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Neurological mycotoxicosis in a dairy herd due to moldy cottonseed in Shiraz-Iran
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 211S (2012) S43–S216
Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy” and other sources. Tox-Database.net is a tool developed for dissemination of information on the early drug safety testing. Its focus is put on the in vitro cardiotoxicity assessment. Information describing the results of the in vitro studies, investigating the chemicals-ionic currents interactions have been collected from the publicly available literature sources. Four main human cardiomyocytes ionic currents have their representation - IKr, IKs, INa and ICaL. The final list of publications consists of 362 positions, which refer to 419 different molecules connected with the currents inhibition (753 - IKr, 165 - IKs, 177 - INa and 181 - ICaL). All records are described with the in vitro research settings and catalogued by IUPAC names and canonical smiles with link to the original publication (PMID). Database is freely available after registration on the www.toxdatabase.net webpage. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.759
P34-18 Exposure to microbial volatile organic compounds in a waste-handling unit Susana Viegas, Joana Malta-Vacas, Carla Viegas ESTeSL-IPL, Portugal The production of MVOC by fungi has been taken into account especially from the viewpoint of indoor pollution with microorganisms but the relevance of fungal metabolites in working environments has not been sufficiently studied. The purpose of this study was to assess exposure to MVOCs in a waste-handling unit. It was used Multirae equipment to measured MVOCs concentration with a 10.6 eV lamps. The measurements were done near workers nose and during normal activities. All measurements were done continuously and had the duration of 5 min at least. It was consider the higher value obtained in each measurement. In addition, for knowing fungi contamination, five air samples of 50 L were collected through impaction method at 140 L/min, at one meter tall, on to malt extract agar with the antibiotic chloramphenicol (MEA). MVOCs results range between 4.7 ppm and 8.9 ppm in the 6 locations consider. These results are eight times higher than normally obtained in indoor settings. Considering fungi results, two species were identified in air, being the genera Penicillium found in all the samples in uncountable colonies and Rhizopus only in one sample (40 UFC/m3 ). These fungi are known as MVOCs producers, namely terpenoids, ketones, alcohols and others. Until now, there has been no evidence that MVOCs are toxicologically relevant, but further epidemiological research is necessary to elucidate their role on human health, particularly in occupational settings where microbiological contamination is common. Additionally, further research should concentrate on quantitative analyses of specific MVOCs. Keywords: MVOCs; Fungi; Waste-handling unit doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.760
P34-19 Neurological mycotoxicosis in a dairy herd due to moldy cottonseed in Shiraz-Iran Mehrdad Pourjafar, Khalil Badiei, Mohsen Ghane, Ali Hajimohammadi, Mohamadbagher Houshyar School of Vet Med, Shiraz University, Iran
S213
An outbreak of a fatal neurological problem affecting dairy cows in a herd of Shiraz-suburbs, Iran, in August, 2010, is described. Clinical signs started with hind leg weakness, ataxia. Progressively, paresis and tetraplegia appeared. In a later stage, animals developed permanent recumbency and flaccid paralysis. Within 40 days, 5 animals out of 28 high producing lactating dairy cows were died in one stall in the affected herd (total herd size: 125). In necropsy, no gross lesions were seen. Thorough history and nutritional management was retrieved. More detailed histories showed that the outbreak was only seen in high producing stall and no other animals in other stalls were affected. Epidemiological investigation showed that cottonseed, as an extra feedstuff fed to high producing dairy cows. Examining the cottonseeds revealed that they are moldy, so the suspicious of mycotoxicosis was presented. Further investigation showed that the outbreak commenced few weeks after administration of moldy cottonseeds. Based on history, clinical signs and epidemiological data, the presence of neurotoxic mycotoxins as a cause of the outbreak was potentiated. Deaths stopped after the feeding of cottonseed was discontinued. According to aforementioned data and literature review the diagnosis of a neurological syndrome in dairy cattle associated with consumption of moldy cottonseed contaminated with A. clavatus has been made. Reports of spontaneous outbreaks of A. clavatus poisoning in ruminants are scarce, and experimental studies in this respect are also lacking. Multidisciplinary studies on the pathological, microbiological, and toxicological aspects of this neuromycotoxicosis are necessary to characterize the disease fully. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.761
P34-20 Ivermectin toxicity in a goat herd Ghane Mohsen, Mehrdad Pourjafar, Khalil Badiei, Hasan Habibi School of Vet Med, Shiraz University, Iran Ivermectin have been used in the control of parasites and insects. However, data concerning poisoning in kids are lacking. This paper describes cases of acute poisoning with ivermectin insecticide in kids. Three to seven day old kids were admitted to Shiraz Veterinary Clinic with clinical signs of lethargy, recumbency, increased heart and respiratory rates. History revealed that ivermectin has been mistakenly injected subcutaneously with 20 times of the recommended dosage. The owner used ivermectin to treat the herd, 8 h post drug administration, two kids were recumbent and died, ten kids were recumbent, and 12 h post treatment. All kids were no drunken milk, unable to stand and were blind. A day after treatment, 12 kids died and others were in same condition. No abnormal clinical pathology and necropsy findings were found. Treatment was carried out with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) and intravenous serum dextrose. Two day after ivermectin administration, all kids were died and none of them response to treatment. Ivermectin toxicity is seen when an overdose of the drug ivermectin is administered or with increased sensitivity to the drug. Toxicity results in any number or combination of clinical signs ranging from mild to extremely severe, including death. It seems that young animals are more susceptible than adults. The most common causes of ivermectin toxicity are due to administration of excessive doses (10–20× the recommended dose), incorrect route of administration and breed sensitivity. In
Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy” and other sources. Tox-Database.net is a tool developed for dissemination of information on the early drug safety testing. Its focus is put on the in vitro cardiotoxicity assessment. Information describing the results of the in vitro studies, investigating the chemicals-ionic currents interactions have been collected from the publicly available literature sources. Four main human cardiomyocytes ionic currents have their representation - IKr, IKs, INa and ICaL. The final list of publications consists of 362 positions, which refer to 419 different molecules connected with the currents inhibition (753 - IKr, 165 - IKs, 177 - INa and 181 - ICaL). All records are described with the in vitro research settings and catalogued by IUPAC names and canonical smiles with link to the original publication (PMID). Database is freely available after registration on the www.toxdatabase.net webpage. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.759
P34-18 Exposure to microbial volatile organic compounds in a waste-handling unit Susana Viegas, Joana Malta-Vacas, Carla Viegas ESTeSL-IPL, Portugal The production of MVOC by fungi has been taken into account especially from the viewpoint of indoor pollution with microorganisms but the relevance of fungal metabolites in working environments has not been sufficiently studied. The purpose of this study was to assess exposure to MVOCs in a waste-handling unit. It was used Multirae equipment to measured MVOCs concentration with a 10.6 eV lamps. The measurements were done near workers nose and during normal activities. All measurements were done continuously and had the duration of 5 min at least. It was consider the higher value obtained in each measurement. In addition, for knowing fungi contamination, five air samples of 50 L were collected through impaction method at 140 L/min, at one meter tall, on to malt extract agar with the antibiotic chloramphenicol (MEA). MVOCs results range between 4.7 ppm and 8.9 ppm in the 6 locations consider. These results are eight times higher than normally obtained in indoor settings. Considering fungi results, two species were identified in air, being the genera Penicillium found in all the samples in uncountable colonies and Rhizopus only in one sample (40 UFC/m3 ). These fungi are known as MVOCs producers, namely terpenoids, ketones, alcohols and others. Until now, there has been no evidence that MVOCs are toxicologically relevant, but further epidemiological research is necessary to elucidate their role on human health, particularly in occupational settings where microbiological contamination is common. Additionally, further research should concentrate on quantitative analyses of specific MVOCs. Keywords: MVOCs; Fungi; Waste-handling unit doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.760
P34-19 Neurological mycotoxicosis in a dairy herd due to moldy cottonseed in Shiraz-Iran Mehrdad Pourjafar, Khalil Badiei, Mohsen Ghane, Ali Hajimohammadi, Mohamadbagher Houshyar School of Vet Med, Shiraz University, Iran
S213
An outbreak of a fatal neurological problem affecting dairy cows in a herd of Shiraz-suburbs, Iran, in August, 2010, is described. Clinical signs started with hind leg weakness, ataxia. Progressively, paresis and tetraplegia appeared. In a later stage, animals developed permanent recumbency and flaccid paralysis. Within 40 days, 5 animals out of 28 high producing lactating dairy cows were died in one stall in the affected herd (total herd size: 125). In necropsy, no gross lesions were seen. Thorough history and nutritional management was retrieved. More detailed histories showed that the outbreak was only seen in high producing stall and no other animals in other stalls were affected. Epidemiological investigation showed that cottonseed, as an extra feedstuff fed to high producing dairy cows. Examining the cottonseeds revealed that they are moldy, so the suspicious of mycotoxicosis was presented. Further investigation showed that the outbreak commenced few weeks after administration of moldy cottonseeds. Based on history, clinical signs and epidemiological data, the presence of neurotoxic mycotoxins as a cause of the outbreak was potentiated. Deaths stopped after the feeding of cottonseed was discontinued. According to aforementioned data and literature review the diagnosis of a neurological syndrome in dairy cattle associated with consumption of moldy cottonseed contaminated with A. clavatus has been made. Reports of spontaneous outbreaks of A. clavatus poisoning in ruminants are scarce, and experimental studies in this respect are also lacking. Multidisciplinary studies on the pathological, microbiological, and toxicological aspects of this neuromycotoxicosis are necessary to characterize the disease fully. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.761
P34-20 Ivermectin toxicity in a goat herd Ghane Mohsen, Mehrdad Pourjafar, Khalil Badiei, Hasan Habibi School of Vet Med, Shiraz University, Iran Ivermectin have been used in the control of parasites and insects. However, data concerning poisoning in kids are lacking. This paper describes cases of acute poisoning with ivermectin insecticide in kids. Three to seven day old kids were admitted to Shiraz Veterinary Clinic with clinical signs of lethargy, recumbency, increased heart and respiratory rates. History revealed that ivermectin has been mistakenly injected subcutaneously with 20 times of the recommended dosage. The owner used ivermectin to treat the herd, 8 h post drug administration, two kids were recumbent and died, ten kids were recumbent, and 12 h post treatment. All kids were no drunken milk, unable to stand and were blind. A day after treatment, 12 kids died and others were in same condition. No abnormal clinical pathology and necropsy findings were found. Treatment was carried out with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) and intravenous serum dextrose. Two day after ivermectin administration, all kids were died and none of them response to treatment. Ivermectin toxicity is seen when an overdose of the drug ivermectin is administered or with increased sensitivity to the drug. Toxicity results in any number or combination of clinical signs ranging from mild to extremely severe, including death. It seems that young animals are more susceptible than adults. The most common causes of ivermectin toxicity are due to administration of excessive doses (10–20× the recommended dose), incorrect route of administration and breed sensitivity. In