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New applications of electrolysis
310
Trans-_TVeptu~,ian Planet.
[:rour. Frank. Inst.,
s t e a m boilers. M e l s e n s c o n c l u d e d t h a t w h e n t h e b o t t o m of t h e b o i l e r is p r o v i d e d w i t h n u m e r o u s p o i n t s , t h e e b u l l i t i o n is p r o d u c e d w i t h ease a n d t h e w a t e r does n o t a s s u m e t h e s p h e r o i d a l s t a t e u n d e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n w h i c h t h a t p h e n o m e n o n w o u l d b e p r o d u c e d i n p r e s e n c e of a s m o o t h m e t a l lic surface. M. ie B l a n c i n v i t e d Prof. M e l s e n s to e x h i b i t ~ h i s e x p e r i m e n t s before t h e " Socihte d ' e n c o u r a g e m e n t p o u r F I n d u s t r i e N a t i o n a l e . " T h e y w e r e v e r y satisfactory a n d w e r e h i g h l y a p p r e c i a t e d b y all w h o w i t n e s s e d theln.--Bull° de ~a Soc. d'J~'ncour., N o v . , 1883. C. P ~ o u ~ ' s L A w . - - M a r i g n a c , i n h i s late r e - e x a m i n a t i o n of s o m e of t h e a t o m i c w e i g h t s , c o n s i d e r s t h a t P r o u t ' s l a w is o n l y a p p r o x i m a t e , a n d t h a t , s i n c e t h e n u m b e r s w h i c h express t h e a t o m i c w e i g h t s o n l y r e p r e s e n t ratios, t h e r e is n o r e a s o n for t a k i n g t h e h y d r o g e n u n i t i n p r e f e r e n c e to 16 or 100 ; b u t t h e choice of 16 is j u s t i f i e d b y its p r a c t i c a l a d v a n t a g e . I t a l l o w s us t o r e p r e s e n t t h e a t o m i e w e i g h t s of t h e g r e a t e s t n u m b e r of e l e m e n t s , a n d especially of t h e s e w h i c h are m o s t i m p o r t a n t , b y t h e m o s t s i m p l e possible i n t e gers, a n d w i t h t h e least d i f f e r e n c e f r o m t h e rigorous r e s u l t s of e x p e r i m e n t . T h e fact t h a t t h e a t o m i c w e i g h t s e x h i b i t m o r e e x a c t ratios to t h e o x y g e n t h a n to t h e h y d r o g e n u n i t w a s p o i n t e d o u t b y C h a s e i n h i s 138th p h o t o d y n a m i c n o t e (Proc. A m e r . P h i l . Sec., Nov. 4, 1881.)~Ann. de Chim. et de ~hys., M a r c h , 1884. C. M~NGANESE IN W I N E . - - M a u n ~ e n ~ h a s a n a l y z e d t h r e e s p e c i m e n s of w i n e : 1, a r e d w i n e of Grave, of t h e v i n t a g e of 1865 ; 2, a s i m i l a r w i n e of 1882 ; 3, a w h i t e w i n e of 1883. I n t h e first s p e c i m e n h e f o u n d m a n g a n e s e u n d e r t h e f o r m of a t a r t r a t e of potassa a n d m a n g a n e s e . T h e s e c o n d w i n e cont a i n e d a like c o m p o u n d i n a s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t p r o p o r t i o n ; t h e s a m e is t r u e of t h e t h i r d s p e c i m e n . I t is to b e o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e l a n d s w h e r e t h e ~hree ~ i n e y a r d s w e r e s i t u a t e d b e l o n g to a region i n w h i c h m a n g a n e s e a b o u n d s . ~ Ch,ron. _lndustr., A p r i l 13, 1884. C. ~NE~V _~PPLICATIO~S OF ELECTIdOI~YSIS.--Tw0 n e w a p p l i c a t i o n s h a v e b e e n l a t e l y r e p o r t e d w h i c h s e e m w o r t h y of f u r t h e r triM. T h e first is a syst e m of t a n n i n g , i n w h i c h t h e s k i n s are s u s p e n d e d i n a t a n n i n b a t h , w h i c h iS t r a v e r s e d b y a n electric c u r r e n t . T h e s k i n s are a t first p l a c e d a t t h e n e g a t i v e pole, i n o r d e r to d e s t r o y t h e n i t r o g e n o u s m a t t e r s ; a f t e r e i g h t d a y s a m o r e e o n c e n t r a t e d s o l u t i o n is i n t r o d u c e d , a n d t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e c u r r e n t iS reversed. T h i s is said to o x i d i z e t h e t a n n i n a n d to h a s t e n its p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n t h e ceils of t h e hides. I n t h e s e c o n d a p p l i c a t i o n , M. A b a d i e seeks to r e c o v e r t h e t i n f r o m t h e scraps of t i n n e d i r o n w h i c h are so a b u n d a n t a b o u t t i n n e r ' s shops, t i e places t h e m i n a n e l e c t r o l y t i c b a t h f o r m e d of a s o l u t i o n of c h l o r i d e of s o d i u m w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of c h l o r h y d r i c acid. T h e a n o d e is m e t a l l i c a n d t h e t i n is d e p o s i t e d u p o n it, i n c r y s t a l s i f t h e c u r r e n t is i n t e n s e , or i n a n a m o r p h o u s l a y e r w h e n t h e c u r r e n t is m o d e r a t e . T h e r a p i d i t y a n d t h i c k n e s s of t h e deposit is said to b e p r o p o r t i o n e d to t h e a c i d i t y of t h e bath.--L'Electricien, M a r c h 15, 1884. C.
TI%AI~S-L~EPTUZ~IAN P L A ~ E T . - - F l a m m a r i o n h a s followed t h e l i n e of i n vestigation which was marked out by Forbes and has published the india t i o n s w h i c h h e h a s d i s c o v e r e d of a p r o b a b l e p l a n e t , a t t h e first of t h e
Trans-_TVeptu~,ian Planet.
[:rour. Frank. Inst.,
s t e a m boilers. M e l s e n s c o n c l u d e d t h a t w h e n t h e b o t t o m of t h e b o i l e r is p r o v i d e d w i t h n u m e r o u s p o i n t s , t h e e b u l l i t i o n is p r o d u c e d w i t h ease a n d t h e w a t e r does n o t a s s u m e t h e s p h e r o i d a l s t a t e u n d e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n w h i c h t h a t p h e n o m e n o n w o u l d b e p r o d u c e d i n p r e s e n c e of a s m o o t h m e t a l lic surface. M. ie B l a n c i n v i t e d Prof. M e l s e n s to e x h i b i t ~ h i s e x p e r i m e n t s before t h e " Socihte d ' e n c o u r a g e m e n t p o u r F I n d u s t r i e N a t i o n a l e . " T h e y w e r e v e r y satisfactory a n d w e r e h i g h l y a p p r e c i a t e d b y all w h o w i t n e s s e d theln.--Bull° de ~a Soc. d'J~'ncour., N o v . , 1883. C. P ~ o u ~ ' s L A w . - - M a r i g n a c , i n h i s late r e - e x a m i n a t i o n of s o m e of t h e a t o m i c w e i g h t s , c o n s i d e r s t h a t P r o u t ' s l a w is o n l y a p p r o x i m a t e , a n d t h a t , s i n c e t h e n u m b e r s w h i c h express t h e a t o m i c w e i g h t s o n l y r e p r e s e n t ratios, t h e r e is n o r e a s o n for t a k i n g t h e h y d r o g e n u n i t i n p r e f e r e n c e to 16 or 100 ; b u t t h e choice of 16 is j u s t i f i e d b y its p r a c t i c a l a d v a n t a g e . I t a l l o w s us t o r e p r e s e n t t h e a t o m i e w e i g h t s of t h e g r e a t e s t n u m b e r of e l e m e n t s , a n d especially of t h e s e w h i c h are m o s t i m p o r t a n t , b y t h e m o s t s i m p l e possible i n t e gers, a n d w i t h t h e least d i f f e r e n c e f r o m t h e rigorous r e s u l t s of e x p e r i m e n t . T h e fact t h a t t h e a t o m i c w e i g h t s e x h i b i t m o r e e x a c t ratios to t h e o x y g e n t h a n to t h e h y d r o g e n u n i t w a s p o i n t e d o u t b y C h a s e i n h i s 138th p h o t o d y n a m i c n o t e (Proc. A m e r . P h i l . Sec., Nov. 4, 1881.)~Ann. de Chim. et de ~hys., M a r c h , 1884. C. M~NGANESE IN W I N E . - - M a u n ~ e n ~ h a s a n a l y z e d t h r e e s p e c i m e n s of w i n e : 1, a r e d w i n e of Grave, of t h e v i n t a g e of 1865 ; 2, a s i m i l a r w i n e of 1882 ; 3, a w h i t e w i n e of 1883. I n t h e first s p e c i m e n h e f o u n d m a n g a n e s e u n d e r t h e f o r m of a t a r t r a t e of potassa a n d m a n g a n e s e . T h e s e c o n d w i n e cont a i n e d a like c o m p o u n d i n a s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t p r o p o r t i o n ; t h e s a m e is t r u e of t h e t h i r d s p e c i m e n . I t is to b e o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e l a n d s w h e r e t h e ~hree ~ i n e y a r d s w e r e s i t u a t e d b e l o n g to a region i n w h i c h m a n g a n e s e a b o u n d s . ~ Ch,ron. _lndustr., A p r i l 13, 1884. C. ~NE~V _~PPLICATIO~S OF ELECTIdOI~YSIS.--Tw0 n e w a p p l i c a t i o n s h a v e b e e n l a t e l y r e p o r t e d w h i c h s e e m w o r t h y of f u r t h e r triM. T h e first is a syst e m of t a n n i n g , i n w h i c h t h e s k i n s are s u s p e n d e d i n a t a n n i n b a t h , w h i c h iS t r a v e r s e d b y a n electric c u r r e n t . T h e s k i n s are a t first p l a c e d a t t h e n e g a t i v e pole, i n o r d e r to d e s t r o y t h e n i t r o g e n o u s m a t t e r s ; a f t e r e i g h t d a y s a m o r e e o n c e n t r a t e d s o l u t i o n is i n t r o d u c e d , a n d t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e c u r r e n t iS reversed. T h i s is said to o x i d i z e t h e t a n n i n a n d to h a s t e n its p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n t h e ceils of t h e hides. I n t h e s e c o n d a p p l i c a t i o n , M. A b a d i e seeks to r e c o v e r t h e t i n f r o m t h e scraps of t i n n e d i r o n w h i c h are so a b u n d a n t a b o u t t i n n e r ' s shops, t i e places t h e m i n a n e l e c t r o l y t i c b a t h f o r m e d of a s o l u t i o n of c h l o r i d e of s o d i u m w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of c h l o r h y d r i c acid. T h e a n o d e is m e t a l l i c a n d t h e t i n is d e p o s i t e d u p o n it, i n c r y s t a l s i f t h e c u r r e n t is i n t e n s e , or i n a n a m o r p h o u s l a y e r w h e n t h e c u r r e n t is m o d e r a t e . T h e r a p i d i t y a n d t h i c k n e s s of t h e deposit is said to b e p r o p o r t i o n e d to t h e a c i d i t y of t h e bath.--L'Electricien, M a r c h 15, 1884. C.
TI%AI~S-L~EPTUZ~IAN P L A ~ E T . - - F l a m m a r i o n h a s followed t h e l i n e of i n vestigation which was marked out by Forbes and has published the india t i o n s w h i c h h e h a s d i s c o v e r e d of a p r o b a b l e p l a n e t , a t t h e first of t h e