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Neurological relationship between divided attention and motivation: An fMRI study
Abstracts / Neuroscience Research 68S (2010) e223–e334
e297
the LPFC; stimulus familiarity (new–old) was encoded in the LPFC, not in the striatum. Granger-causality analysis can detect a causal effect from the LPFC to the striatum, but not from the striatum to the LPFC. Our results suggest the LPFC has the strong interaction with the striatum, which may regulate monkey’s behavior correctly.
P2-m07 Involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in order decision on stock trading in the bubble
doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1317
1
P2-m05 Neurological relationship between divided attention and motivation: An fMRI study Kei Mizuno 1,2 , Hiroki C. Tanabe 3 , Masaaki Tanaka 2 , Norihiro Sadato 3 , Yasuyoshi Watanabe 1,2 1
RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science 2 Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine 3 National Institute for Physiological Sciences This ability to divide attention for multitasking is impaired in patients suffering from disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Korsakoff’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. In addition, these patients show decrease in motivation. However, the basically neurological relationship between divided attention and motivation is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the relationship by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy adults. We compared patterns of activation in the brain obtained during performance of the individual tasks of vowel identification and story comprehension, to levels of activation when subjects performed the two tasks simultaneously. We found that activation of the left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus and left inferior parietal cortex in the dual task condition was greater than in the two single task conditions. In addition, the activation of the dorsal inferior frontal gyrus was positively correlated with motivation derived from visual analogue scale. These results suggest that the extent of source of attention is related to that of motivation during divided attention processing. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1318
P2-m06 Repetition suppression of theory of mind: Functional imaging evidence for domain-specific and domaingeneral elements of the mentalizing system Adam S. Cohen 1 , Scott T. Grafton 1 , Michael B. Miller 1 , Nobumasa Kato 3 , Ryuichiro Hashimoto 3 , Noriaki Yahata 2 , Tamsin C. German 1 1
2
Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Psychiatry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 3 Psychiatry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
Central to social cognition is the ability to explain, predict, and interpret another person’s behavior in terms of mental states. An outstanding problem concerns whether there are specialized, or “domain-specific” mechanisms for processing mental representations such as beliefs, desires, and intentions, or whether there are general-purpose, or “domain-general” mechanisms for processing both mental representations and non-mental, “other” representations such as photos, maps, and signs. Participants from the U.S. underwent fMRI while reading hybrid false-belief/false-other stories followed by a priming task where a prime and a target about either a mental or non-mental (other) representation was presented, creating a 2 (prime: mental vs. other) × 2 (target: mental vs. other) within-subjects experimental design. Participants were instructed to provide a “yes” or “no” button press response as quickly and accurately as they could to the prime and target. We predicted that if there are domain-specific mechanisms that support theory of mind, then we would observe repetition suppression of the BOLD signal to mental targets when preceded by mental primes and release from suppression in the mental–other and other–mental conditions. Suppression of the BOLD response in temporal parietal junction (TPJ) was observed in the mental–mental condition. However, release from suppression in TPJ was observed only in the other-mental condition. In the mental-other condition, suppression persisted at the target, suggesting that once the theory of mind system is activated, processing of targets that are non-mental but similar in form to mental representations is facilitated. These results implicate TPJ as a piece of neural architecture with domain-specific and domain-general elements. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1319
Akitoshi Ogawa 1 , Tamostu Onozaki 1,2 , Takayuki Mizuno 1,3 , Takeshi Asamizuya 4 , Kenichi Ueno 4 , Kang Cheng 4,5 , Atsushi Iriki 1 Lab. for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN BSI, Wako, Japan 2 Facul Economics, Rissho Univ., Tokyo, Japan 3 IER, Hitotsubashi univ., Tokyo, Japan 4 RRC, RIKEN BSI, Wako, Japan 5 Laboratory for Cognitive Brain Mapping, RIKEN BSI, Wako, Japan Economic decision-making in human has been shown to be different from the assumption of rationality. Human has experienced economic bubbles, where unsustainable price-rising might be attributed to the cognitive bias, about which the neural basis is still unclear. Neuroimaging study is essential for investigating the mechanisms of various kinds of irrationality in human economic decision-making. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) might be associated with guiding self-control behaviors. We thus hypothesize that the DLPFC is associated with a rule-based order in stock trading in the bubble. Fourteen right-handed healthy subjects (seven females, averaged 22.1 years) with no history of neurological or psychiatric disorders participated in this fMRI study. Brain activation was measured during stock trading, simulating the real stock of a bankrupted investment bank. The price of the stock rose after a stable period and finally burst to be unprizable. The subjects were asked to maximize their capital gain by trading at the market price. Monetary compensation for participation within a range approved by the ethical committee was paid depending on their gain. The acquired images were analyzed using Brain Voyager QX. After the preprocessing, a random-effects analysis was performed. The contrast of ‘buy > sell’ in the bubble period exhibited the brain activation, presumed to reflect the expectation of price-rise in the bubble, in the right inferior lateral prefrontal cortex, superior parietal lobule, and superior occipital cortex. The activation in the DLPFC was correlated with the cash amount at the end of the task and the number of a sort of rule-based behavior, that is, buying in the negative change and selling in the positive change of the price. The order rule of buying and selling is considered to prevent large loss. The results suggest that the DLPFC is associated with the order strategy for poising buy-order and sell-order even in the bubble. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1320
P2-m08 Infralimbic cortex contains neurons relating for inhibitory control of impulsive behavior Iku Kimura 1 , Takeshi Izumi 1 , Yu Ohmura 1 , Toshiya Matsushima 2 , Taku Yamaguchi 1 , Takayuki Yoshida 1 , Mitsuhiro Yoshioka 1 1
Dept. Neuropharmacol., Hokkaido Univ, Hokkaido, Japan 2 Dept. Biol Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Hokkaido, Japan Disruption of inhibitory control is an intolerable symptom observed in various psychiatric disorders and could be a risk factor for drug addiction, criminal involvement, and suicide, pressing for understanding the neural basis of inhibitory control. The rat infralimbic cortex (IL), the ventral portion of the medial prefrontal cortex, has been implicated in inhibitory control of impulsive behavior. To elucidate the neurophysiological basis of inhibitory control, we recorded single-unit activity in the IL of the rat performing the three-choice serial reaction time task, which requires the rat to inhibit nose poke responding until a light stimulus is presented briefly in one of three holes randomly selected by computer. Fifty-six units were isolated in the present study and among which 26 units were linked to inhibitory control, 3 units were linked to attentional performance, and 7 units were linked to both inhibitory control and attentional performance. Population activity of 26 inhibitory control-related units showed a transient decline immediately before nose poke responding. In addition, the magnitude of this transient decline of activity was greater when a rat nose poked prematurely into any holes. These findings suggest that the rat IL plays an important role in modulating inhibitory control but participates less in sustained attention. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1321
e297
the LPFC; stimulus familiarity (new–old) was encoded in the LPFC, not in the striatum. Granger-causality analysis can detect a causal effect from the LPFC to the striatum, but not from the striatum to the LPFC. Our results suggest the LPFC has the strong interaction with the striatum, which may regulate monkey’s behavior correctly.
P2-m07 Involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in order decision on stock trading in the bubble
doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1317
1
P2-m05 Neurological relationship between divided attention and motivation: An fMRI study Kei Mizuno 1,2 , Hiroki C. Tanabe 3 , Masaaki Tanaka 2 , Norihiro Sadato 3 , Yasuyoshi Watanabe 1,2 1
RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science 2 Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine 3 National Institute for Physiological Sciences This ability to divide attention for multitasking is impaired in patients suffering from disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Korsakoff’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. In addition, these patients show decrease in motivation. However, the basically neurological relationship between divided attention and motivation is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the relationship by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy adults. We compared patterns of activation in the brain obtained during performance of the individual tasks of vowel identification and story comprehension, to levels of activation when subjects performed the two tasks simultaneously. We found that activation of the left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus and left inferior parietal cortex in the dual task condition was greater than in the two single task conditions. In addition, the activation of the dorsal inferior frontal gyrus was positively correlated with motivation derived from visual analogue scale. These results suggest that the extent of source of attention is related to that of motivation during divided attention processing. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1318
P2-m06 Repetition suppression of theory of mind: Functional imaging evidence for domain-specific and domaingeneral elements of the mentalizing system Adam S. Cohen 1 , Scott T. Grafton 1 , Michael B. Miller 1 , Nobumasa Kato 3 , Ryuichiro Hashimoto 3 , Noriaki Yahata 2 , Tamsin C. German 1 1
2
Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Psychiatry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 3 Psychiatry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
Central to social cognition is the ability to explain, predict, and interpret another person’s behavior in terms of mental states. An outstanding problem concerns whether there are specialized, or “domain-specific” mechanisms for processing mental representations such as beliefs, desires, and intentions, or whether there are general-purpose, or “domain-general” mechanisms for processing both mental representations and non-mental, “other” representations such as photos, maps, and signs. Participants from the U.S. underwent fMRI while reading hybrid false-belief/false-other stories followed by a priming task where a prime and a target about either a mental or non-mental (other) representation was presented, creating a 2 (prime: mental vs. other) × 2 (target: mental vs. other) within-subjects experimental design. Participants were instructed to provide a “yes” or “no” button press response as quickly and accurately as they could to the prime and target. We predicted that if there are domain-specific mechanisms that support theory of mind, then we would observe repetition suppression of the BOLD signal to mental targets when preceded by mental primes and release from suppression in the mental–other and other–mental conditions. Suppression of the BOLD response in temporal parietal junction (TPJ) was observed in the mental–mental condition. However, release from suppression in TPJ was observed only in the other-mental condition. In the mental-other condition, suppression persisted at the target, suggesting that once the theory of mind system is activated, processing of targets that are non-mental but similar in form to mental representations is facilitated. These results implicate TPJ as a piece of neural architecture with domain-specific and domain-general elements. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1319
Akitoshi Ogawa 1 , Tamostu Onozaki 1,2 , Takayuki Mizuno 1,3 , Takeshi Asamizuya 4 , Kenichi Ueno 4 , Kang Cheng 4,5 , Atsushi Iriki 1 Lab. for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN BSI, Wako, Japan 2 Facul Economics, Rissho Univ., Tokyo, Japan 3 IER, Hitotsubashi univ., Tokyo, Japan 4 RRC, RIKEN BSI, Wako, Japan 5 Laboratory for Cognitive Brain Mapping, RIKEN BSI, Wako, Japan Economic decision-making in human has been shown to be different from the assumption of rationality. Human has experienced economic bubbles, where unsustainable price-rising might be attributed to the cognitive bias, about which the neural basis is still unclear. Neuroimaging study is essential for investigating the mechanisms of various kinds of irrationality in human economic decision-making. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) might be associated with guiding self-control behaviors. We thus hypothesize that the DLPFC is associated with a rule-based order in stock trading in the bubble. Fourteen right-handed healthy subjects (seven females, averaged 22.1 years) with no history of neurological or psychiatric disorders participated in this fMRI study. Brain activation was measured during stock trading, simulating the real stock of a bankrupted investment bank. The price of the stock rose after a stable period and finally burst to be unprizable. The subjects were asked to maximize their capital gain by trading at the market price. Monetary compensation for participation within a range approved by the ethical committee was paid depending on their gain. The acquired images were analyzed using Brain Voyager QX. After the preprocessing, a random-effects analysis was performed. The contrast of ‘buy > sell’ in the bubble period exhibited the brain activation, presumed to reflect the expectation of price-rise in the bubble, in the right inferior lateral prefrontal cortex, superior parietal lobule, and superior occipital cortex. The activation in the DLPFC was correlated with the cash amount at the end of the task and the number of a sort of rule-based behavior, that is, buying in the negative change and selling in the positive change of the price. The order rule of buying and selling is considered to prevent large loss. The results suggest that the DLPFC is associated with the order strategy for poising buy-order and sell-order even in the bubble. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1320
P2-m08 Infralimbic cortex contains neurons relating for inhibitory control of impulsive behavior Iku Kimura 1 , Takeshi Izumi 1 , Yu Ohmura 1 , Toshiya Matsushima 2 , Taku Yamaguchi 1 , Takayuki Yoshida 1 , Mitsuhiro Yoshioka 1 1
Dept. Neuropharmacol., Hokkaido Univ, Hokkaido, Japan 2 Dept. Biol Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Hokkaido, Japan Disruption of inhibitory control is an intolerable symptom observed in various psychiatric disorders and could be a risk factor for drug addiction, criminal involvement, and suicide, pressing for understanding the neural basis of inhibitory control. The rat infralimbic cortex (IL), the ventral portion of the medial prefrontal cortex, has been implicated in inhibitory control of impulsive behavior. To elucidate the neurophysiological basis of inhibitory control, we recorded single-unit activity in the IL of the rat performing the three-choice serial reaction time task, which requires the rat to inhibit nose poke responding until a light stimulus is presented briefly in one of three holes randomly selected by computer. Fifty-six units were isolated in the present study and among which 26 units were linked to inhibitory control, 3 units were linked to attentional performance, and 7 units were linked to both inhibitory control and attentional performance. Population activity of 26 inhibitory control-related units showed a transient decline immediately before nose poke responding. In addition, the magnitude of this transient decline of activity was greater when a rat nose poked prematurely into any holes. These findings suggest that the rat IL plays an important role in modulating inhibitory control but participates less in sustained attention. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1321