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New bathymetric chart of the Atlantic Ocean. (In Russian; English abstract)
oceanographic Abstracts
1067
WOODS J. D., 1965. The effect o f electric charges upon collisions between equal-size waier drops in air. Q . J . R . Meteorol. Soc., 91 (389): 353-355. Streak photographs o f collisions between equal-size drops carrying electric charges of opposite sign show a marked attraction immediately before coalescence occurs. For drops o f radius R < 40 ~, the coalescence rate increases linearly with drop charge once a threshold value o f about 5 x l0 -5 e.s.u. has been reached; below this threshold there is no effect. For drops o f R >~ 40/~, which coalesce spontaneously by wake attraction, even when uncharged, the coalescence rate increases linearly with drop charge. Charges o f the same sign inhibit coalescence entirely for drops of R < 40 #, and reduce the coalescence rate by a factor o f five for drops of radius R = 40/,. WYRTKIKLAUS, 1965. T h e a n n u a l a n d s e m i a n n u a l v a r i a t i o n o f s e a s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e North Pacific Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 10 (3): 307-313. Monthly averages o f sea surface temperature for the period 1947-1960 are subjected to a harmonic analysis to determine the amplitude and phase o f the annual and semiannual temperature variation. The harmonic parameters are calculated for each two-degree square o f the Pacific Ocean north of 20°S lat and are presented in five charts. The distribution of the harmonic parameters and their contribution in shaping the seasonal variation are discussed. WVRTrd KLAUS, 1964. The thermal structure of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Dt. Hydrogr. Zeits.,
Erganzungshaft, A (8°), Nr. 6 : 8 4 pp. Bathythermograph observations were used to analyze the seasonal variation of the thermal structure of the eastern Pacific o c e a n between 30°N and 40°S and between 140°W and the American coast. Monthly charts o f the following parameters are given: sea surface temperature, change o f sea surface temperature from month to month, depth o f the mixed layer, and depth of the centre of the permanent thermocline. They are supplemented by charts of the average annual variation of surface temperature, occurrence of maximum and minimum temperature, temperature gradient in the thcrmocline, variation of the depth of the thermocline, temperature difference within the thermocline, and characteristic features o f the summer thermocline. For twelve selected locations the average annual variation of the thermal structure is shown in isopleth diagrams. An analysis of types of seasonal variation of the thermal structure has been made using features like the depth of the permanent thermocline, the occurrence o f a summer thermocline, and the occurrence o f a very deep mixed layer in winter. These types o f variation of thermal structure are characteristic of certain oceanic regions. YALIN M. SELIM, 1965. Geometrical properties of sand waves. J. Hydraulics Div., Proc. Am.
Soc. cir. Enginrs., 90 (HYS) (Proc. Paper 4055): 105-119. Expressions have been established to determine the height and length of sand waves formed on a cohesionless, movable bed under the condition of uniform, tranquil flow with a free surface. The dimensionless variables determining the height and length o f sand waves have been derived by means of the theoryofdimensions and by studying the mechanical processesinvolved. The form of the functional relations was established from the experimental data of various authors. These data were obtained from measurements made in both laboratory flumes and rivers. The existence of a critical tractive force has been assumed, and its value, as given by the Shield's curve, is involved in the analysis. ZATONSKY L. K., 1965. New bathymetric chart o f the Atlantic Ocean. (In Russian; English abstract). Okeanolog. Issled., Rezult. Issled. Programme Mezhd. Geofiz. Goda. Mezhd. Geofiz. Komitet Presidiume. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, No. 13 : 172-180. The article is a brief report of the new bathymetrical chart of the Atlantic Ocean, prepared by the Institute o f Oceanography o f Academy of Sciences o f the USSR and a number o f the other Institutes. The principal data for the bottom topography was collected during the International Geophysical Year, but some other data were also used. The short time available for the preparation of this chart limited the amount o f material used and thus simplified it. The chart has already been published. Hence this article briefly considers merely its purpose, the technique of its preparation, some pecularities in charting the sea-bottom and gives examples used in plotting certain regions of the bottom topography. ZE1N-ELDIN, ZOULA P. and DAVID V. ALDRICH, 1965. Growth and survival of postlarval Penaeus aztecus under controlled conditions o f temperature and salinity. Biol. Bull., 129 (1): 199-216. The combined effects o f salinity and temperature upon growth and survival of postlarvae of Penaeus aztecus were studied under controlled conditions. The test salinity ranged from 2%0 to 40%0 and the temperature from 7 ° to 35°C. With relatively short periods of acclimation, postlarval brown shrimp withstood wide fluctuations in both temperature and salinity for 24 hours. The range of tolerance to these factors over periods of 28 days was only slightly less than that observed for 24 hours. Postlarvae survived temperatures as low as 1 l°C. with almost no growth for one month in salinities of about 15%o or above. Growth increased with temperature, with significant growth beginning at some temperature above 1 I°C but below 18°C. The most marked increase in growth rate occurred between 11 ° and 25°C. At temperatures below 15°C, young (postlarval) shrimp demonstrated a decreased tolerance to low salinity, which may influence their natural distribution and survival. Thus, they do not ordinarily enter estuaries in abundance until spring when the temperature has
1067
WOODS J. D., 1965. The effect o f electric charges upon collisions between equal-size waier drops in air. Q . J . R . Meteorol. Soc., 91 (389): 353-355. Streak photographs o f collisions between equal-size drops carrying electric charges of opposite sign show a marked attraction immediately before coalescence occurs. For drops o f radius R < 40 ~, the coalescence rate increases linearly with drop charge once a threshold value o f about 5 x l0 -5 e.s.u. has been reached; below this threshold there is no effect. For drops o f R >~ 40/~, which coalesce spontaneously by wake attraction, even when uncharged, the coalescence rate increases linearly with drop charge. Charges o f the same sign inhibit coalescence entirely for drops of R < 40 #, and reduce the coalescence rate by a factor o f five for drops of radius R = 40/,. WYRTKIKLAUS, 1965. T h e a n n u a l a n d s e m i a n n u a l v a r i a t i o n o f s e a s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e North Pacific Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 10 (3): 307-313. Monthly averages o f sea surface temperature for the period 1947-1960 are subjected to a harmonic analysis to determine the amplitude and phase o f the annual and semiannual temperature variation. The harmonic parameters are calculated for each two-degree square o f the Pacific Ocean north of 20°S lat and are presented in five charts. The distribution of the harmonic parameters and their contribution in shaping the seasonal variation are discussed. WVRTrd KLAUS, 1964. The thermal structure of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Dt. Hydrogr. Zeits.,
Erganzungshaft, A (8°), Nr. 6 : 8 4 pp. Bathythermograph observations were used to analyze the seasonal variation of the thermal structure of the eastern Pacific o c e a n between 30°N and 40°S and between 140°W and the American coast. Monthly charts o f the following parameters are given: sea surface temperature, change o f sea surface temperature from month to month, depth o f the mixed layer, and depth of the centre of the permanent thermocline. They are supplemented by charts of the average annual variation of surface temperature, occurrence of maximum and minimum temperature, temperature gradient in the thcrmocline, variation of the depth of the thermocline, temperature difference within the thermocline, and characteristic features o f the summer thermocline. For twelve selected locations the average annual variation of the thermal structure is shown in isopleth diagrams. An analysis of types of seasonal variation of the thermal structure has been made using features like the depth of the permanent thermocline, the occurrence o f a summer thermocline, and the occurrence o f a very deep mixed layer in winter. These types o f variation of thermal structure are characteristic of certain oceanic regions. YALIN M. SELIM, 1965. Geometrical properties of sand waves. J. Hydraulics Div., Proc. Am.
Soc. cir. Enginrs., 90 (HYS) (Proc. Paper 4055): 105-119. Expressions have been established to determine the height and length of sand waves formed on a cohesionless, movable bed under the condition of uniform, tranquil flow with a free surface. The dimensionless variables determining the height and length o f sand waves have been derived by means of the theoryofdimensions and by studying the mechanical processesinvolved. The form of the functional relations was established from the experimental data of various authors. These data were obtained from measurements made in both laboratory flumes and rivers. The existence of a critical tractive force has been assumed, and its value, as given by the Shield's curve, is involved in the analysis. ZATONSKY L. K., 1965. New bathymetric chart o f the Atlantic Ocean. (In Russian; English abstract). Okeanolog. Issled., Rezult. Issled. Programme Mezhd. Geofiz. Goda. Mezhd. Geofiz. Komitet Presidiume. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, No. 13 : 172-180. The article is a brief report of the new bathymetrical chart of the Atlantic Ocean, prepared by the Institute o f Oceanography o f Academy of Sciences o f the USSR and a number o f the other Institutes. The principal data for the bottom topography was collected during the International Geophysical Year, but some other data were also used. The short time available for the preparation of this chart limited the amount o f material used and thus simplified it. The chart has already been published. Hence this article briefly considers merely its purpose, the technique of its preparation, some pecularities in charting the sea-bottom and gives examples used in plotting certain regions of the bottom topography. ZE1N-ELDIN, ZOULA P. and DAVID V. ALDRICH, 1965. Growth and survival of postlarval Penaeus aztecus under controlled conditions o f temperature and salinity. Biol. Bull., 129 (1): 199-216. The combined effects o f salinity and temperature upon growth and survival of postlarvae of Penaeus aztecus were studied under controlled conditions. The test salinity ranged from 2%0 to 40%0 and the temperature from 7 ° to 35°C. With relatively short periods of acclimation, postlarval brown shrimp withstood wide fluctuations in both temperature and salinity for 24 hours. The range of tolerance to these factors over periods of 28 days was only slightly less than that observed for 24 hours. Postlarvae survived temperatures as low as 1 l°C. with almost no growth for one month in salinities of about 15%o or above. Growth increased with temperature, with significant growth beginning at some temperature above 1 I°C but below 18°C. The most marked increase in growth rate occurred between 11 ° and 25°C. At temperatures below 15°C, young (postlarval) shrimp demonstrated a decreased tolerance to low salinity, which may influence their natural distribution and survival. Thus, they do not ordinarily enter estuaries in abundance until spring when the temperature has