment role of event time role of event class and denotes the content of environment role. denotes assertion role of event class and class and denotes the language expression role of event class and denotes denotes the content of assertion role. the content of language expression role. Event classes are derived from people's long-term accumulative cognition about the objective world, which are relatively determinate. It is not necessarily for the occurrence of an event class lead to the occurrence of another event class, but with some occurring probability. Thus, we introduced an occurring probability into the framework of event class representation. The event class semantic can be represented in the formula (4) (4) Where and are the two different event classes. denotes there is an event class relation between and , the type of event class relation is T and the occurring probability between and is p. Where T can be ， ， ， and .We took event classes “traffic accident” and “injure” for example to represent event class and their relation. The “traffic accident” event class can be described with 6-element event class model in table 1. Table 1. “traffic accident” event class by 6-element event class model Event class Elements A O T V P L
traffic accident collide O1: car, O2: animal, person the site of event occurred pre-condition: O is ok. mid-condition: O2 is injuring. post-condition: O2 is injured. CWE collide, car, person, animal, the time of event occurred, the site of event occurred CWC O1-A-O2, O2-was collided by O1
The “traffic accident” event class can be represented with the given framework of event class representation as (1a)
(1a) The “injure” event class can be described via 6-element event class model in table 2. Table 2. “injure” event class by 6-element event class model Event class Elements A O T V P L
injure injure person or animal the site of event occurred pre-condition: O is ok.mid-condition: O is injuring. post-condition: O is injured. CWE injure, person, animal, the time of event occurred, the site of event occurred CWC O-A, A-O,O-A. or A
The “injure” event class can be represented with the given framework of event class representation as (1a)
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(1a) There is a causality relation between “traffic accident” and “injure”, and the occurring probability is 0.9. The causality relation between them can be represented as (1b). ) (1b) R(traffic accident 5.
Summary and Future Work
The event is objective, and there is an inherent relation between the events. An event class is a set of events with common features, and there is also an inherent relation between the event classes. We did marriage NeoDavidsonian event semantic and 6-element event class model and gave a novel framework of event class representation and a new framework of event class relation representation. Additionally, we took traffic accident and injure event classes for example to represent event classes and their relations using the frameworks. The given example indicates that the frameworks we gave can represent event classes and their relations. Event classes and their relations are the important parts of event ontology, we will represent event ontology and carry out event ontology-based knowledge reasoning. 6.
Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61672006) and the Talent Project of Fuyang Normal University(No. 2018kyqd0027).
7.
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