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New agrotechnology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit.)
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ARTICLE IN PRESS
JARMAP-77; No. of Pages 3
Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
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Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jarmap
Short communication
New agrotechnology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit.) Rakesh Kumar Upadhyay a,∗ , Ram Swaroop Verma a , Ved Ram Singh b , Janak Raj Bahl b , Suresh Kumar Sharma c , Shri Krishna Tewari c a CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Pantnagar P.O. Dairy Farm Nagla, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, 263149, India b CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226015, India c Division of Agronomy, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P. 226001, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 5 December 2015 Received in revised form 17 May 2016 Accepted 28 May 2016 Available online xxx Keywords: Rose-scented geranium Resource management Propagation Monsoon season
a b s t r a c t An experiment was conducted at CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Pantnagar, Udhamsingh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India to develop low cost and novel agro-technology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium through sustainable utilization of available natural resources during summer season 2014–15. For this purpose, six methods of quality planting material production of nursery were evaluated as effective utilization of natural resources for sustainable development and their responses were ascertained with respect to survival and vitality of rose-scented geranium nursery. The results revealed that among the cost effective quality planting material production technology treatment T4 (raising of cutting in root trainer beneath Putranjiva roxburghii) and T3 (raising of cutting in root trainer beneath green net house) recorded significantly highest survival per cent (60%) and vitality of rose-scented geranium nursery as compared to other treatments and least were recorded in control (raising of cutting in open field). © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Pelargonium graveolens L.Herit. belongs to the family Geraniaceae, and commonly known for its essential oil, with rose like aroma. The plant is commonly called as Geranium, Rose geranium, and Rose scented geranium and there are about 300 geranium species (Benazir et al., 2013). Geranium is one of the important aromatic plants, yielding an essential oil having high economic value in national and international market for its very profound and strong rose-like odour. It has several medicinal and aromatic values of commercial importance (Matthews, 1995). Traditionally, geranium was used to staunch bleeding, heal wounds, ulcers and skin disorders as well as treat diarrhoea, dysentery and colic (Matthews, 1995). Geranium is now indispensable aromatherapy oil and is considered as balancing oil for the mind and body (Dormon and Deans, 2000). It is also used for isolation of rhodionol which forms a part of the most high grade perfume (Douglas, 1969). The extracts of P. graveolens are reported to be used as antibacterial and insectici-
∗ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (R.K. Upadhyay).
dal agents (Tabanca et al., 2013). Rose geranium is a native of dry rocky slopes of Cape Province in South Africa and was commercially cultivated in France, Belgium, Spain, Morocco, Madagascar, Egypt, Reunion Islands, Congo, China, India and the former USSR countries (Farooqi and Sreeram, 2001). Commercially, rose-scented geranium is widely used for scenting soaps and high-grade perfumes due to the presence of low molecular weight aroma compounds (Verma et al., 2010; Rajeswara Rao et al., 1990; Farooqi and Sreeram, 2001). At one time, India was producing about 20 t of rose-scented geranium oil, with an average of nearly 1400 ha (Narayana et al., 1986). However, current Indian production has decreased to less than two tonnes per year due to significant reduction in the availability of cultivated area and ever changing climatic conditions. This has necessitated the application of modern biotechnological, agro-technological approaches/tools in economical way to increase the productivity to compete the requirements. Generally rose-scented geranium cultivated from October to April-May in the northern Indian plains. The costs of quality planting material production are too much more in northern Indian plains, because saving of plants during monsoon season is very difficult and it requires glass house equipped with air conditions i.e. costlier, and general farmers may be unable to adopt (Sashidhara et al., 2010; Narayana et al., 1986). The rooted cut-
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.05.004 2214-7861/© 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Upadhyay, R.K., et al., New agrotechnology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit.). J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.05.004
G Model
ARTICLE IN PRESS
JARMAP-77; No. of Pages 3
R.K. Upadhyay et al. / Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
2
tings saved from the previous crop over the monsoon season (late June to September) in the glass house were planted in the field in October (Bansal et al., 2014). Due to that reason farmers are reluctant to adopt the cultivation of rose-scented geranium. Hypothesis arises that, if we may able to raise rooted cutting in summer i.e. April-May, then we may able to save the newly rooted cutting up to some extent in economical and affordable way during rainy season. Keeping above view in mind, the present experiment has been planned to find out economical, affordable agro-technology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Experimental site A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of CSIRCentral Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, Research Centre, Pantnagar (Udham Singh Nagar) Uttarakhand, India during summer season 2015. The experimental site is located between 29◦ N latitude and 79.38◦ E longitude and at an altitude of 243 m above mean sea level. The maximum temperature ranges between 35–45 ◦ C, and minimum between 2–5 ◦ C. 2.2. Preparation and raising of stem cutting Soft stem cutting of 8–10 cm length containing 4–5 leaf, with 3–4 nodes, and 8–10 cm in length was prepared in the month of April 2015. The freshly well prepared stem cutting of rose-scented geranium planted in the open field (T1 ), root trainer placed at open field (T2 ), root trainer placed beneath green net house (T3 ), root trainer placed beneath Putranjiva roxburghii (T4 ), root trainer placed beneath Bischofia javanica (T5 ), root trainer placed beneath Ficus religiosa (T6 ); as per the treatment. The respective root trainers (35.5 cm × 22.0 cm) with 40 cavities (diameter 3.5 cm and depth 9.0 cm) filled with coco peat as a substrate material, without any other nutrient. The experimental soil in open field up to furrow slice level (15 cm depth) was sandy-loam in texture, neutral in reaction (7.2 pH), medium in organic carbon (0.58%), low in available nitrogen (138 kg ha−1 ), and medium in available phosphorus (12 kg ha−1 ) as well as in potassium (141 kg ha−1 ). Total 40 numbers of cuttings was planted in each treatment with three replicates. Irrigation was given as per need to the planted cutting. The agronomical practice and plant protection measures applied as and when required. 2.3. Shade giving trees 2.3.1. Putranjiva roxburghii Putranjiva roxburghii is a dioecious, evergreen, branched tree, up to 20 m height, and distributed as wild or cultivated approximately all parts of India, up to 750 msl. It is belong to family Putranjivaceae native south-east Asia. 2.3.2. Bischofia javanica Bischofia javanica (Bishop wood) is a plant species of the family Phyllanthaceae, evergreen tree with 12–18 m height, dense, rounded head, branched with milky sap. It is profusely found throughout southern and southeast Asia, Australia, Polynesia, and in North America. 2.3.3. Ficus religiosa Ficus religiosa commonly known as Peepal in India, a large semievergreen, cordate shape leaf with distinctive extended drip tip (10–17 cm long, 8–12 cm width), and grown up to 30 m height with 3 m trunk. It belongs to the fig or mulberry family and native
to Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka, southwest China, and Indochina. An interesting fact about peepal, the leaves of Ficus religiosa move constantly even when the air around is still and no wind is blowing. This is may be due to the wide leaf structure and long leaf stalk. 2.4. Experimental design and details of treatments The field experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replicates. The total treatment (Table 1) and experimental units were 6 and 18, respectively. The numerical data of all the components were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using randomized block design. Statistical analysis of data was done following standard procedures of Snedecor and Cochran (1967). Table 1 Treatment details of the experiment. TreatmentTreatment details T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Raising of cutting in open field Raising of cutting in root trainer placed at open field Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath green net house Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Putranjiva roxburghii Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Bischofia javanica Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Ficus religiosa
2.5. Observations The observations pertaining to plant height (cm), number of leaf survive cutting−1 , and survival (%) was recorded at 30 days after planting. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Plant height The data pertaining to the plant height of rose-scented geranium rooted cutting (Table 2) clearly showed significant difference between different treatments. The rose-scented geranium rooted plant/cutting raised beneath of Putranjiva roxburghii in root trainer (T4 ) were recorded significantly highest plant height (11.5 cm) as compared to T6 , T3 , T2 , and T1 , while plant height of rooted rosescented geranium cutting beneath of beneath Bischofia javanica found to be at par with T4 . The significantly lowest plant height (4.0 cm) was recorded in open field. Table 2 Effect of different treatments on survival per cent and vitality of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit.) nursery. Treatment T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 SEm± LSD(0.05)
Plant height (cm) e
4.0 8.0d 9.5c 11.5a 11.2ab 10.4b 0.28 0.88
Leaf (plant−1 )
Survival (%)
2.0c 3.0bc 4.0ab 5.0a 3.0bc 3.0bc 0.47 1.49
2.5d 25.0c 60.0a 60.0a 55.0a 40.0b 1.81 5.70
T1 - Raising of cutting in open field; T2 - Raising of cutting in root trainer placed at open field; T3 - Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath green net house; T4 Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Putranjiva roxburghii; T5 - Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Bischofia javanica; T6 - Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Ficus religiosa. a,b,c,d,e Treatments with the same letter are not significantly different at alpha = 5%.
Please cite this article in press as: Upadhyay, R.K., et al., New agrotechnology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit.). J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.05.004
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3
3.2. Leaves per plant
Acknowledgments
An observation pertaining to number of leaves plant−1 is presented in Table 2. Significantly higher number of leaves plant−1 (5) was recorded in rose-scented geranium rooted cutting i.e. placed beneath Putranjiva roxburghii (T4 ), as compared to rest treatments. Significantly similar numbers of leaves as 4, 3, 3, and 3 were recorded in T3 , T5 , T6 , and T2 respectively; and the lowest 2 leaves plant−1 was observed in T1 (raising of cutting in open field).
Authors are thankful to the Director, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, U.P., India for providing necessary facilities (Project: BSC-0110) and encouragement.
3.3. Survival The data pertaining to percent survival of planted cutting presented in Table 2. The highest and non significant different survival was recorded among T4 (60%), T3 (60%), and T5 (55%). Scrutiny of data clearly showed that the survival percent of this group of treatments was significantly higher as compared to other treatments, while lowest survival (2.5%) was noted in T1 (raising of cutting in open field). From the above results, it was clear that the raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Putranjiva roxburghii (T4 ) and raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath green net house (T3 ) were recorded statistically similar leaf plant−1 and survival percent. It is may be due to evergreen tree, better aeration, cooling, shade, as well as posses ambient climate beneath of Putranjiva i.e. may be comparable with green net house. 4. Conclusions Raising of cutting for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium in root trainer beneath of Putranjiva roxburghii recorded highest plant height (11.50 cm), leaves plant−1 , and survival (60%) as compared to others treatments. Thus, it was concluded that farmers may raise rose-scented geranium cutting during summer as non expensive methods i.e. raising of cutting in root trainer beneath of Putranjiva roxburghii and save the rosescented geranium rooted plant during rainy season. These rooted rose-scented geranium plants may be transplanted in main field during post rainy season. Hence, this method for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium may be provides new directions for eco-friendly, economical, affordable, and adoptable agro-practices of rose-scented geranium.
References Bansal, R.P., Bahl, J.R., Lal, R.K., Singh, V., Kumar, S., 2014. Development of technology for large scale economic production of propagules in rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens). Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 20 (3), 282–294. Benazir, J.F., Suganthi, R., Chandrika, P., Mathithumilan, B., 2013. In-vitro regeneration and transformation studies on Pelargonium graveolens (geranium)—an important medicinal and aromatic plant. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 7 (38), 2815–2822. Dormon, H.J., Deans, S.G., 2000. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88 (2), 308–316. Douglas, J.S., 1969. Essential oil crops and their uses. World Crops 21 (1), 49–54. Farooqi, A.A., Sreeram, B.S., 2001. Cultivations of Medicinal and Aromatic Crop. Universities Press, India. Matthews, A.J., 1995. Geranium leaves for cracked nipples. Australian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 25, 538–539. Narayana, M.R., Prakash, R., Rajeswara Rao, B.R., Sastry, K.P., 1986. Geranium cultivation in India: potentials and prospects. PAFAI 4, 25–29. Rajeswara Rao, B.R., Sastry, K.P., Rao, E.V.S.P., Ramesh, S.I., 1990. Variation in Yields and Quality of Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’ Hér. ex Aiton) under Varied Climatic and Fertility Conditions. Journal of Essential Oil Research 2 (2), 73–79. Sashidhara, K.V., Verma, R.S., Ram, P., 2010. Evaluation of geranium cultivars (Pelargonium graveolens) in tarai region of Uttaranchal. Indian Perfumer 48 (3), 273–276. Snedecor, G.M., Cochran, W.G., 1967. Statistical Methods. Iowa State College Press, Ames. IA. Tabanca, N., Wang, M., Avonto, C., Chittiboyina, A.G., Parcher, J.F., Carroll, J.F., Kramer, M., Khan, I.A., 2013. Bioactivity-guided investigation of geranium essential oils as natural tick repellents. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 25, 1–7. Verma, R.S., Verma, R.K., Yadav, A.K., Chauhan, A., 2010. Changes in the essential oil composition of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit.ex. Ait.) due to date of transplanting under hill conditions of Uttarakhand. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 1 (3), 367–370.
Please cite this article in press as: Upadhyay, R.K., et al., New agrotechnology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit.). J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.05.004
ARTICLE IN PRESS
JARMAP-77; No. of Pages 3
Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jarmap
Short communication
New agrotechnology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit.) Rakesh Kumar Upadhyay a,∗ , Ram Swaroop Verma a , Ved Ram Singh b , Janak Raj Bahl b , Suresh Kumar Sharma c , Shri Krishna Tewari c a CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Pantnagar P.O. Dairy Farm Nagla, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, 263149, India b CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226015, India c Division of Agronomy, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P. 226001, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 5 December 2015 Received in revised form 17 May 2016 Accepted 28 May 2016 Available online xxx Keywords: Rose-scented geranium Resource management Propagation Monsoon season
a b s t r a c t An experiment was conducted at CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Pantnagar, Udhamsingh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India to develop low cost and novel agro-technology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium through sustainable utilization of available natural resources during summer season 2014–15. For this purpose, six methods of quality planting material production of nursery were evaluated as effective utilization of natural resources for sustainable development and their responses were ascertained with respect to survival and vitality of rose-scented geranium nursery. The results revealed that among the cost effective quality planting material production technology treatment T4 (raising of cutting in root trainer beneath Putranjiva roxburghii) and T3 (raising of cutting in root trainer beneath green net house) recorded significantly highest survival per cent (60%) and vitality of rose-scented geranium nursery as compared to other treatments and least were recorded in control (raising of cutting in open field). © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Pelargonium graveolens L.Herit. belongs to the family Geraniaceae, and commonly known for its essential oil, with rose like aroma. The plant is commonly called as Geranium, Rose geranium, and Rose scented geranium and there are about 300 geranium species (Benazir et al., 2013). Geranium is one of the important aromatic plants, yielding an essential oil having high economic value in national and international market for its very profound and strong rose-like odour. It has several medicinal and aromatic values of commercial importance (Matthews, 1995). Traditionally, geranium was used to staunch bleeding, heal wounds, ulcers and skin disorders as well as treat diarrhoea, dysentery and colic (Matthews, 1995). Geranium is now indispensable aromatherapy oil and is considered as balancing oil for the mind and body (Dormon and Deans, 2000). It is also used for isolation of rhodionol which forms a part of the most high grade perfume (Douglas, 1969). The extracts of P. graveolens are reported to be used as antibacterial and insectici-
∗ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (R.K. Upadhyay).
dal agents (Tabanca et al., 2013). Rose geranium is a native of dry rocky slopes of Cape Province in South Africa and was commercially cultivated in France, Belgium, Spain, Morocco, Madagascar, Egypt, Reunion Islands, Congo, China, India and the former USSR countries (Farooqi and Sreeram, 2001). Commercially, rose-scented geranium is widely used for scenting soaps and high-grade perfumes due to the presence of low molecular weight aroma compounds (Verma et al., 2010; Rajeswara Rao et al., 1990; Farooqi and Sreeram, 2001). At one time, India was producing about 20 t of rose-scented geranium oil, with an average of nearly 1400 ha (Narayana et al., 1986). However, current Indian production has decreased to less than two tonnes per year due to significant reduction in the availability of cultivated area and ever changing climatic conditions. This has necessitated the application of modern biotechnological, agro-technological approaches/tools in economical way to increase the productivity to compete the requirements. Generally rose-scented geranium cultivated from October to April-May in the northern Indian plains. The costs of quality planting material production are too much more in northern Indian plains, because saving of plants during monsoon season is very difficult and it requires glass house equipped with air conditions i.e. costlier, and general farmers may be unable to adopt (Sashidhara et al., 2010; Narayana et al., 1986). The rooted cut-
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.05.004 2214-7861/© 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Upadhyay, R.K., et al., New agrotechnology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit.). J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.05.004
G Model
ARTICLE IN PRESS
JARMAP-77; No. of Pages 3
R.K. Upadhyay et al. / Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
2
tings saved from the previous crop over the monsoon season (late June to September) in the glass house were planted in the field in October (Bansal et al., 2014). Due to that reason farmers are reluctant to adopt the cultivation of rose-scented geranium. Hypothesis arises that, if we may able to raise rooted cutting in summer i.e. April-May, then we may able to save the newly rooted cutting up to some extent in economical and affordable way during rainy season. Keeping above view in mind, the present experiment has been planned to find out economical, affordable agro-technology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Experimental site A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of CSIRCentral Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, Research Centre, Pantnagar (Udham Singh Nagar) Uttarakhand, India during summer season 2015. The experimental site is located between 29◦ N latitude and 79.38◦ E longitude and at an altitude of 243 m above mean sea level. The maximum temperature ranges between 35–45 ◦ C, and minimum between 2–5 ◦ C. 2.2. Preparation and raising of stem cutting Soft stem cutting of 8–10 cm length containing 4–5 leaf, with 3–4 nodes, and 8–10 cm in length was prepared in the month of April 2015. The freshly well prepared stem cutting of rose-scented geranium planted in the open field (T1 ), root trainer placed at open field (T2 ), root trainer placed beneath green net house (T3 ), root trainer placed beneath Putranjiva roxburghii (T4 ), root trainer placed beneath Bischofia javanica (T5 ), root trainer placed beneath Ficus religiosa (T6 ); as per the treatment. The respective root trainers (35.5 cm × 22.0 cm) with 40 cavities (diameter 3.5 cm and depth 9.0 cm) filled with coco peat as a substrate material, without any other nutrient. The experimental soil in open field up to furrow slice level (15 cm depth) was sandy-loam in texture, neutral in reaction (7.2 pH), medium in organic carbon (0.58%), low in available nitrogen (138 kg ha−1 ), and medium in available phosphorus (12 kg ha−1 ) as well as in potassium (141 kg ha−1 ). Total 40 numbers of cuttings was planted in each treatment with three replicates. Irrigation was given as per need to the planted cutting. The agronomical practice and plant protection measures applied as and when required. 2.3. Shade giving trees 2.3.1. Putranjiva roxburghii Putranjiva roxburghii is a dioecious, evergreen, branched tree, up to 20 m height, and distributed as wild or cultivated approximately all parts of India, up to 750 msl. It is belong to family Putranjivaceae native south-east Asia. 2.3.2. Bischofia javanica Bischofia javanica (Bishop wood) is a plant species of the family Phyllanthaceae, evergreen tree with 12–18 m height, dense, rounded head, branched with milky sap. It is profusely found throughout southern and southeast Asia, Australia, Polynesia, and in North America. 2.3.3. Ficus religiosa Ficus religiosa commonly known as Peepal in India, a large semievergreen, cordate shape leaf with distinctive extended drip tip (10–17 cm long, 8–12 cm width), and grown up to 30 m height with 3 m trunk. It belongs to the fig or mulberry family and native
to Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka, southwest China, and Indochina. An interesting fact about peepal, the leaves of Ficus religiosa move constantly even when the air around is still and no wind is blowing. This is may be due to the wide leaf structure and long leaf stalk. 2.4. Experimental design and details of treatments The field experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replicates. The total treatment (Table 1) and experimental units were 6 and 18, respectively. The numerical data of all the components were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using randomized block design. Statistical analysis of data was done following standard procedures of Snedecor and Cochran (1967). Table 1 Treatment details of the experiment. TreatmentTreatment details T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Raising of cutting in open field Raising of cutting in root trainer placed at open field Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath green net house Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Putranjiva roxburghii Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Bischofia javanica Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Ficus religiosa
2.5. Observations The observations pertaining to plant height (cm), number of leaf survive cutting−1 , and survival (%) was recorded at 30 days after planting. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Plant height The data pertaining to the plant height of rose-scented geranium rooted cutting (Table 2) clearly showed significant difference between different treatments. The rose-scented geranium rooted plant/cutting raised beneath of Putranjiva roxburghii in root trainer (T4 ) were recorded significantly highest plant height (11.5 cm) as compared to T6 , T3 , T2 , and T1 , while plant height of rooted rosescented geranium cutting beneath of beneath Bischofia javanica found to be at par with T4 . The significantly lowest plant height (4.0 cm) was recorded in open field. Table 2 Effect of different treatments on survival per cent and vitality of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit.) nursery. Treatment T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 SEm± LSD(0.05)
Plant height (cm) e
4.0 8.0d 9.5c 11.5a 11.2ab 10.4b 0.28 0.88
Leaf (plant−1 )
Survival (%)
2.0c 3.0bc 4.0ab 5.0a 3.0bc 3.0bc 0.47 1.49
2.5d 25.0c 60.0a 60.0a 55.0a 40.0b 1.81 5.70
T1 - Raising of cutting in open field; T2 - Raising of cutting in root trainer placed at open field; T3 - Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath green net house; T4 Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Putranjiva roxburghii; T5 - Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Bischofia javanica; T6 - Raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Ficus religiosa. a,b,c,d,e Treatments with the same letter are not significantly different at alpha = 5%.
Please cite this article in press as: Upadhyay, R.K., et al., New agrotechnology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit.). J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.05.004
G Model JARMAP-77; No. of Pages 3
ARTICLE IN PRESS R.K. Upadhyay et al. / Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
3
3.2. Leaves per plant
Acknowledgments
An observation pertaining to number of leaves plant−1 is presented in Table 2. Significantly higher number of leaves plant−1 (5) was recorded in rose-scented geranium rooted cutting i.e. placed beneath Putranjiva roxburghii (T4 ), as compared to rest treatments. Significantly similar numbers of leaves as 4, 3, 3, and 3 were recorded in T3 , T5 , T6 , and T2 respectively; and the lowest 2 leaves plant−1 was observed in T1 (raising of cutting in open field).
Authors are thankful to the Director, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, U.P., India for providing necessary facilities (Project: BSC-0110) and encouragement.
3.3. Survival The data pertaining to percent survival of planted cutting presented in Table 2. The highest and non significant different survival was recorded among T4 (60%), T3 (60%), and T5 (55%). Scrutiny of data clearly showed that the survival percent of this group of treatments was significantly higher as compared to other treatments, while lowest survival (2.5%) was noted in T1 (raising of cutting in open field). From the above results, it was clear that the raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath Putranjiva roxburghii (T4 ) and raising of cutting in root trainer placed beneath green net house (T3 ) were recorded statistically similar leaf plant−1 and survival percent. It is may be due to evergreen tree, better aeration, cooling, shade, as well as posses ambient climate beneath of Putranjiva i.e. may be comparable with green net house. 4. Conclusions Raising of cutting for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium in root trainer beneath of Putranjiva roxburghii recorded highest plant height (11.50 cm), leaves plant−1 , and survival (60%) as compared to others treatments. Thus, it was concluded that farmers may raise rose-scented geranium cutting during summer as non expensive methods i.e. raising of cutting in root trainer beneath of Putranjiva roxburghii and save the rosescented geranium rooted plant during rainy season. These rooted rose-scented geranium plants may be transplanted in main field during post rainy season. Hence, this method for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium may be provides new directions for eco-friendly, economical, affordable, and adoptable agro-practices of rose-scented geranium.
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Please cite this article in press as: Upadhyay, R.K., et al., New agrotechnology for quality planting material production of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit.). J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.05.004