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New electric heating systems
drapes for windows which would be similar to today's electric blankets; and even electric window glass for large glass areas. *
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and the status of the processes evolved with these installations were evaluated, and the novel features of the Montlouis Plant were appraised. Conclusions drawn from the information detailed in the following sections are given in section VII.
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F a u s t , F r a n k H., G e n e r a l Electric C o m p a n y . " N e w Electric H e a t i n g S y s t e m s " .
Acker, R o y M . ; Lipkis, R o b e r t P.; Miller, R a y m o n d S.; a n d Robison, P a u l C. "Solar-Cell Power Supplies for Satellites," Electronics, M a r c h 11, 1960, Pp. 167-173.
Technological developments in the use of electric heating are cited as responsible for the rapid growth and acceptance of this type of system during the past decade. The general and specific benefits and limitations of all types of heating and airconditioning systems using electricity are presented, and the situations and locations wherein such systems should be applied are described. The economics of the use of electric systems in comparison with other types are analyzed. Electric resistance heating and electric heat pumps are discussed separately with the above considerations in view, and current trends in the development of such systems, as well as what can be expected in the immediate future, are cited.
For reliability in the space environment, silicon solar cells are proving their worth. In this article, basic design considerations are treated with details of their applications to the Able-4 Atlas space probes. Bjorksten Research Laboratories, Incorporated. " W e a t h e r i n g Tests of Plastics a n d Design of Susp e n d e d E n v e l o p e Solar Stills," Research a n d Dev e l o p m e n t Progress R e p o r t No. 30, U n d e r c o n t r a c t no. 14-01-001-91, 40 pages, S e p t e m b e r 1959.
J o r d a n , R i c h a r d C., U n i v e r s i t y of M i n n e s o t a . " T h e F u t u r e of Solar H e a t i n g " . Despite the marginal economy of solar space heating today, this paper indicates that the future is relatively bright for the development of this means of heating buildings. The availability of solar energy and its proportionate distribution by area throughout the country are described and illustrated. Various means of solar energy storage are enumerated and a table given to show heat storage capacity of various working media. Architectural considerations involved, along with different systems of solar heating, are discussed, and five individual buildings in which solar heating systems are now being employed are examined in detail. The author points to the use of solar energy as a heat source for heat pump systems as one of the most promising possibilities for developments which may involve energy storage in forms other than heat; i.e., through electrical, inertial, gas compression, chemical reaction or biological systems, or by the use of closed-cycle fuel cells.
This is one of a series of reports designed to present accounts of progress on saline water conversion with the expectation that the exchange of such data will contribute to the development of economical processes applicable to large-scale, lowcost demineralization of sea or other saline water. Except for editing, the data herein are as contained in the final report submitted July, 1958 and revised May-August, 1959, by Bjorksten Research Laboratories, Inc., under Contract No. 14-01001-91. Risto P. Lappala, project engineer, and L. L. Yeager, project engineer, were in charge of investigations for the Contractor. The data and conclusions given in this report are essentially those of the Contractor and are not necessarily endorsed by the Department of the Interior. *
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C a l m p i t t , B e r t H. a n d G e r m a n , Dale E. "Solar-toElectric E n e r g y " , SAE Journal, M a y 1960, Pp. 5 2 55.
Tables Related to Radiation Emerging from a Planetary Atmosphere with Rayleigh Scattering. U n i v e r s i t y of
Coulson, K. L.; D a v e , J. V.; a n d Sekera, Z.
New two-stage device for converting solar energy into electrical energy promises operating efficiencies comparable with current photovoltaic devices and acts as its own storage battery. First stage will convert solar to chemical energy by the photochemical isomerization of trans to cis organic acids. (Cis and trans indicate two forms of geometrical isomers.) The next stage converts chemical to electrical energy by means of electrochemical concentration cells. Concentration cells using cis and trans acids have been constructed, and potentials approaching the theoretical value of about 0.1 v were measured. Maximum electrical power measured in the various systems was 2-3 microwatts per sq cm of electrode area, despite high internal resistances. Techniques for reducing these resistances are being investigated.
California Press, Berkeley a n d Los Angeles P e n r o d , E. B. a n d P r a s a n n a , K. V. " W i l l Solar E n e r g y be the H e a t Source for T o m o r r o w ' s H e a t P u m p ? " . Heating, Pipiug & Air Conditioning, M a y 1960, Pp. 117-127. An investigation has been made at the University of Kentucky in which the solar energy incident on a solar collector has been used as a heat pump source to supplement that stored in the earth's crust. A collector and ground coil supplied the evaporator load during the heating period, and the soil adjacent to the ground coil served as a reservoir for temporarily storing excess solar energy accumulated during bright sunny days. Due to the unpredictable nature of solar radiation and the lack of knowledge of the variation of the physical properties of the soil, calculations were based on monthly average values. A relative cost of operation of the system is also included. Actual operation of the heat pump system is limited to the assumptions made and to the capability of the machine to follow heating load fluctuations.
Schekin, V. "Solar B a t t e r i e s , " t r a n s l a t i o n b y B. W. K u v s h i n o f f , L i b r a r y B u l l e t i n , T G 230T65, April 17, 1959, 7 pages. The emf attainable with silicon p-n elements is discussed. Use of silicon elements with buffer storage cells in telephone systems and miniature receivers is mentioned. Requirements for supplying house power by silicon photocells are calculated. *
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Poneelet, E u g e n e F., a n d T h u m a n , W i l l i a m C. " T h e Solar F u r n a c e s of the L a b o r a t o i r e de L ' e n e r g i e Solaire a t M o n t l o u i s F r a n c e , " S R I P r o j e c t No. 1621-531, 85 pages.
R C A News. " R o c k e t ' s E x h a u s t H e a t is T u r n e d to Electric P o w e r in N e w T e c h n i q u e A n n o u n c e d b y R C A a n d T h i o k o l " , R C A News, Released N o v e m b e r 24, 1959, 4 pages.
The status of the laboratory furnaces, the 60-Kw furnace, and the proposed "production plant" of the Solar Energy Laboratory at Montlouis was investigated. The development
Light-weight thermionic tube mounted on rocket flame pipe produces current to operate steering mechanism and electronic apparatus. 28
*
and the status of the processes evolved with these installations were evaluated, and the novel features of the Montlouis Plant were appraised. Conclusions drawn from the information detailed in the following sections are given in section VII.
*
F a u s t , F r a n k H., G e n e r a l Electric C o m p a n y . " N e w Electric H e a t i n g S y s t e m s " .
Acker, R o y M . ; Lipkis, R o b e r t P.; Miller, R a y m o n d S.; a n d Robison, P a u l C. "Solar-Cell Power Supplies for Satellites," Electronics, M a r c h 11, 1960, Pp. 167-173.
Technological developments in the use of electric heating are cited as responsible for the rapid growth and acceptance of this type of system during the past decade. The general and specific benefits and limitations of all types of heating and airconditioning systems using electricity are presented, and the situations and locations wherein such systems should be applied are described. The economics of the use of electric systems in comparison with other types are analyzed. Electric resistance heating and electric heat pumps are discussed separately with the above considerations in view, and current trends in the development of such systems, as well as what can be expected in the immediate future, are cited.
For reliability in the space environment, silicon solar cells are proving their worth. In this article, basic design considerations are treated with details of their applications to the Able-4 Atlas space probes. Bjorksten Research Laboratories, Incorporated. " W e a t h e r i n g Tests of Plastics a n d Design of Susp e n d e d E n v e l o p e Solar Stills," Research a n d Dev e l o p m e n t Progress R e p o r t No. 30, U n d e r c o n t r a c t no. 14-01-001-91, 40 pages, S e p t e m b e r 1959.
J o r d a n , R i c h a r d C., U n i v e r s i t y of M i n n e s o t a . " T h e F u t u r e of Solar H e a t i n g " . Despite the marginal economy of solar space heating today, this paper indicates that the future is relatively bright for the development of this means of heating buildings. The availability of solar energy and its proportionate distribution by area throughout the country are described and illustrated. Various means of solar energy storage are enumerated and a table given to show heat storage capacity of various working media. Architectural considerations involved, along with different systems of solar heating, are discussed, and five individual buildings in which solar heating systems are now being employed are examined in detail. The author points to the use of solar energy as a heat source for heat pump systems as one of the most promising possibilities for developments which may involve energy storage in forms other than heat; i.e., through electrical, inertial, gas compression, chemical reaction or biological systems, or by the use of closed-cycle fuel cells.
This is one of a series of reports designed to present accounts of progress on saline water conversion with the expectation that the exchange of such data will contribute to the development of economical processes applicable to large-scale, lowcost demineralization of sea or other saline water. Except for editing, the data herein are as contained in the final report submitted July, 1958 and revised May-August, 1959, by Bjorksten Research Laboratories, Inc., under Contract No. 14-01001-91. Risto P. Lappala, project engineer, and L. L. Yeager, project engineer, were in charge of investigations for the Contractor. The data and conclusions given in this report are essentially those of the Contractor and are not necessarily endorsed by the Department of the Interior. *
*
*
C a l m p i t t , B e r t H. a n d G e r m a n , Dale E. "Solar-toElectric E n e r g y " , SAE Journal, M a y 1960, Pp. 5 2 55.
Tables Related to Radiation Emerging from a Planetary Atmosphere with Rayleigh Scattering. U n i v e r s i t y of
Coulson, K. L.; D a v e , J. V.; a n d Sekera, Z.
New two-stage device for converting solar energy into electrical energy promises operating efficiencies comparable with current photovoltaic devices and acts as its own storage battery. First stage will convert solar to chemical energy by the photochemical isomerization of trans to cis organic acids. (Cis and trans indicate two forms of geometrical isomers.) The next stage converts chemical to electrical energy by means of electrochemical concentration cells. Concentration cells using cis and trans acids have been constructed, and potentials approaching the theoretical value of about 0.1 v were measured. Maximum electrical power measured in the various systems was 2-3 microwatts per sq cm of electrode area, despite high internal resistances. Techniques for reducing these resistances are being investigated.
California Press, Berkeley a n d Los Angeles P e n r o d , E. B. a n d P r a s a n n a , K. V. " W i l l Solar E n e r g y be the H e a t Source for T o m o r r o w ' s H e a t P u m p ? " . Heating, Pipiug & Air Conditioning, M a y 1960, Pp. 117-127. An investigation has been made at the University of Kentucky in which the solar energy incident on a solar collector has been used as a heat pump source to supplement that stored in the earth's crust. A collector and ground coil supplied the evaporator load during the heating period, and the soil adjacent to the ground coil served as a reservoir for temporarily storing excess solar energy accumulated during bright sunny days. Due to the unpredictable nature of solar radiation and the lack of knowledge of the variation of the physical properties of the soil, calculations were based on monthly average values. A relative cost of operation of the system is also included. Actual operation of the heat pump system is limited to the assumptions made and to the capability of the machine to follow heating load fluctuations.
Schekin, V. "Solar B a t t e r i e s , " t r a n s l a t i o n b y B. W. K u v s h i n o f f , L i b r a r y B u l l e t i n , T G 230T65, April 17, 1959, 7 pages. The emf attainable with silicon p-n elements is discussed. Use of silicon elements with buffer storage cells in telephone systems and miniature receivers is mentioned. Requirements for supplying house power by silicon photocells are calculated. *
*
*
Poneelet, E u g e n e F., a n d T h u m a n , W i l l i a m C. " T h e Solar F u r n a c e s of the L a b o r a t o i r e de L ' e n e r g i e Solaire a t M o n t l o u i s F r a n c e , " S R I P r o j e c t No. 1621-531, 85 pages.
R C A News. " R o c k e t ' s E x h a u s t H e a t is T u r n e d to Electric P o w e r in N e w T e c h n i q u e A n n o u n c e d b y R C A a n d T h i o k o l " , R C A News, Released N o v e m b e r 24, 1959, 4 pages.
The status of the laboratory furnaces, the 60-Kw furnace, and the proposed "production plant" of the Solar Energy Laboratory at Montlouis was investigated. The development
Light-weight thermionic tube mounted on rocket flame pipe produces current to operate steering mechanism and electronic apparatus. 28