New in review March 2004

from the association

NEW IN REVIEW

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

IN THIS ISSUE

Vol 78, December 2003 (www.ajcn.org)

PERIODICALS

470

BOOKS

483

PRACTITIONER’S BOOKSHELF

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ADA PUBLICATIONS

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PERIODICALS Periodical articles of special interest to nutrition professionals are cited or abstracted in this section. Articles that have been abstracted are marked with a darkened circle (●). Literature abstracts and citations are prepared by the Journal editors. Articles are selected from scientific and professional publications chosen to convey fundamental knowledge in nutritional science and to span the specialty practice fields of readers. A list of the publications reviewed for this section is published each year. The current list, which includes contact information for each title, appears on page 486 of the March 2004 issue. Readers who want information about any article or publication appearing in New In Review should use this directory to locate the authors or editors of the original article or publication. American Family Physician Vol 68, November 15, 2003 (www.aafp.org/ afp) 䡩

Screening for High Blood Pressure: Recommendations and Rationale. US Preventive Services Task Force. 2019-2022.

Vol 68, December 1, 2003 䡩

Returning to Work while Breastfeeding. Biagioli, F. 2201-2208. Patient information handout. 22152217.

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Recovery from Relapse among Successful Weight Maintainers. S. Phelan, J.O. Hill, W. Lang, J.R. Dibello, and R.R. Wing. 1079-1084. Dietary Fiber and Progression of Atherosclerosis: The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study. H. Wu, K.M. Dwyer, Z. Fan, A. Shircore, J. Fan, and J.H. Dwyer. 1085-1091. Dietary Linolenic Acid Is Inversely Associated with Plasma Triacylglycerol: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. 1098-1102. Meal Modulation of Circulating Interleukin 18 and Adiponectin Concentrations in Healthy Subjects and in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. K. Esposito, F. Nappo, F. Giugliano, C. Di Palo, M. Ciotola, M. Barbieri, G. Paolisso, and D. Giugliano. 1135-1140. Variability of Measured Resting Metabolic Rate. H.A. Haugen, E.L. Melanson, Z. Vu Tran, J.T. Kearney, and J.O. Hill. 1141-1144. Intestinal Parasites Increase the Dietary Lysine Requirement in Chronically Undernourished Indian Men. A.V. Kurpad, M.M. Regan, D. Nazareth, S. Nagaraj, J. Gnanou, and V.R. Young. 11451151. Water-miscible, Emulsified, and Solid Forms of Retinol Supplements Are More Toxic Than Oilbased Preparations. A.M. Myhre, M.H. Carlsen, S.K. Bohn, H.L. Wold, P. Laake, and R. Blomhoff. 1152-1159. High-, but not Low-bioavailability Diets Enable Substantial Control of Women’s Iron Absorption in Relation to Body Iron Stores, with Minimal Adaptation within Several Weeks. J.R. Hunt. 1168-1177.

Recovery from weight loss relapse. The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) tracked the progress of adults who have lost greater than 30 lbs and have successfully kept it off for at least 1 year. Individuals were

Journal of THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION

recruited through on-going media and Internet announcements. A consent form and initial screening questionnaire were returned by volunteers. Information collected was used to reconstruct a lifetime weight record to determine eligibility. The purpose of this interim analysis was to examine prospective patterns of weight change over 2 years after NWCR enrollment to address successful coping mechanisms of weight gain/loss recovery. This study was funded by a grant from Community Foundation of Southeastern Michigan. Three time points were used to describe weight change patterns (baseline/enrollment and two subsequent 1-year intervals). The nondiverse cohort of 2,400 volunteers (78.5% women, 96% white, mean age 47.4 years, BMI 24.7⫾4.3) lost an average of 32.1⫾17.8 kg and maintained weight loss for 6.5⫾8.1 years at baseline. Participants were divided into regainers (any amount over baseline), full recovery (gained then lost to baseline or below), partial recovery, relapsers (lost then re-gain), and successful maintenance. Data was not normally distributed so analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) comparisons were evaluated with Wilcoxon’s test when log and square root transformations were not successful to normalize data. The mean reported weight change during 2 years postbaseline was 3.8⫾7.6 kg with 96.4% remaining ⬎10% below maximum lifetime weight. There was little or no difference between behavioral variables (exercise, diet) among regainers, but this group was significantly more psychologically depressed. The investigators observed that small weight gains are common in this population. Practitioners are encouraged to immediately address weight gain of any amount as a successful step to maintain long-term weight loss. The authors recognize there may be a bias present in this cohort of extroverted volunteers who are healthier, more likely to be highly educated, and more motivated than the average population. Variables of metabolic resting rate. This study analyzed data collected in a

© 2004 by the American Dietetic Association

NEW IN REVIEW small healthy cohort of 12 men and 25 women ranging 21-67 years of age and BMI of 17-34. The purpose of this study was to determine if the metabolic rate measured at four separate times under varying conditions (morning/afternoon— each after a 4or 12-hour fast), with caffeine and exercise control using a SensorMedics Model 2900 Metabolic Cart with the ventilated-hood technique, were comparable. The funding source was HealtheTech, Inc. A repeated measure of variance model was used to analyze multiple time points with multiple regression and correlation coefficients with between measures. The afternoon rate was approximately 6% consistently higher than morning (P⫽0.001) but statistically non-significant within two measures done at each time period or between dates measured by participant. The 4-hour fast metabolic rate was 100 kcal/d higher when compared to the morning 12-hour fast situation. Toxicity of retinol supplements. Retinol supplements (fat-soluble vitamin A) are known to cause toxicity linked to embryonic malformations, reduction of bone mineral density, and other less specific symptoms. This study used a meta-analysis technique to examine published studies that reported toxicity of this nutrient and compared water-miscible, emulsified, and solid forms of administration. The data from 259 published case reports (55 acute, 204 chronic) were separated into age categories, supplement form, and global location (United States n⫽105, France n⫽56, and Spain n⫽24). The results showed that vitamin D taken concurrently reduced general toxicity incidence. Analysis showed chronic hypervitaminosis A occurred after many months of 2 mg/kg in oil-based preparations compared to acute toxicity from doses as low as 0.2 mg/kg in water-miscible, emulsified, and/or solid forms. The authors conclude the physical form of ingested vitamin A supplementation directly affects the toxicity risk. American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 158, December 1, 2003 (www.aje. oupjournals.org) ●

Influence of Breastfeeding on Cognitive Outcomes at Age 6-8 Years:

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Follow-up of Very Low Birth Weight Infants. M.M. Smith, M. Durkin, V.J. Hinton, D. Bellinger, and L. Kuhn. 1075-1082. Early Life Conditions and Cognitive Functioning in Later Life. S.A. Everson-Rose, C.F. Mendes de Leon, J.L. Bienias, R.S. Wilson, and D.A. Evans. 1083-1089. Reproducibility and Validity of the Shanghai Women’s Health Study Physical Activity Questionnaire. C.E. Matthews, X-O. Shu, G. Yang, F. Jin, B.E. Ainsworth, D. Liu, Y-T Gao, and W. Zheng. 1114-1122.

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Dieting Behaviors and Risk of Neural Tube Defects. S.L. Carmichael, G.M. Shaw, D.M. Schaeffer, C. Laurent, and S. Selvin. 1127-1131. Weight Loss: A Determinant of Hipbone Loss in Older Men and Women. The Rancho Bernardo Study. J.D. Knoke and E. BarrettConnor. 1132-1138. Association of Total and Central Obesity with Mortality in Postmenopausal Women with Coronary Heart Disease. A.M. Kanaya, E. Vittinghoff, M.G. Shipak, H.E. Resnick, M. Visser, D. Grady, and E. Barrett-Connor. 1161-1170. Validity and Reproducibility of a Food Frequency Questionnaire by Cognition in an Older Biracial Sample. M.C. Morris, C.C. Tangney, J.L. Bienias, D.A. Evans, and R.S. Wilson. 1213-1217.

Breastfeeding and cognitive outcome at 6 to 8 years of age. The correlation between breastfeeding practice and improved outcome in infants has been observed in many studies. It has been difficult to measure the long-term effect due to multiple confounding variables including mother’s intellectual ability, socioeconomic status, subsequent nutritional care/intake, and other uncontrolled environmental factors. The study used a cohort of 439 very low birth weight children (ⱕ1,500 g) enrolled in a follow-up protocol of a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Developmental Epidemiology Network cohort located in New York, New Jersey, and Massachusetts and born in one of five hospitals between 1991 and 1993. Data was available from initial hospital birth discharge for both mother and

infant and scheduled follow-up visits. Multiple variables were measured using Peabody Picture Vocabulary, Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, and numerous other psychometric tests. The complexity of the data was handled statistically by multiple linear regression to create several model variations that were created and then compared for best fit. The results showed children breastfed as infants only showed an advantage for specific measures of visual-motor integration, not for other measures tested in this study. The authors caution that adjustment for socioeconomic factors substantially reduced the “noise” of variable interaction but may not have eliminated it entirely. The public health effect benefit is an approximation but shows no negative trend. Postmenopausal female obesity pattern and coronary heart disease. Observation studies of heart disease risk in postmenopausal women have focused on traditional risks of hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension. BMI has been used more frequently than waist circumference. This study is a sub-group analysis from HERS (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study) funded by WyethAyerst Research using 2,739 women with a mean of 7 years follow-up between 1993 and 2001. The goal of the study design was to assess the correlation of outcomes of coronary heart disease mortality and total mortality with body composition variables. Statistical analysis used Pearson’s correlation coefficients in conjunction with hazard ratios. A waist circumference hazard ratio of 1.4 was found compared to a BMI hazard ratio of 0.8, indicating waist circumference is a more sensitive predictor of heart disease than BMI alone. The investigators believe the study was unique in the tracking of body composition changes over time rather than just initial-final measurement changes. Traditional risk factors continue to be factored into prediction models. American Journal of Public Health Vol 93, December 2003 (www.ajph.org) 䡩

Undiagnosed Hypertension and Hypercholesterolemia among Uninsured

Journal of THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION

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and Insured Adults in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J. Z. Ayanian, A.M. Zaslavsky, J.S. Weissman, E.C. Schneider, and J.A. Ginsburg. 2051-2054. Risk Factors for Sporadic Campylobacter Jejuni Infections in Rural Michigan: A Prospective Casecontrol Study. R.C. Potter, J.B. Kaneene, and W.N. Hail. 2118-2123.

Campylobacter jejuni infection risk factors. Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most common forms of gastrointestinal bacterial inflammation and is estimated to effect more than two million individuals per year in the United States. This study was a prospective case-control design in rural Michigan that tracked the incidence of this infection as reported by physicians or clinical laboratories during October 2000 through October 2001. Criteria was pre-established restricting data analysis to four components: 1) the first reported incident in a household, 2) a singular incidence rather than widespread outbreak, 3) residing in one of 58 rural counties not located near a metropolitan area, and 4) reported within 30 days of onset. Individuals were contacted and invited to participate if they met the inclusion criteria noted above. Case controls within the same geographic area were randomly recruited from telephone databases and matched by age group, sex, and county of residence. Statistical analysis focused on logistic regression with identification of confounding variables by creation of multiple models for investigator consideration to examine fit. A 59% response rate was obtained by contacting the 141 cases that qualified for study inclusion. The primary risk factor identified was contact with any food-producing animal (bovines, swine, or poultry), with the highest risk for poultry; contact with foals was also found to be sufficient risk. The investigators cite the primary application of this study to be the development of education and prevention efforts that may help reduce not only the incidence of the infection but the potential sequelae of Guillain-Barre syndrome and reactive arthritis. Funding was provided by the National Food Safety Center and the Population Medicine Center of Michigan State University.

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Annals of Internal Medicine Vol 139, December 2, 2003 (www.annals.org) 䡩

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Patient-centered Communication, Ratings of Care, and Concordance of Patient and Physician Race. A. Cooper, D.I. Roter, R.L. Johnson, D.E. Ford, D.M. Steinwachs, and N.R. Powe. 907-915. Editorial comment. T. Delbanco. 952-953. Screening for Obesity in Adults: Recommendations and Rationale. US Preventive Services Task Force. 930-932. Screening and Interventions for Obesity in Adults: Summary of the Evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. K. M. McTigue, R. Harris, B. Hemphill, L. Lux, S. Sutton, A.J. Bunton, and K.N. Lohr. 933-949. Patient handout. I-57

Vol 139, December 16, 2003 䡩

Varying Cost and Free Nicotinic Acid Content in Over-the-counter Niacin Preparations for Dyslipidemia. (Review). C.D. Meyers, M.C. Carr, S. Park, and J.D. Brunzell. 996-1002.

Archives of Internal Medicine Vol 163, December 8/22, 2003 (www. archinternmed.com) 䡩

Updating the Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. Results of a US Consensus Panel of Experts. D.M. Fick, J.W. Cooper, W.E. Wade, J.L. Waller, R. Maclean, and M.H. Beers. 2716-2724.

Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research Vol 64, Winter 2003 (www.dietitians.ca) 䡩

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Diet Quality among Older Quebecers as Assessed by Simple Indicators. B. Shatenstein, S. Nadon, and G. Ferland. 174-180. Eat Smart! Ontario’s Healthy Restaurant Program: A Survey of Participating Restaurant Operators. L.A. Macaskill, J.J.M. Dwyer, C.L. Uetrecht, and C. Dombrow. 202-207.

Diabetes Care Vol 26, December 2003 (www.diabetes.org/ diabetescare) ●

Cinnamon Improves Glucose and Lipids of People with Type 2 Diabe-

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tes. A. Khan, M. Safdar, M.M. Ali Khan, K.M. Knattak, and R.A. Anderson. 3215-3218. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS): Lifestyle Intervention and 3-year Results on Diet and Physical Activity. J. Lindstrom, A. Louheranta, M. Mannelin, M. Rastas, V. Salminen, J. Eriksson, M. Uusitupa, J. Tuomilehto for the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. 3230-3236. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events with Low-dose Aspirin and Vitamin E in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Results of the Primary Prevention Project (PPP) Trial. 3264-3272.

Cinnamon improves glucose in type 2 diabetes. A cohort of botanical products have been linked to hypoglycemic effects: bitter melon, bymnema, Korean ginseng, onions, garlic, flaxseed meal, and aqueous extracts of cinnamon. This study was conducted by the Department of Human Nutrition, NorthWest Frontier Province Agricultural University in Peshawar, Pakistan using pharmacologically untreated diabetics (30 men and 30 women) diagnosed with a fasting blood glucose of 140-400 mg/dL and not on insulin or other medications that would influence blood glucose. The study was conducted for 60 days with days 0-40 as treatment and days 41-60 as no treatment. Groups were randomly assigned in cohorts of 10 to receive one of the following treatments: 1) two 500 mg capsules cinnamon/day, 2) six 500 mg capsules cinnamon/day, 3) twelve 500 mg capsules of cinnamon/ day, or 4) three placebo groups with a corresponding number of wheat flour capsules per day (two, six, or 12). Blood was drawn on days 0, 20, 40, and 60 for fasting serum glucose and lipid profile. Groups were evenly distributed by sex (mean age 52 years) and mean diabetes duration (6.73 to 7.10 years). Two-way ANOVA and randomized complete block design were used for statistical analysis comparison. Results showed a time dependent effect of cinnamon on serum glucose with six capsules per day showing a significant decline at 20 days of therapy, whereas lower cinnamon doses required 40 days of therapy to achieve 23-30% reduction in serum glucose levels. Similar effects

NEW IN REVIEW of 13-26% reduction were seen with serum cholesterol and 10-24% in lowdensity lipoprotein; no significant change was seen with high-density lipoprotein. No changes were seen in placebo groups. The authors admit that the mechanism of cinnamon effects on serum glucose and lipids is unknown but may be related to phosphorylation and enzymatic activities related to insulin resistance and muscle glycogen synthesis. Cinnamon is a known anti-oxidant and may provide other cardio-protective health effects. Further studies are needed to determine if lower levels of cinnamon (⬍1 g/d) can achieve similar longitudinal results. No significant side effects were seen with this relatively inexpensive therapy. Low-dose aspirin, vitamin E, and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetics. The Primary Prevention Project (PPP) was an open-label, unblended, ran-

domly assigned trial funded by Bayer, Italy, comparing the use of one 100 mg enteric-coated low-dose aspirin or no aspirin per day and 300 mg vitamin E or no vitamin E per day in a two-by-two factorial design. The end point was frequency of major fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular event (eg, stroke, myocardial infarction, and related incidents such as transient ischemic attack, revascularization procedures, angina pectoris, and peripheral artery disease) in patients with one or more major cardiovascular risk factor. The subgroup analysis of 1,031 type 2 diabetics, primarily from 14 diabetic clinics, included in the total study sample of 4,495 patients was reported. The study recruited adults (⬎50 years of age) without a major cardiovascular event history or without current/prior use of aspirin or vitamin E therapy. Participants were followed at 4-month in-

tervals within the context of their normal health care and medication use. The PPP trial was prematurely stopped at a median of 3.7 years when the independent data safety and monitoring board found consistent benefit of aspirin in the cohort as a whole. The study sample was underpowered due to early termination and recruitment. No significant reduction in any of the end points could be found in diabetics alone (n⫽1,031), but could be found in non-diabetic patients (n⫽3,753). The effect of vitamin E was marginal in non-diabetics for peripheral vascular disease but non-significant for diabetics. The authors conclude that the beneficial effect of aspirin in diabetics is lower than nondiabetics and is probably related to the opposing mechanisms of antiplatelet effects with aspirin-insensitive mechanisms of platelet activation and thrombus formation.

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NEW IN REVIEW European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Vol 57, December 2003 (www.nature.com/ ejcn) ●

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Variation in the Application of Methods Used for Predicting Energy Requirements in Acutely Ill Adult Patients: A Survey of Practice. M.M. Reeves and S. Capra. 1530-1535. Tomato Consumption and Plasma Lycopene Concentration in People Aged 65 Years and Over in a British National Survey. R. Re, G.D. Mishra, C.W. Thane, and C.J. Bates. 1545-1554. Water and Sanitation Associated with Improved Child Growth. A.T. Merchant, C. Jones, A. Kiure, R. Kupka, G. Fitzmaurice, M.G. Herrera, and W.W. Fawzi. 1562-1568.

Energy estimation methods for acutely ill patients. The variation of use of energy prediction equations among dietetics professionals practicing in Australia is unknown. This survey was conducted using the ratio of one survey per 100 beds among 226 identified hospitals or care centers with a dietetic service department. The survey was divided into workplace/education information, a case study for completion, and usual dietetic practice report sections. Follow-up mailings and phone calls were made to encourage participation and identify hospitals that did not employ dietetics professionals to participate in the survey. The aim of the study was to determine current methods used by practicing dietitians for acutely ill patients and to assess the variation in practice. The authors self-initiated the survey and were from the School of Public Health in Brisbane. Basic statistics were used to determine percentages, means, data distribution for analysis by one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and independent sample t-tests. Only 464 of the 528 surveys were eligible for inclusion based on follow-up; of these, 307 (66.2%) were completed and returned. The characteristics of the sample were: 85% public vs private institution; 67.8% metropolitan vs rural setting; number of beds 31% ⱕ200, 33% 201-400, 35% 401 or more. Respondents averaged 6 years in practice with 16% in a sole practitioner work setting. Of the methods used to calculate energy requirements, the follow-

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ing distribution of equation methods were reported: 67% Schofield, 26% Harris-Benedict, 3% multiple methods, 2% as energy (30 kcal/kg). The authors conclude that the wide variation and potential inappropriate application of energy estimation as assessed by the case study in this survey could result in greater than a 50% range of error and a high likelihood of negative outcomes in energy management in acutely ill patients. The authors felt the respondents’ selection of varying injury factors to weigh energy equations may have contributed to the large observed margin of error.

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International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders Vol 27, December 2003 (www.nature.com/ijo) ●

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Food Product Design Vol 13, November 2003, Supplement (www. foodproductdesign.com) 䡩

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Nutraceutical Food Ingredients: Function for the Future. M.J. Rudolph. 5-13. What’s in a Claim: Labeling Functional Foods. R.C. Deis. 15-22. Analyzing This and That: Developing New Analytical Methods. R. Crowley. 59-67. Unveiled: Secrets of Masking Flavors. C. Hazen. 69-79.

Food Safety Vol 9, October/November 2003 (www. foodsafetymagazine.com) 䡩

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Color Additives: FDA’s Regulatory Process and Historical Perspectives. J.N. Barrows, A.L. Lipman, and C.J. Bailey. 11-17 Hot Tips for Using and Selecting Portable Thermometers. R.W. Powitz. 18-24, 61.

Gastroenterology Vol 125, December 2003 (www.gastrojournal. org) 䡩

Nausea and Vomiting (Clinical Management Series: Case Presentation, Discussion, and Management Strategies). W.L. Hasler and W.D. Chey. 1860-1867.

Harvard Business Review Vol 81, December 2003 (www.hbr.org) 䡩

In Praise of Boundaries: A Conversation with Miss Manners. D.L. Coutu. 41-45.

Developing Your Leadership Pipeline. J.A. Conger and R.M. Fulmer. 76-84.

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Long-term Pharmacotherapy for Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. R. Padwal, S.K. Li, and D.C.W. Lau. 137-1446. Intentional Weight Loss and Incidence of Obesity-related Cancers: The Iowa Women’s Health Study. E.D. Parker and A.R. Folson. 14471452. Body Weight Gain in Free-living Pima Indians: Effect of Energy Intake vs Expenditure. P.A. Tataranni, I.T. Harper, S. Snitker, A. Del Parigi, B. Vozarova, J. Bunt, C. Bogardus, and E. Ravussin. 1578-1583

Vol 27, November 2003 (Supplement 3) 䡩

Complications of Obesity: The Inflammatory Link. Universite Laval, Quebec City, Quebec Canada November 15-16, 2002. S1-S64.

Meta-analysis of long-term pharmacotherapy for overweight and obesity. This meta-analysis, a condensed version of the Cochrane Collaboration publication, was completed by a Canadian team of researchers who systematically reviewed the published literature from 1966 to 2002. The objective was to determine the efficacy and safety in trials of pharmacotherapies used in the treatment of overweight and obese individuals. Strict inclusion criteria included: 1) only doubleblind randomized published clinical trials of at least 1 year duration, 2) BMI ⬎30 plus one or more obesity related comorbidities, and 3) the comparison of two or more antiobesity drugs or a placebo group. No abstracts were included. Medications included were: sibutramine, phentermine, mazindol, diethylpropion, benzphetamine, phendimetrazine, benzocaine, and orlistat. The primary outcome was weight loss, expressed

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NEW IN REVIEW as a percent of baseline weight. Secondary outcomes were total mortality, cardiovascular morbidity/mortality, blood pressure and lipid changes, BMI and waist circumference change, and glycemic control. Statistical analysis used weighted mean differences for continuous outcomes and calculated risk differences for dichotomous outcomes. A random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis procedure with a X2 test for heterogeneity. Data was only available for analysis for two drugs: orlistat (11 studies, n⫽6021, dose 120 mg tid, 72% women, 79% white, mean BMI 35.7, mean age 49 years) or sibutramine (3 studies, n⫽929, dose 5-20 mg/d, 80% women, 75% white, mean BMI 33.4, mean age 47 years). Mean weight loss was 2.7 kg and 4.3 kg respectively for orlistat and sibutramine losing 2.9%4.6% more weight than placebo groups. Mortality and other outcome data were not well reported within the trials and long-term follow-up information was lacking. When comparing the two treatments, orlistat showed greater reduction in serum

lipids, serum glucose, and blood pressure but increased gastrointestinal side effects and slightly lower highdensity lipoprotein levels. Sibutramine had a greater reduction in overall weight but net increases in blood pressure and lower reductions in serum lipids. Long-term weight reduction of 10% or greater was seen only in 12%-15% of study patients reinforcing the difficulty in sustaining and maintaining weight loss. High attrition rates in both treatment and placebo were found consistently among studies, which limits application without some caution and emphasizes the clear benefit of prevention rather than treatment. Journal of the American Dental Association Vol 134, December 2003 (www.ada.org) 䡩

Access to Dental Care for Children in the United States: A Survey of General Practitioners. N.S. Seale and P.S. Casamassimo. 1630-1640

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Vol 51, December 2003 (www. blackwell science.com/jags) 䡩

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Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Strength, Physical Function, and Health Perception in Older, Community-dwelling Men. A.M. Kenny, B. Biskug, B. Robbins, G. Marcella, and J.A. Burleson. 1762-1767. Alternative Therapy Use by Elderly African Americans Attending a Community Clinic. S.A. Sternberg, A. Chandran, and M. Sikka. 17681772.

African-American alternative therapy use. This study was conducted on a convenience sample of 100 primarily African-American subjects attending a geriatric medicine clinic at the University of Chicago during the summer of 2000 as part of a US government geriatric academic career award support grant. The purpose was to examine the patterns of orally ingested alternative therapies (OAT) in this

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NEW IN REVIEW population. Face-to-face interviews were conducted among 100 users and 100 non-users. Two-hundred ninetytwo participants were initially identified from chart reviews and completed an initial telephone screening to obtain the final sample: 90 (31%) refused to participate and 102 OAT users (35%) and 100 non-OAT users (34%) remained for interview data collection. OAT users were 67% African American, 78% women, mean age 79.7 with an average of 5.2 medical conditions and taking 4.5 medications daily. Non-OAT users were more likely to have more medical conditions, took more medications, and had a lower median income than users. African-American OAT users (n⫽68) had lower income and less education than their non—African-American counterparts (n⫽34). The most frequent OATs used and their percent frequency among OAT users were multivitamins (65%), vitamin E (42%), calcium (31%), vitamin C (27%), glucosamine chondroitin sulfate (11%), vitamin A (9%), vitamin B complex (8%), ginkgo biloba (8%), nonspecific combination product (8%), omega-3 fatty acids (7%), garlic (5%), and selenium (5%). 98% of OAT users reported using more than one OAT concurrently. More than half of multivitamin supplements ingested had at least one of the components with a dosage level greater than the Recommended Daily Allowance. In this study, more than 60% of OAT users had discussed use with their physician. This may represent a selection bias in this clinic setting since prior published reports have indicated only 40%-50%. The authors cite this study as unique in sampling frail, elderly African Americans.

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Journal of Food Protection Vol 66, December 2003 (www.foodprotection. org)

The Journal of the American Medical Association

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Persistence of Escherichia Coli O157-H7 on Lettuce Plants Following Spray Irrigation with Contaminated Water. E.B. Solomon, H-J Pang, and K.R. Matthews. 21982202. Inactivation of Salmonella During Drying and Storage of Apple Slices Treated with Acidic or Sodium Metabisulfite Solutions. P.A. DiPersio, P.A. Kendall, M. Calicioglu, and J.N. Sofos. 2245-2251.

taminated Building. J.K. Varma, K.D. Greene, M.E. Reller, S.M. Delong, J. Trottier, S.F. Nowicki, M. DiOrio, E.M. koch, T.L. Bannerman, S.T. York, M.A. Lambert-Fair, J.G. Wells, and P.S. Mead. 27092712.

Significance of Nonaromatic Organic Acids in Honey. (Review.) I Mato, J.F. Huidobro, J. SimalLozano, and M.T. Sancho. 23712376.

Journal of Food Science Vol 68, November/December 2003 (www. ift.org) 䡩

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Soy Protein Fortification of a Lowfat Dairy-based Ice Cream. K.G. Friedeck, Y. Karagul-Yuceer, and M.A. Drake. 2651-2657. Encapsulation of Fish Oil by an Enzymatic Gelation Proves Using Transglutaminase Cross-linked Proteins. Y-H Chio, H.K. Shim, and J. Park. 2717-2723. Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Soymilk-incorporated Bulgur. M. Hayta, M. Alpasian, and U. Cakmakli. 2800-2803.

Vol 290, December 3, 2003 䡩

Efficacy and Safety of Echinacea in Treating Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J.A. Taylor, W. Weber, L. Standish, H. Quinn, J. Goesling, M. McGann, and C. Calabrese. 2824-2830.

Vol 290, December 10, 2003 䡩

Hypothyroidism. (Patient education page.) S. Parmet, C. Lynm, and R.M. Glass. 3024.

Journal of the National Cancer Institute Journal of the American College of Nutrition

Vol 95, December 1, 2003 (www. jncicancerspectrum.oupjournals.org)

Vol 22, December 2003 (www.am-coll-nutr. org)

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Insulin Clearance in Obesity. (Review.) M.E. Mora, A. Scarfone, M. Calvani, A.V. Greco, and G. Mingrone. 487-493. Orange Juice Ingestion and Supplemental Vitamin C are Equally Effective at Reducing Plasma Lipid Peroxidation in Healthy Adult Women. C.S. Johnston, C.L. Dancho, and G.M. Strong. 519-523. Food Away from Home, Sugarsweetened Drink Consumption and Juvenile Obesity. L.J. Gillis and O. Bar-Or. 539-545.

Vol 290, November 26, 2003 (www.ama-assn. org) 䡩

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Effect of Magnesium Sulfate Given for Neuroprotection Before Pre-term Birth: A Randomized Controlled Trial. C.A. Crowther, J.E. Hiller, L.W. Doyle, R.R. Haslam for the Australasian Collaborative Trial of Magnesium Sulfate (ACTOMGSO4) Collaborative Group. 2669-2676. An Outbreak of Escherichia Coli O157 Following Exposure to a Con-

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Vitamin D, Calcium Supplementation, and Colorectal Adenomas: Results of a Randomized Trial. M.V. Grau, J.A. Baron, R.S. Sandler, R.W. Haile, M.L. Beach, T.R. Church, and D. Heber. 1765-1771. Research and Public Health Implications of the Intricate Relationship between Calcium and Vitamin D in the Prevention of Colorectal Neoplasia. (Editorial). E.T. Jacobs, M.E. Martinez, and D.S. Alberts. 1736-1737.

Colorectal cancer and calcium supplementation. The relationship between calcium, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer is an interactive dependent situation that appears to encourage antineoplastic effects primarily on the large bowel. The Calcium Polyp Prevention Study was a 4-year, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial in six clinical centers in the United States. This study was funded by the NIH to the UCLA Clinical Nutrition Research Unit with calcium and placebo tablets donated by Wyeth/Lederle. Potential participants (n⫽2,918) had at least one histologically positive large bowel adenoma removed within 3 months of enrollment with the remaining bowel judged to be free of remaining polyps. A final cohort of 930 subjects was ran-

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National Dysphagia Diet Standardization for Optimal Care National Dysphagia Diet Task Force

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NEW IN REVIEW domized to placebo or calcium supplementation (3 g calcium carbonate or 1,200 mg elemental) per day. Other measures included vitamin D serum assays, a food frequency questionnaire to assess broad vitamin D and calcium dietary intake, and Taq I and Fok I polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene. The primary outcome measure was re-occurrence of adenoma during the 4-year treatment period with secondary end-points as any adenoma precursor such as dysplasia or other warning lesions. Statistics compared groups over time as well as specific comparisons among gene findings using a chi-square test of observed vs expected allele frequencies. 803 subjects completed the study; groups were comparable for age (mean 61 years), percent men (70% vs 75% for placebo treatment), race (87% vs 82% white), and genotyping (44% for each group). The primary finding was 25-(OH) vitamin D serum level above the overall median level statistically lowered risk in the calcium-supplemented group. Calcium supplementation was associated with reduced 1, 25-(OH)2 vitamin D serum levels with authors postulating high calcium intake suppressed and inhibited the formation. The vitamin D receptor polymorphisms were similar in each group and did not modify the results. Participants on the placebo with adequate vitamin D levels did not show the same protective effect. A distinct interactive status between vitamin D and calcium provided adenoma protection but this relationship was not independently associated to either nutrient alone. The Journal of Nutrition Vol 133, December 2003 (www.jnutrition. org) 䡩

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Defining Nutrient Requirements from a Perspective of Bone-related Nutrients. (Invited lecture.) C.M. Weaver. 4063-4066. Decreasing Dietary Sodium while Following a Self-selected Potassiumrich Diet Reduces Blood Pressure. C.A. Nowson, T.O. Morgan and C. Gibbons. 4118-4123. Understanding the Experience of Household Food Insecurity in Rural Bangladesh Leads to a Measure Different from that Used in Other Countries. E.A. Frongillo, N. Chowdhury, E-C. Ekstrom, and R.T. Naved. 4158-4162.

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Common and Country-specific Dietary Patterns in Four European Cohort Studies. H.F. Balder, M. Virtanen, H.A. Brants, V. Krough, L.B. Dixon, F. Tan, S. Mannisto, R. Bellocco, P. Pietinen, A. Wolk, F. Berrino, P.A. Van den Brandt, A.M. Hartman, and R.A. Goldbohm. 4246-4251. Symposium: Improving Human Nutrition Through Genomics, Proteomics, and Biotechnologies. April 11-15, 2003, San Diego, CA. 4259, 42594274. Personal Metabolomics as a Next Generation Nutritional Assessment. (Invited commentary/review.) J.B. German, M-A. Roberts, and S.M.Watkins. 4260-4266.

Personal metabolomics. Nutrition is recognized as a unique metabolic state that varies with each human being. Basic formulas and equations are available to estimate metabolic processes such as resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure. Even when such processes can be actually measured, the variation between individuals can be substantial. Guidelines for nutrient intakes are often based on large epidemiological and population-wide surveys that produce generic levels that still must be assessed within an individual’s own metabolism and needs. Recent scientific and technological advancements have provided new avenues to potentially assess these individual differences. The authors suggest that health problems can result from dietary imbalances and the inability to control metabolism accurately within a range of lifestyles and dietary intake. They suggest the term “personal metabolomics” may be appropriate to describe the next generation of nutritional assessment. This new assessment uses the equation of metabolic phenotype (⫽genotype⫹environment⫹ genotype⫻environment) to represent “the sum of all functional attributes related to health”, that is, “the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism”. This methodology takes into account nutrigenomics (the study of the effects of diet on the expression of all genes and their functions) and environment (the sum of all external variables including diet, lifestyle, and co-existing organisms including family and nonfamily members and companion

animals). This concept uses positive metabolic memorization processes such as athletic training and olfactory preference as well as traditional negative detrimental imprinting. The authors discuss the evolution of a simple serum cholesterol analysis as an example of the changes that can be realized in comprehensive metabolomic analysis of plasma lipids to a wide array of metabolic fragments. This large-scale technology is now utilized commercially at a reasonable cost and is widely reproducible and comparable. The next step could produce a metabolomic lipid profile for an individual and the corresponding supplement/diet that might address the specific problem. Large-scale databases might find new groupings of metabolomic profiles and links in epidemiological fashion outcomes and risk reduction strategies. The authors cite arachidonic acid as an example of a metabolite that has already been extensively studied from “dietary, genetic, hormonal, pharmacologic, and toxicologic influences on gene expression of the lipid metabolic enzymes that produce and remove” this acid from metabolic pathways of humans and animals. The drug class of statins is used as an illustration of the practical application to this pathway by affecting the delta 6 and delta 5 desaturase enzymes that produce arachidonic acid or the toxic effects of environmental PCB’s on inhibiting these same desaturase enzymes and reducing arachidonic acids levels in plasma. The future of more personalized and more defined nutrition assessment appears to be headed for a more metabolic and measurable in the decades to come. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior Vol 35, November-December 2003 (www. jneb.org) ●

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Development and Validation of a Self-efficacy Measure for Fat Intake Behaviors of Low-income Women. M-W Chang, S. Nitzke, R.L. Brown, L.C. Baumann, and L. Oakley. 302307. Development and Testing of a Nutrition-teaching Self-efficacy Scale for Elementary School Teachers. N. Brenowitz and C.R. Tuttle. 308-311 Application of Modern Biotechnol-

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ogy to Food and Agriculture: Food Systems Perspective. C. McCullum, C. Benbrook, L. Knowles, S. Roberts, and T. Schryver. The Nutritional SCATTERGORIESTM Game: Adding Zest to a Nutrition Course. J.M. Lacey, J.R. McGinn, R.L. Albino, and T. Ferro. 333-334. Recipe Development Project Using Commodity Food Products. P. Landers. 335-336.

Self-efficacy measure of fat intake in lowincome women. This project was completed as part of a doctoral dissertation supported by a US Department of Agriculture Research Grant and university funding. The goal was to develop a self-efficacy measure for eating low-fat diets in low-income women using a sample of 200 nonpregnant government program participants (WIC and Head Start parents) in Dane County, WI. An initial sample of six women was used to generate a 13-item questionnaire using face-to-face cognitive interviews. The questionnaire was then administered to 487 women with a $5 incentive payment and a food pyramid magnet. An analysis sample of 200 women was randomly stratified to provide equal representation of race (African American/white) and BMI (50% obese). The results showed respondents have difficulty sticking to a lowfat diet when nervous, angry, or upset about other events in their life (negative domain), and responded more likely to stick to a low-fat diet when happy, at a party, or when eating out in a restaurant with others (positive domain). Acceptable reliability and validity was shown; both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and goodness-of-fit indices were used to assess models of self-efficacy. The investigators admit the sample eliminated other ethnic groups such as Hispanics, men, or older adults. The instrument can be used to help assess eating behaviors as one of many tools that are effective in promoting selfefficacy skills. The Journal of Pediatrics Vol 142, November 2003 elsevierhealth.com/jpeds) 䡩

(www.us.

A Double-masked, Randomized Control Trial of Iron Supplementation

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in Early Infancy of Healthy Term Breast-fed Infants. J.K. Field, K. Aziz, W.L. Andrews, S.V. Harding, M.L. Courage, and R.J. Adams. 582-586. Efficacy and Safety of a Modified Oral Rehydration Solution (Resomal) in the Treatment of Severely Malnourished Children with Watery Diarrhea. N.H. Alam, J.D. Hamadani, N. Dewan, and G.J. Fuchs. 614-619.

Vol 142, December 2003 䡩

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Energy Expenditure in Human Milk vs Formula-fed Preterm Infants. R. Lubetzky, N. Vaisman, F. B. Miomouni, and S. Dollberg. 750-753. Endogenous Fecal Losses of Calcium Compromise Calcium Balance in Pancreatic-insufficient Girls with Cystic Fibrosis. K.H. Schulze, K.O. O’Brien, E.L. Germain-Lee, D.J. Baer, A.L. Leonard, and B.J. Rosenstein. 765-771. Relation between Pancreatic Lipase Activity and Gastric Emptying Rate in Children with Cystic Fibrosis. E.L. Symonds, T.I. Omari, J.M. Webster, G.P. Davidson, and R.N. Butler. 772-775. Effects of Iron Therapy on Infant Blood Lead Levels. A.W. Wolf, E. Jimenez, and B. Lozoff. 789-795.

Relationship between iron therapy and infant blood lead levels. Iron deficiency and lead toxicity are the two most prevalent nutrient challenges in infants worldwide. The absorption mechanism of these substances is similar using a divalent metal transporter in the gut that is distinct from transferrin and ferritin and yet competitively binds to both iron and lead. Serum lead levels are inversely related to dietary iron intake. The published literature shows mixed recommendations for iron supplementation during lead toxicity treatment. The purpose was to determine the effects of iron therapy on blood lead levels in infants with mildly elevated lead levels and varied iron status. This NIHsupported study examined a cohort of Costa Rican children in a community sample divided into five groups: Group 1 with iron-deficiency and hemoglobin (Hgb) ⱕ105 g/L and Group 2 with iron-deficiency and Hgb 106-119 g/L were both treated with intramus-

cular iron or 3 months of oral iron; Group 3 with nonanemic iron-deficiency and Hgb ⬎105 g/L and Group 4 with nonanemic iron-depleted (low serum ferritin ⱖ12 ug/L) were both treated with 3 months of oral iron; and Group 5 (iron-sufficient) was treated with a placebo. A total of 191 infants met the criteria above and were distributed 17-23% each in total sample. The complex double-blind design provided placebo injections and oral agents to maintain study design; blood samples were sent to a central lab for analysis. Statistical analysis used a general linear model for continuous variables and repeated measures over time, multiple comparisons adjusted with Tukey and categorical variables used chi-square. The mean serum lead level at baseline was 10.98 ug/dL with a range of 5.8-36.9 ug/dL. After 3 months, 93% of all infants receiving iron in any form had a Hgb increase of at least 10 g/L with the anemic and intermediate iron-deficient with the greatest gains. 62% of iron-sufficient children treated with the placebo at the start of the study became iron-deficient within 3 months. The serum lead levels decreased in iron-deficient children during therapy supporting the hypothesis that iron-deficiency should be treated regardless of serum lead status. The correction of iron deficiency appeared in this study to promote rapid and effective improvement in infant serum lead levels even in ironsufficient infants. The Lancet Vol 362, November 29, 2003 (www.thelancet. com) ●

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Effect of Ultraviolet Germicidal Lights Installed in Office Ventilation Systems on Worker’s Health and Well-being: Double-blind Multiple Crossover Trial. D. Menzies, J. Popa, J.A. Hanley, T. Rand, and D.K. Milton. 1785-1791. Glucocorticoids and Invasive Fungal Infections. (Review.) M.D. Lionakis and D.P. Kontoyiannis. 18281838.

Vol 362, December 13, 2003 䡩

Crohn’s Disease: The Cold Chain Hypothesis. (Invited commentary.) J-P Hugot, C. Alberti, D. Berrebi, E. Bingen, and J-P Cezard. 2012-2015.

NEW IN REVIEW Ultraviolet germicidal lights and workers’ health perception. The term “sick building syndrome” refers to a nonspecific condition where the ability for air to permeate buildings is compromised and workers in this sealed environment experience a multitude of malaise-like symptoms. This report describes a double-blind, crossover trial of 771 office workers in three non-smoking, air-conditioned, mechanically ventilated office building areas in Montreal, Canada. None of the buildings had any prior record of air quality concerns. The premise of the study was that the use of ultraviolet germicidal lights (UVGL) installed in the ventilation systems would reduce and/or eliminate microbial contamination commonly found in the routine operation of these systems. Bacteria and fungi circulated through the air may result in increased incidence of worker rhinitis, asthma, and other respiratory complaints. All participants gave written consent. During the 48 consecutive week study period, the UVGL was alternately off for 12 weeks then turned on for 4 weeks. Primary outcomes collected were self-reported work-related symptoms and measured microbial air/surface concentrations using standard collection techniques. The results reported that of the 1,011 eligible workers approached, 153 did not participate (15%), 858 gave consent, and 87 (9%) dropped out to achieve a final sample of 771. Workers were unable to detect differences in air quality throughout the study. A pre-study power analysis based on a pilot study required a minimum of 632 participants to detect a 10% reduction in work-related symptoms with 90% power (two-sided analysis). Operation of the UVGL resulted in a 99% reduction of microbial and endotoxin concentrations on irradiated surfaces within the ventilation systems. Using within-person repeated measure comparison, a 0.8 odds ratio benefit was seen for UVGL that was greatest during the initial use and slightly less during the last 4-week UVGL interval. The greatest effect was seen in women and non-smokers. The authors suggest the cost of a UVGL installation might prove cost-effective in certain situations when absence because of work-environment related illnesses are considered. This study was funded by a Canadian govern-

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ment Medical Research Council Grant and the gratis commercial UGVL design/installation by Sanuvox Inc. of Montreal. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Vol 35, December 2003 (www.acsm-msse. org) ●

Assessment of Physical Activity by Telephone Interview vs Objective Monitoring. S.J. Strath, D.R. Bassett, S.A. Ham, and A.M. Swartz. 2112-2118.

Assessing physical activity. Regular physical activity is recognized as an important component in weight loss as well as general health. Reporting of physical activity in an accurate and timely manner is a challenge for both researcher and participant. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a biennial randomdigit dialed telephone survey of adults, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control in the United States, included a physical activity module for the first time in 2001. This study compared the moderate and vigorous physical activity reported from the BRFSS with an actual physical activity measure using a heart rate-motion sensor (HRM) technique. Volunteers were recruited from the Milwaukee, WI area using community announcements; 23 men and 13 women enrolled and completed the study. Demographic, anthropoemetric, and baseline submaximal treadmill and arm/leg ergometer tests were performed at onset of study. Seven days of consecutive HRM (Polar Vantage NV heart watch, MTI model AM7164 accelerometer) was done followed by the completion of the nine BRFSS questions on physical activity. Statistical analysis correlated the percent agreement between the measures using chi-square with Cohen’s kappa for consistency of classification between measures. Paired t-tests were used to compare measures by day using transformed BRFSS predicted physical activity and actual HRM data. Results showed 80% agreement for vigorous activity levels reported but lower more variable agreement in moderate activities. Mean HRM data was 34 min/d in moderate activities, 24 min/d vigorous, and 58 min/d in combined levels. Some problems were noted in HRM recording device inter-

ference from hairdryers, radios, and loose contact connections between the individual and the device. The small non-random sample limits the applicability to other populations but infers the reporting of vigorous physical activity is more reliable than moderate by telephone recall methods. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental Vol 52, December 2003 䡩

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The Relationship between Simple Anthropometric Indices and C-Reactive Protein: Ethnic and Gender Differences. S.A. Lear, M.M. Chen, C.L. Birmingham, and J.J. Frohlich. 1542-1546. Metabolic and Psychosocial Effects of Minimal Invasive Gastric Banding for Morbid Obesity. M. Dittmar, A. Heintz, J Hardt, U.T. Egle, and G.J. Kahaly. 1551-1557.

The New England Journal of Medicine Vol 349, November 27, 2003 (www.nejm.org) 䡩

Drug Therapy: Irritable Bowel Syndrome. (Review.) H.R. Mertz. 21362146.

Pediatrics Vol 112, December 2003 (www.pediatrics. org) 䡩

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Prevalence of Blood Lead Levels ⱖ5ug/dL among US Children 1 to 5 Years of Age and Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors Associated with Blood of Lead Levels 5 to 10 ug/dL, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-1994. S.M. Bernard and M.A. McGeehin. 1308-1313. Impact of Television Viewing Patterns on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Adolescents. R. Boynton-Jarrett, T.N. Thomas, K.E. Peterson, J. Wiecha, A.M. Sobol, and S.L. Gortmaker. 13211326. Impact of Zinc Supplementation on Diarrheal Morbidity and Growth Pattern of Low Birth Weight Infants in Kolkata, India: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Community-based Study. D. Sur, D.N. Gupta, S.K. Mondal, S. Ghosh, B. Manna, K. Rajendran, and S.K. Battacharya. 1327-1332.

NEW IN REVIEW Vol 112, December 2003 (Supplement 6) 䡩

The Maternal Phenylketonuria Collaborative Study: New Developments and the Need for New Strategies. Sponsored by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, April 11 and 12, 2002, Bethesda MD. 15131587.

Zinc supplementation and low birth weight infants. Low birth weight infants (⬍2,500 g at birth) represent more than 30% of all births in developing countries. The use of zinc supplementation has been studied less frequently during the first year of life than in older infants and toddlers. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of an oral 1 mL daily syrup dose of 3-5 mg elemental zinc administered during the first year of life on diarrhea and growth pattern morbidity compared to a placebo group. The study was funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research and was conducted from 1999 to 2001 in a poverty slum of eastern Kolkata, India. The study design was a doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled, community-based intervention. A prestudy power analysis for 80% power and 5% level of significance was used to calculate the sample size of 100 low birth weight infants; a majority were in-hospital births; no estimate of gestational age was available. Regular study visits were made to the home or through clinic contacts. Outcome data was collected on proportion of days ill per child per year and percentage reduction of diarrhea when present. Statistical analysis included the calculation of z-scores of weight for age, t-tests and chi-squares for group comparisons, and relative risk with confidence intervals for incidence factors. The results showed the zinc supplementation reduced the incidence of diarrhea (1.36 vs 1.93 episodes per year, relative risk 1.4 (1.02-2.00 95% confidence intervals). Growth pattern gains were only observed at 1 year of age, not at earlier intervals, which may have been masked by the protective effect of breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life. The authors concluded the use of routine zinc supplementation in this low birth weight slum population was significant in producing a beneficial outcome in the first year of life.

Preventive Medicine Vol 37, December 2003 (www.elsevier.com/ locate/ypmed) 䡩

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Developing an Empirical Typology for Regular Exercise. G.J. Norman and W.F. Velicer. 635-645. The Development of SisterTalk: A Cable TV-delivered Weight Control Program for Black Women. K.M. Gans, S.K. Kumanika, H.J. Lovell, P.M. Risica, R. Goldman, A. OdomsYoung, L.O. Srolla, D.O. Decaille, C. Caron, and T.M. Lasater. 654-667.

Vol 37, December 2003 (Supplement) 䡩

Pathways. Prevention of Obesity in American-Indian Schoolchildren. Summary of NIH Pathways study. S1-S112.

Using cable television for weight-control programming. The prevalence of obesity in adult black women using a BMI ⱖ30 is 50%, compared to 30% in white counterparts. Differences in body mass acceptance and weight aggravated health conditions such as hypertension, and weight management practices are also unique. This report describes the development of a cable television program SisterTalk in Boston, MA to provide a culturally sensitive medium to address these issues. Twelve 1-hour programs were produced using content directed by community partnerships and focus group input; four 30-minute booster videotapes were mailed at monthly intervals when the program ended. The live programming format allowed interactive telephone calls, printed (average Flesch-Kincaid sixth-grade reading level) accompanying materials mailed to the home, and peer educator motivational phone calls (weekly, then monthly). The evaluation design of the study was 2⫻2 factorial with and without the peer support using a wait-list comparison group as a control. The 373 participants (implemented in four waves beginning in March 1999) were black women, 35% originating from Africa or the Caribbean. Specific objectives were to access overall impact of intervention vs control group on changes in weight, physical activity, and diet as well as assess separate and combined effects of peer support. Participation in process and follow-up evaluations had monetary incentives

varying from $20 to $50. Outcome results of the study are not reported here but extensive tables and information are included mapping the development process. The authors discuss the importance of “cultural tailoring” of material using a diverse project team, the need for at least 12-18 months of formative research prior to production, the substantial diversity of diet and concepts between black women in their sample that exceeded commonality expectations, and the value of the programming as a useful starting point for others. The project was funded by the National Cancer Institute.

BOOKS Nutrition Logic: Food First, Supplements Second By: Marie Dunford, PhD, RD; Kingsburg, CA: Pink Robin Publishing; 2003; $17.95; paperback; 192 pp.; ISBN: 0-9729888-0-7 This book, written for the everyday consumer, is aptly described in the title, Nutrition Logic: Food First, Supplements Second. Part I of the book stresses food as the key to good health and disease prevention. In Part II, the author addresses the issue of supplements as they compliment the food choices one eats. This book is not a weight loss book, but a diet book focusing on the positive aspects of food and eating, while reaching consumers of all cultures. Dr. Dunford takes a no-nonsense approach in presenting nutrition research and translating it into an entertaining read for even the most seasoned health professional. While the target audience is adult consumers, dietetics educators would be wise to share this book with students to demonstrate creative ways of sharing nutrition messages with clients. The first half of the book focuses on building a healthy diet. Instead of the usual chapters on vitamins and minerals, the author focuses on fruits and vegetables and foods that contain protein, iron, and calcium. Each chapter is seasoned with “take home messages” that are simple to understand and even easier to accomplish. Each chapter ends with: “How Am I Doing So Far?” This section analyzes the food choices of two women and shows

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NEW IN REVIEW how tweaking the diet by the addition of one or two foods can significantly improve diet quality. A separate chapter targets healthful eating for men. One chapter puts a twist on the question that all dietitians are asked, “Should I not eat. . .?” (Fill in the blank with the evil nutrient du jour.) The author approaches this question by answering it with what nutrients will be missing from the diet if milk, meat, or carbohydrates are avoided. Part Two of Nutrition Logic: Food First, Supplements Second tackles the supplement question. After a brief review of nutrient needs and the safety and effectiveness of supplements, a short yet thorough review on vitamins, minerals, protein, and selected dietary supplements is presented. The author poses the same questions for each supplement: is it necessary, is it safe, and is it effective? Consumers are also given tips to help them evaluate if a supplement is right for their needs. The appendices contain novel ways of presenting sound nutrition information. For example, in the section “Time and Money,” food choices are given for those consumers with more money than time and those with more time than money. There is also information on exotic fruits and vegetables as well as ethnic food choices. This book contains no fancy illustrations or color photos . . . just practical information presented in a creative way that can benefit all consumers.—Chris Rosenbloom, PhD, RD, associate dean, College of Health and Human Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta.

PRACTITIONER’S BOOKSHELF Contemporary Nutrition For Latinos: Latino Lifestyle Guide to Nutrition and Health By: Judith C. Rodriguez, RD, FADA; Writers Club Press; 2003; $15.95; paperback; 188 pp.; ISBN: 0-59526574-X Geared towards a Latino population, but useful to anyone who enjoys eating traditional Latino foods, Contemporary Nutrition for Latinos: Latino Lifestyle Guide to Nutrition and Health is divided into 13 chapters ranging from Food Guides to Combining Traditional, Natural, Convenient, and Functional

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Foods to Eating Out, Snacking, and Holiday Eating. This book was designed to facilitate the combination of traditional Latino foods with new foods and to develop a cultural style of eating and healthy behaviors. Sections of each chapter include consumer tips and issues addressing current, controversial, or contradictory information. Other sections provide ideas that may be useful to contemporary Latino life and discuss trends, changes, and ways people can be prepared for new information.

ADA PUBLICATIONS Managing Obesity: A Clinical Guide Edited by: Gary Foster, PhD and Cathy Nonas, MS, RD, CDE; Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association; 2004; $45.00 ADA member/$58.50 non-member; paperback; 256 pp.; ISBN: 0-88091-334-7 The obesity epidemic has had a major impact on practitioners across the health care profession. Managing Obesity: A Clinical Guide provides a unique examination of this topic by combining the latest scientific research with practical applications for clinical practice. Each chapter within this book supplies evidence-based information that is instantly applicable to the practice of the dietetics professional. Editors Foster and Nonas assembled a prestigious line-up of industry experts including Sachiko St. Jeor, Thomas Wadden, Eileen Kennedy, Rebecca Reeves, Molly Gee, F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer, and Louis Arronne, to address the topics of assessment, follow-up monitoring, behavior treatment, pharmacotherapy, popular diets, physical activity, and gastric bypass surgery. A practical resource that makes excellent use of case studies and examples, Managing Obesity is a publication that practitioners can refer to often. Childhood and Adolescent Overweight: The Health Professional’s Guide to Identification, Treatment, and Prevention By: Mary Catherine Mullen, MS, RD and Jodie Shield, MEd, RD; Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association, 2004; $45.00 ADA member/$58.00 non-member; paperback; 240 pp.; ISBN: 0-88091-335-5

Recently released, ADA’s Childhood and Adolescent Overweight: The Health Professional’s Guide to Identification, Treatment, and Prevention, is a detailed and comprehensive examination of childhood obesity. Authored by Mary Catherine Mullen, MS, RD and Jodie Shield, MEd, RD, this resource provides information and tools dietetic and other health professionals need to work successfully with pediatric clients in a variety of counseling and intervention settings. Recent trends and the etiology of pediatric obesity, including environmental factors such as genetic and hormonal defects, prenatal factors, and dietary factors, are examined. Also included are chapters discussing the issues surrounding screening and identification for overweight (and at-risk for overweight), as well as assessment, treatment, and counseling and behavior modification strategies. A section on the prevention of childhood and adolescent obesity details a multi-faceted approach targeting families, schools, and communities. The publication concludes with a number of useful tools for a health practitioner screening, conducting assessment, and developing treatment strategies.

QUICK LOOKS Beverages in Nutrition and Health Edited by: Ted Wilson, PhD and Norman J. Temple, PhD; Totowa, NJ: The Humana Press; 2003; $125; hardcover; 448 pp.; ISBN: 1-58829-173-1 Dieting for Dummies, Second Edition By: Jane Kirby, RD; Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, Inc.; 2003; $21.99; paperback; 378 pp.; ISBN: 0-76454149-8