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New heat resistant cast alloys and non-destructive inspection technique in the petrochemical industry
N DT Abstracts The defect-inducedsignals obtained from magnetic flux leakage (MFL) pipeline inspectiontools are strongly dependent on stress induced in the pipe wall by the internal gas pressure. Precision MFL maps measured with and without 100 MPa tensile simulated line pressure stress are presented here and the changesare compared with stressconcentrationsaround a near side pit. 49984
found to increase linearly with the magnetizing frequency. The rate of increase of MAE rms voltage with frequency was found to depend on the magnitude of the magnetic flux density. The observed MAE waveforms have been analyzed in terms of the frequency dependence of their rms voltage and the muse-height distribution of MAE voltage oulses. With incre&ing magnetizing frequency, the smaller amplitude MAE pulses are replaced by large amplitude pulses, and the total number of MAE pulses also increases. The results are discussed in light of existing models of domain wall motion and magnetoacoustic emission.
Dhar, A.; Clapham, L.; Atherton, D.L.
Effect of sweep and bias field amplitudes on the magnetoacoustic emission IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 53645366
49520
49976
495 16
Yoshimoto, T.; Takahashi, M.
48522
48521
Bal, C.
Nestleroth, J.B.; Lindsay, B.B.; Davis, R.J.
Papenfuss, S.
International Petroleum Industry Inspection Technology II, Houston Texas (United States), 25-27 Jun. 1991. pp. 14-21. ASNT (1991) The conscientious pipeline operator must monitor many aspects of operational pipeline deterioration. Additionally, some operators must deal with pipelines containing manufacturing defects known as hardspots. A magnetic flux leakage tool readily detects regions of elevated hardness (hardspots) in line pipe.. Hardspots may be evaluated with a hardness tester and gauss meter. Repair of hard spots can be accomplished by pipe replacement or the installation of full encirclement weldover sleeves. By reliable detection of hardspots with flux leakage tool, and the appropriate on-site, post survey verification and repair, hardspot failures can be reduced, if not eliminated.
Pipes&Pipelines International, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. II-15 (May-Jun. 1992) Misunderstandingscan occur between pipeline operators and inspection operators over the use of intelligent pigs and the preparation necessary before they are used. Possible causes for such misunderstandings are described by detailing all the activities required for a pre-inspection survey. Single pig runs will not necessarily produce conclusive information on pipe-wall surface conditions as the amount and speed of data collected are prodigous. Such pipe-line survey form only part of an overall maintenance programme and it is essential for the contractor to have access to relevant pipeline data so that the pig survey report format is compatible to the maintenance programme.
48508 A.
Dhar, A.; Atherton, D.L.
of
Edens, C. W.
Utilization of magnetic flux leakage inspection pigs for bardspot detection and repair
activities for magnetic-flux intelligent
dependence
installed
International Petroleum Industry Inspection Technology II, Houston Texas (United States), 25-27 Jun. 1991. pp. 9-13. ASNT (1991) Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) for metal-loss defect detection and characterization is the most completely developed and frequently used technology for in-line inspection (IL]) of natural gas pipelines. The focus of this paper is on the results of finite element modelling of the magnetic flux leakage phenomena. Signal features will be correlated against defect geometry to illustrate defect-signal relationships. For example, defect length can be estimated from peak amplitude location of the normal field. The effects of defect width, depth and shape on the estimation of length will be presented. Though these modelling results will provide an upper level of performance of MFL inspection technology, the general capabilities can be addressed.
Pipeline Pigging Technology, 2nd Edition, 1992. Edited by J.N.H. Tiratsoo. pp. 303-324. Gulf Publishing Company (1992) The advent of high-resolution magnetic-based on-line inspection and monitoring equipment now allows operators to thoroughly assess the integrity of a pipehne. This equipment can find all significant defects in the line, and it is then the operators’ responsibility to determine whether these defects require repair. The significance of many pipeline defects can be assessed using proven simple analytical methods. These methods can be applied to assessdefects detected in- service, or to plan inspection schedules for corroding pipelines. This paper describes the variety of pipe-wall defects that can be detected during pigging, and summarizes their assessment methods. The incorporation of these methods into condition-monitoring plans is discussed, and finally an overall defect assessment methodology is presented.
Magnetizing frequency emission in pipeline steel
of
Magnetic flux leakage signal analysis for metal-loss defect characterization
The assessment of pipeline defects during pigging operations
49717
inspection
Materials Evaluation, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 476-480 (Atp. 1992) Tradition techniques for inspecting oil country tubular goods (OCTG), such as electromagnetic inspection, are often inefficient at locating service-induced flaws and wail loss in drill pipe and tubing. The approach described in this article aims to overcome these difficulties using a solid-state, small-area detector. The increased sensitivity to flaws of devices provides a better opportunity to locate three dimensional defects. They are highly recommended to replace the less- efficient search coil and gamma ray tools currently used in electromagnetic inspection systems.The use of semiconductors as flux sensors lead to better quality control of used tubular products.
Hopkins, P.
Pre-inspection-survey pigs
for
Electromagnetic inspection: wall loss and flaw location in oil country tubular goods
Heat Resistant Materials. Proceedings of 1st International Conference, Fontana, Wisconsin (United States), 23-26 Sep. 1991. pp. 461-468. Edited by K. Natesan and D.J. Tillack. ASM International (1991) ISBN 0871704293 A new technique for cracking and reforming tube materials, and for detecting the degree of deterioration of cracking tubes used at a petrochemical plant has been developed. A new heat resistant steel is a Ti microalloyed steel with high creep rupture strength and high creep strength. A new type of carburization detector for detecting the carburization of cracking tubes has been developed. The application of this technique in commercial plant improves the reliability of the timing of tube replacement.
49911
method
Materials Evaluation, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 502-505 (Apr. 1992) In the inspection of long runs of piping in refineries or chemical plants, a major challenge is determining where to look for problem areas. The magnetic flux technique provides one avenue for the rapid determination of metal loss beneath insulation. The theory and practical examples of the use of the technique are given in this paper. In addition to inspecting installed tubing, the technique is applicable to inspection of used oil well tubing, drill pipe, and wire rope. The technique does not require invasion of the tubing and eliminates the need to shut down production and opening and purging the line as in the wire-line technique.
New heat resistant cast alloys and non-destructive inspection technique in the petrochemical industry
49972
Kirkwood, J.G.; Stanley, R.K.
Total-flux magnetic ferromagnetic tubing
(Nov. 1991) Magneto-acoustic emission (MAE) measurements were made on samples of pipeline steel, under different ac sweep and dc bias field conditions. The MAE activity was found to be highly sensitive to these magnetizing parameters. With increasing amplitude of flux density of the ac sweep field. the MAE rms voltage increases initially and finally tends to saturate: with increasing dc bias field flux density the MAE rms voltage shows a peak, exhibiting maximum MAE activity around the upper steep portion of B-H hysteresis curve. Pulse height distribution analysis of the MAE waveforms indicates that at low fields, near the steep portion of the hysteresis curve, MAE is dominated by 90 domain wall motion while at high fields, nearing saturation,an additional mechanismof domain rotation giving rise to MAE is suggested.
magneto-acoustic
Mackintosh, D.D.; Atherton, D.L.; Porter, P.C.; Teitsma,
Test rigs for magnetic flux leakage inspection tools for pipelines Materials Evaluation, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 13- 17 (Jan. 1992) Pipelines carrying oil and gas are normally buried underground and thus inaccessible to many methods of nondestructive evaluations. Inside these plans the environment is relatively harsh and internal in-service inspection
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 1003-1007 (Mar. 1992) Magnetoacoustic emission (MAE) in pipeline steel was investigated and
38
found to increase linearly with the magnetizing frequency. The rate of increase of MAE rms voltage with frequency was found to depend on the magnitude of the magnetic flux density. The observed MAE waveforms have been analyzed in terms of the frequency dependence of their rms voltage and the muse-height distribution of MAE voltage oulses. With incre&ing magnetizing frequency, the smaller amplitude MAE pulses are replaced by large amplitude pulses, and the total number of MAE pulses also increases. The results are discussed in light of existing models of domain wall motion and magnetoacoustic emission.
Dhar, A.; Clapham, L.; Atherton, D.L.
Effect of sweep and bias field amplitudes on the magnetoacoustic emission IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 53645366
49520
49976
495 16
Yoshimoto, T.; Takahashi, M.
48522
48521
Bal, C.
Nestleroth, J.B.; Lindsay, B.B.; Davis, R.J.
Papenfuss, S.
International Petroleum Industry Inspection Technology II, Houston Texas (United States), 25-27 Jun. 1991. pp. 14-21. ASNT (1991) The conscientious pipeline operator must monitor many aspects of operational pipeline deterioration. Additionally, some operators must deal with pipelines containing manufacturing defects known as hardspots. A magnetic flux leakage tool readily detects regions of elevated hardness (hardspots) in line pipe.. Hardspots may be evaluated with a hardness tester and gauss meter. Repair of hard spots can be accomplished by pipe replacement or the installation of full encirclement weldover sleeves. By reliable detection of hardspots with flux leakage tool, and the appropriate on-site, post survey verification and repair, hardspot failures can be reduced, if not eliminated.
Pipes&Pipelines International, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. II-15 (May-Jun. 1992) Misunderstandingscan occur between pipeline operators and inspection operators over the use of intelligent pigs and the preparation necessary before they are used. Possible causes for such misunderstandings are described by detailing all the activities required for a pre-inspection survey. Single pig runs will not necessarily produce conclusive information on pipe-wall surface conditions as the amount and speed of data collected are prodigous. Such pipe-line survey form only part of an overall maintenance programme and it is essential for the contractor to have access to relevant pipeline data so that the pig survey report format is compatible to the maintenance programme.
48508 A.
Dhar, A.; Atherton, D.L.
of
Edens, C. W.
Utilization of magnetic flux leakage inspection pigs for bardspot detection and repair
activities for magnetic-flux intelligent
dependence
installed
International Petroleum Industry Inspection Technology II, Houston Texas (United States), 25-27 Jun. 1991. pp. 9-13. ASNT (1991) Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) for metal-loss defect detection and characterization is the most completely developed and frequently used technology for in-line inspection (IL]) of natural gas pipelines. The focus of this paper is on the results of finite element modelling of the magnetic flux leakage phenomena. Signal features will be correlated against defect geometry to illustrate defect-signal relationships. For example, defect length can be estimated from peak amplitude location of the normal field. The effects of defect width, depth and shape on the estimation of length will be presented. Though these modelling results will provide an upper level of performance of MFL inspection technology, the general capabilities can be addressed.
Pipeline Pigging Technology, 2nd Edition, 1992. Edited by J.N.H. Tiratsoo. pp. 303-324. Gulf Publishing Company (1992) The advent of high-resolution magnetic-based on-line inspection and monitoring equipment now allows operators to thoroughly assess the integrity of a pipehne. This equipment can find all significant defects in the line, and it is then the operators’ responsibility to determine whether these defects require repair. The significance of many pipeline defects can be assessed using proven simple analytical methods. These methods can be applied to assessdefects detected in- service, or to plan inspection schedules for corroding pipelines. This paper describes the variety of pipe-wall defects that can be detected during pigging, and summarizes their assessment methods. The incorporation of these methods into condition-monitoring plans is discussed, and finally an overall defect assessment methodology is presented.
Magnetizing frequency emission in pipeline steel
of
Magnetic flux leakage signal analysis for metal-loss defect characterization
The assessment of pipeline defects during pigging operations
49717
inspection
Materials Evaluation, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 476-480 (Atp. 1992) Tradition techniques for inspecting oil country tubular goods (OCTG), such as electromagnetic inspection, are often inefficient at locating service-induced flaws and wail loss in drill pipe and tubing. The approach described in this article aims to overcome these difficulties using a solid-state, small-area detector. The increased sensitivity to flaws of devices provides a better opportunity to locate three dimensional defects. They are highly recommended to replace the less- efficient search coil and gamma ray tools currently used in electromagnetic inspection systems.The use of semiconductors as flux sensors lead to better quality control of used tubular products.
Hopkins, P.
Pre-inspection-survey pigs
for
Electromagnetic inspection: wall loss and flaw location in oil country tubular goods
Heat Resistant Materials. Proceedings of 1st International Conference, Fontana, Wisconsin (United States), 23-26 Sep. 1991. pp. 461-468. Edited by K. Natesan and D.J. Tillack. ASM International (1991) ISBN 0871704293 A new technique for cracking and reforming tube materials, and for detecting the degree of deterioration of cracking tubes used at a petrochemical plant has been developed. A new heat resistant steel is a Ti microalloyed steel with high creep rupture strength and high creep strength. A new type of carburization detector for detecting the carburization of cracking tubes has been developed. The application of this technique in commercial plant improves the reliability of the timing of tube replacement.
49911
method
Materials Evaluation, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 502-505 (Apr. 1992) In the inspection of long runs of piping in refineries or chemical plants, a major challenge is determining where to look for problem areas. The magnetic flux technique provides one avenue for the rapid determination of metal loss beneath insulation. The theory and practical examples of the use of the technique are given in this paper. In addition to inspecting installed tubing, the technique is applicable to inspection of used oil well tubing, drill pipe, and wire rope. The technique does not require invasion of the tubing and eliminates the need to shut down production and opening and purging the line as in the wire-line technique.
New heat resistant cast alloys and non-destructive inspection technique in the petrochemical industry
49972
Kirkwood, J.G.; Stanley, R.K.
Total-flux magnetic ferromagnetic tubing
(Nov. 1991) Magneto-acoustic emission (MAE) measurements were made on samples of pipeline steel, under different ac sweep and dc bias field conditions. The MAE activity was found to be highly sensitive to these magnetizing parameters. With increasing amplitude of flux density of the ac sweep field. the MAE rms voltage increases initially and finally tends to saturate: with increasing dc bias field flux density the MAE rms voltage shows a peak, exhibiting maximum MAE activity around the upper steep portion of B-H hysteresis curve. Pulse height distribution analysis of the MAE waveforms indicates that at low fields, near the steep portion of the hysteresis curve, MAE is dominated by 90 domain wall motion while at high fields, nearing saturation,an additional mechanismof domain rotation giving rise to MAE is suggested.
magneto-acoustic
Mackintosh, D.D.; Atherton, D.L.; Porter, P.C.; Teitsma,
Test rigs for magnetic flux leakage inspection tools for pipelines Materials Evaluation, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 13- 17 (Jan. 1992) Pipelines carrying oil and gas are normally buried underground and thus inaccessible to many methods of nondestructive evaluations. Inside these plans the environment is relatively harsh and internal in-service inspection
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 1003-1007 (Mar. 1992) Magnetoacoustic emission (MAE) in pipeline steel was investigated and
38