New or interesting microfungi

[ 55 ] Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78 (1) 55-74 (1982)

Printed in Great Britain

NEW OR INTERESTING MICROFUNGI IV. DEMATIACEOUS HYPHOMYCETES FROM DEVON By P. M. KIRK Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW93AF, U.K. Notes on some dematiaceous hyphomycetes collected in Devon are presented. Dictyochaeta querna sp.nov., Endophragmiella corticola sp.nov., Parapleurotheciopsis ilicina gen. et sp.nov. with P. inaequiseptata (Matsushima) comb.nov., Sporidesmium clarkii sp.nov, and Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus (Matsushima) comb.nov. are described and illustrated, Anungitea jragilis, Beltrania querna, Hormiactella asetosa, Taeniolella breviuscula and T. jaginea are recorded from the British Isles for the first time, and additional records are provided for Bactrodesmiella masonii, Chaetochalara bulbosa, Diplocladiella scalaroides and

Selenosporella curoispora. Some hyphomycetes collected in Devon were reported by Hawksworth & Minter (1980) and Kirk (1981). In this paper a further fourteen species are recorded based primarily on specimens originating from Devon. ANUNGITEA FRAGILIS B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 132: 10 (1973). (Fig. 1) Anungitea globosa B. Sutton & Hodges, Nova Hedw. 29: 594 (1979). Colonies effuse or discrete, sometimes inconspicuous, minutely hairy to hairy, off-white to pale brown or grey brown depending on amount of sporulation. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed in the substratum, composed of pale brown to brown, branched, septate, smooth hyphae 2-3'5 pm wide. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, smooth, septate, pale brown to brown, darker towards the slightly swollen base, paler towards the apex, 2'5-4 pm wide, initially 15-40 pm high, finally by proliferation andjor regeneration up to 80 pm high; often proliferation or regeneration of the conidiophore results in the production of a long, tapered, slightly flexuous, smooth, septate, setiform apex up to 400 pm high and 2 pm wide; sometimes conidiophore initials fail to produce conidiogenous cells and form sterile setae of similar dimensions to the setiform apices of the fertile conidiophores. Conidiogenous cells initially monoblastic and cylindrical (2'5-3'5 pm wide), becoming polyblastic and swollen apically (4-7 pm wide) by sympodial proliferation, terminal when active, becoming intercalary and effete by proliferation or regeneration, each conidiogenous locus with up to 20 or more cylindrical denticles 0'5-1 pm wide, with thickened, cicatrized, truncate,

. apices. Conidia catenate, formed in short (1-5) unbranched, acropetal, easily fragmenting chains, dry, very pale olivaceous brown, smooth, r-septate, cylindrical, with a conspicuously thickened scar at the truncate poles, (9-) 10-12 (-14) pm long, 1'4-1.8 (-2) pm wide. Specimens examined. On dead woodof Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., Falcon Lake, Whiteshell,Manitoba, Canada,

6 May 1969, B. C. Sutton, IMl 145748, isotype of Anungitea jragilis; on unidentified conifer needle, Killerton House, Exeter, Devon, U.K., 3 Sept. 1978, P. M. Kirk 226b, IMl 2320ub; on dead leaves of Hederahelix L., SlaptonWoods,Slapton,Devon, U.K., 5 Sept. 1978,M.B. & J.P. Ellis, IMl 237285d;on dead twig of Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lind!.) Buchhy., Gregynog, Powys, U.K., 26 May 1979, M.B. & J. P. Ellis, IMl 239535;on dead leaves of Fagus sylvatica L., Esher Common, Surrey, U.K., 16 Sept. 1979, P. M. Kirk 460e,IMl 241391e; on dead leavesof Eucalyptus globulus Lab., Poli-Poli Springs, Maui, Hawaii, U.S.A., 10 Nov. 1976, C. S. Hodges, IMI 209218b, holotype of Anungitea globosa. Anungitea B. Sutton (1973a) was established to accomodate a single species, A. jragilis, collected on dead wood of Abies balsamea. Sutton discussed the relationship between Anungitea and several other genera of dematiaceous hyphomycetes which produce holoblastic conidia from denticulate conidiogenous cells. Matsushima (1975) enlarged the genus by describing four additional species. Sutton & Hodges (1979) considered that of these species only A. uniseptata Matsushima was congeneric with A. jragilis and that the other three species, A. continua Matsushima, A. longicatenata Matsushima and A. triseptata Matsushima were probably

Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Devon /,- -,

/::.::;:'9" .. -... ~ ,~ '

.... I "I ,

I

IOJ.lm

Fig.

1.

Anungitea [ragilis.

I

P. M. Kirk best referred to other genera although their affinities were not readily apparent. Sutton & Hodges (1979) described A. globosa from four collections on the decaying leaves of various Eucalyptus spp. from the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand. How this species differed from A. fragilis was not directly indicated although the specific epithet suggests that the globose conidiogenous loci were considered diagnostic for the species. Anungitea globosa was also described as producing sterile setae either directly from the mycelium or sometimes from the apex of the conidiogenous cells, a characteristic which had not previously been reported as occurring in the genus. An examination of four collections from various substrata collected in the British Isles (including Devon) suggests that A. globosa should be regarded as a synonym of A. jragilis. The production of sterile setae or conidiophores with setiform apices is not considered to be a stable or satisfactory taxonomic criterion in this genus. Typically sterile setae were only occasionally found in some of the collections examined. Usually at least one or two effete conidiogenous denticles were to be found on what superficially appeared to be a sterile seta. The collection from Killerton House constitutes the first record of A.jragilis from the British Isles. Based on the collections cited above and those of Sutton (1973a) and Sutton & Hodges (1979 [as A. globosa)) it appears that A. jragilis is of worldwide distribution. Illustrations: Gamundi, Arambarri & Giaiotti (1977), Sutton (1973a), Sutton & Hodges (1979 [as A. globosa)), Verona & Benedek (1974). BACTRODESMIELLA MASONII (S. Hughes) M. B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 72: 14 (1959). Sporodochia scattered, punctiform, inconspicuous, up to 75 pm diam. Conidiophores fasciculate, simple or branched, up to 30 pm high, 2-4 pm wide at the base, 4-7 pm wide at the apex. Conidia pale to mid brown, smooth, solitary or adhering in short chains, 1 or z-septate, cell lumina reduced, (14-) 16-20 (-24) pm long, (7-) 8-10 (-11) pm wide, 4-7 pm wide at the base. Specimens examined. On decaying cupules of Fagus sylvatica: Swinton Park, Marsham, Yorkshire, U.K.,

11 Oct. 1947, S. J. Hughes, IMl 19219Y, holotype; BoxhiIl, Surrey, U.K., 22 Nov. 1947, S. J. Hughes, IMI 19652C; Killerton House, Exeter, Devon, U.K., 3 Sept. 1978, P. M. Kirk 182a, IM1 23192oa. Hughes (1953) described Bactrodesmium masonii S. Hughes from decaying cupules of Fagus syhiatica collected in Yorkshire and Surrey. Bactrodesmium masonii is clearly not congeneric

57

with B. abruptum (Berk. & Broome) Mason & S. Hughes, the lectotype species of Bactrodesmium Cooke (Hughes, 1958), and Ellis (1959) established the genus Bactrodesmiella M. B. Ellis, which differs from Bactrodesmium in producing conidiophores which proliferate percurrently and conidia which often adhere in short chains, for its inclusion. Bactrodesmiella masonii does not appear to have been collected in the British Isles since 1947. Illustrations: Ellis (1959, 1971), Hughes (1953), Verona & Benedek (1962). BELTRANIA QUERNA Harkness, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 39 (1884). Sutton & Pirozynski (1965) reported the occurrence of Beltrania rhombica Penz. on leaves of Quercus ilex L. from Kent. This record is, however, based on material in very poor sporulating condition. Insufficient conidia are now present to allow satisfactory assessment of the identification and the collection is here referred to B. querna. Pirozynski (1963) and Sutton & Pirozynski (1965) were of the opinion that the two species cannot easily be distinguished. However, Pirozynski (1972: 75) reported that, based on a collection of Beltrania spp. on undetermined decaying leaves from Tanzania, it was possible to distinguish B. querna from B. rhombica. After an examination of many collections referred to these two species, both on the natural substratum and in pure culture, I consider that the two distinct taxa can easily be distinguished based on conidial morphology as reported by Pirozynski (1963, 1972). It appears that whilst B. rhombica is restricted to tropical and sub-tropical areas, B. querna has a widespread distribution. In the British Isles B. querna is possibly present wherever Quercus ilex is grown and is often the dominant hyphomycete colonising the leaf litter. It has not been found on deciduous species of Quercus or on any of the other introduced evergreen species e.g. Q. suber L. Illustrations: Ellis (1971), Pirozynski (1963). Distribution in British Isles: Cornwall, Devon, Kent, Surrey, Warwickshire. Specimens' examined. On decaying leaves of Quercus agrifolia Nee, San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Jan. 1884, H. W. Harkness 2191, Ellis & Everhart's North

American Fungi No. 1650, holotype; on decaying leaves of Quercus ilex, Bathill, Brixham, Devon, U.K., 17 Aug. 1978, P. M. Kirk 85, 95 & 108, IMI 231186, 231196 & 231162; Arlington Court, Devon, U.K., 3 Sept. 1978, P. M. Kirk 165 & 169a, 1M1 231894 & 231898a; Hatherley Laboratories,Universityof Exeter, Devon, U.K., 3 Sept. 1978, P. M. Kirk 173 & 176b, IM1 231902 & 231905b; Lydd, Kent, U.K., 9 Oct.

58

Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Devon

1963, B. C. Sutton & K. A. Pirozynski, .IMI 1026~3a; isolated from decayingleavesof Quercus ilex, WarWIckshire, U.K., Oct. 1978, M.C. Clark, IMI 234449. CHAETOCHALARA BULBOSA B. Sutton & Piroz., Trans. Br, Mycol. Soc. 48: 351 (1965). Sutton & Pirozynski (1965) introduced Chaetochalara B. Sutton & Piroz, for three new species, C. africana B. Sutton & Piroz., C. bulbosa B. Sutton & Piroz. and C. cladii B. Sutton & Piroz., similar to species of Chalara (Corda) Rabenh. but producing erect, sterile setae in addition to conidiophores. Pirozynski & Hodges (1973) added another species, C. aspera Piroz, & Hodges, and Nag Raj & Kendrick (1975), in a monograph of the genus, added two further species, C. ramosa Nag Raj & Kendr. and C. setosa (H ark.) Nag Raj & Kendr. (syn, Chalara setosa Hark.), Sutton & Hodges (1976) described C. laevis B. Sutton & Hodges. The genus is widespread in distribution. Chaetochalara bulbosa and C. cladii are known only from the British Isles whilst the remaining species appear to be tropical or sub-tropical. Undoubtedly this is not a complete account of their distribution since they are probably easily overlooked. The present collection constitutes only the third record of an apparently rare element in the British mycoflora. Specimens examined. On decaying leaves of fl ex aquifolium L., Manor House Garden, Studland, Dorset, U.K. 26 May 1961, K. A. Pirozynski, IMI 89645a, holotype ; Studland, Dorset, U.K . 27 May 1961, B. C. Sutton 1M! 86894c, paratype ; Killerton House, Exeter: Devon, U.K., 3 Sept. 1978, P. M. Kirk 210a, IMI 213995a.

Dictyochaeta querna P. M. Kirk sp.nov. (F ig. 2) Coloniae effusae, atrae, pilosae. Mycelium immersum, sparsum, ex hyphis septatis, laevibus,pallide brunneis, ramosis, 2-4 psi: latis compositum. Setae erectae, rectae, subulatae, septatac, atrobrunneae ad fuscae, apicem versus pallidiores, saepe fertiles, laeves, crasse tunicatae, usque ad 350 p,m altae, ad apicem 4-S p,m latae, supra basem 8-10/tm latae, basi interdum ad 20 11m inflatae. Conidiophorae macronematosae,mononematosae, simplices, solitares vel fasciculatae, sa~pe cum setis consociatae, erectae, rectae vel leviter flexuosae, brunneae ad pallide brunneac, septatae~ laeves usque ad 1S0 pm alrae, 4-6 pm latae, basi interdum ad 12 pm inflarae. Cellulae conidiogenae enreroblasticae, polyphialidicae, in conidiophoris i~cor­ poratae, terminales intercalares fientes, s~mpodlales, cum infundibuliformibus, 2'S-3 1tm latis, 3-41tm altis. Conidia acropleurogena, hyalina, Iaevia, leviter curvata, fusiformia, non-septata, sine setulis, ad basez.n truncata inconspicuascicatrices non incrassatasferentia (12-) 14-18 (- 20) pm longa, 1'S-21tm lata.

In cupulis emortuis Quercus roboris L., Stoke Woods, Exeter, Devon, U.K., 4 Sept. 1978, P. M. Kirk 266 IMI 230S1, holotypus. Colonies effuse, black, hairy. Mycelium immersed, sparse, composed of septate, smooth, pale brown, branched hyphae 2-4 /lm wide. Setae erect, straight, subulate, septate, dark brown to blackish brown, paler towards apex, often fertile, smooth, thick-walled, up to 350 pm high, 4-5 I'm wide at apex, 8-10 pm wide above base, sometimes swollen at the base up to 20 pm wide. Conidiaphores macronematous, mononematous, simple, solitary or fasciculate, often associated with setae, erect, straight or slightly flexuou s, brown to pale brown, septate, smooth, up to 150/lm high, 4-6 I'm wide, sometimes swollen at the base up to 12 pst: wide. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, polyphialidic, integrated, terminal becoming intercalary, sympodial, collarettes infundibuliform, 2'5-3 pm wide, 3-4/lm deep. Conidia acropleurogenous, semi-endogenous, hyaline, smooth, slightly curved, fusiform, non-septate, without setulae, truncate at the base with an inconspicuous unthickened scar, (12- ) 14-18 (- 20) /lm long, 1'5-2 /lm wide. Specimens examined. On decaying cupule of Qu ercus rabur, Stoke Woods, Exeter, Devon, U.K ., 4 Sept. 1978, P. M. Kirk 266, IMI 2320S1.' holotype;, on decaying leaf of Qu ercus sp ., Wolfirn Wood, WarWIckshire, U.K. , 9 July 1979, M. C. Clark MC2203, IMI 240S46. Dictyochaeta Spegazzini (1923) is taken up here for specie s producing polyphialidic, sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells with conspicuous collarettes on macronematous conidiophores with or without accompanying sterile or fertile setae, which were formerly referred to Codinaea Maire (1937). Hughes & Kendrick (1968) discussed the arguments in favour of adopting Dictyo chaeta as an earlier name for Codinaea but rejected the proposal because the illustrations provided by Spegazzini were considered non-diagnostic, the holotype of the type species, D. fuegiana Speg., contained material, the essential characteristics of which were not discernible, and the species, originally described from Noth ofagus betuloides Blume had not been refound. However, in . view . . of the findings of Gamundi, Arambarri & Giaiotti (1977), who redescribe~D . fuegiana from fresh~~~­ erial, it seems appropriate to take up Spegazzini s genus. The examination and transfer ~ f more tha? 25 described species of Codinaea to Di ctyochaeta IS beyond the scope of the present work. D ictyo chaeta querna appears to be most closely related to D.fuegiana sensu Gamundi et al, (1977 ). It differs from this species by forming longer conidia and significant ly fewer sept a in the conidiophores and setae. )

P. M. Kirk

.... :

IO"m

Fig.

2.

Dictyochaeta querna.

59

60

Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Devon

Arnaud ex M. B. Ellis, More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes: 229 (1976). D. scalaroides Arnaud, Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 69: 29 6 (1954). This distinctive and apparently rarely collected hyphomycete was recorded by Ellis (1976) on dead wood of Ulex europaeus L. Matsushima (1980) found that it occurred on a variety of substrata, especially fallen leaves, in Taiwan and unpublished information in herb. 1M! suggests that it is of widespread occurrence. The present collection constitutes the second record from the British Isles. Illustrations: Arnaud (1954), Ellis (1971), Verona & Benedek (1966). DIPLOCLADIELLA SCALAROlDES

Specimen examined. On fallen leaves of Quercus ilex, Bathill, Brixham, Devon, U.K., 17 Aug. 1978, P. M. Kirk 121b, IMI 231175b.

Endophragmiella corticola P. M. Kirk sp. nov. (Figs 3, 4) Coloniae effusae, pilosae, atrobrunneae ad fuscae. Mycelium partim superficiale, partim in substrato immersum, ex hyphis ramosis, laevibus, pallide brunneis ad brunneis, septatis, usque ad 3"5 Itm latis compositum. Conidiophorae macronematosae, mononernatosae, ex mycelio superficiali terminales lateralesque orientes, erectae vel recumbentiae, simplicia vel ramosae, rectae vel flexuosae, laeves, septatae, paIlide brunneae ad brunneae, apicem versus pallidiores, 25-60 /lm altae, 2"5-3"5 (-4) /lm latae, per 1-4 proliferationeselongantes. Cellulaeconidiogenae monoblasticae, in conidiophoris incorporatae, terminales, percurrentes, cylindricae, ad apicem contractae et truncatae, Conidia anguste obclavata ad obclavata vel late fusiformia, 1-3 (-4)-septata, ad septa interdum constricta, brunnea ad atrobrunnea, cellula apicali pallidiore, laevia, conidia uniseptata 14-23/lm longa, 5-6 /lm lata, conidia biseptata 18-38/lm longa, 5"5-6 (-6.5) /lm lata, conidiatriseptata 25-42 /lm longa, 5"5-6 "5/lm lata, ad basem 2-2"5 /lm lata, ad basem distincte fractam ob partem cellulae conidiogenae superiorem fibriata. In cortici ernortuae arboris ignotae, Wheatfen Broad, Norfolk, U.K., 22 Apr. 1957, E. A. & M. B, Ellis, IMI 69132a, holotypus.

Colonies effuse, hairy, dark brown to blackish brown, often inconspicuous. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed in the substratum, composed of branched, smooth, pale brown to brown, septate hyphae up to 3-5 pm wide. Conidiophores macronematous, rnononematous, arising terminally and laterally from the superficial mycelium, erect or recumbent, simple or branched, straight or flexuous, smooth, septate, pale brown to brown, paler towards the apex, 52-60 Jtm high,

2'5-4 pm wide, with 1-4 percurrent proliferations. Conidiogenous cells mono blastic, integrated, terminal, percurrent, cylindrical, tapered to a truncate apex. Conidia narrowly obclavate to obclavate or broadly fusiform, 1-3 (-4)-septate; sometimes constricted at the septa, brown to dark brown, apical cell paler, smooth, r-septate conidia 14-23 pm long, 5-6 pm wide, a-septate conidia 1838 pm long, 5'5-6 (- 6'5) pm wide, 3-septate conidia 25-42 pm long, 5'5-6'5 pm wide, 2-2'5 pm at the base, with a distinct basal frill derived from the distal end of the conidiogenous cell. Specimens examined. On rotten coniferous wood, The Hermitage, Dunkeld, Perthshire, U.K., Sept. 1953, M. B. Ellis, IMI 54939 ; On rotten wood, Wheatfen Broad, Norfolk, U.K., 22 Apr. 1957, E. A. & M. B. Ellis, IMI 69132a, holotype; On dead bark of Quercus robur, Stoke Woods, Exeter, Devon, U.K',4 Sept. 1978,P. M, Kirk, 271a, IMI 232056a.

Endophragmiella corticola is distinguished from E. curvata (Corda) S. Hughes by its slightly longer and distinctly narrower conidia which have more septa, and the less robust conidiophores. Hughes (1979) described the conidia of E. curvata as 1-2 (-3)-septate, predominantly z-septate, with the r-septate conidia 11'5-15 x 6-8'5 Jtm and the z-septate conidia 20-27 x (6-) 7-8 '5 pm. The conidiophores were described as initially 50-70 x 55'S pm and finally up to 120 pm high. Another species, E. lignicola S. Hughes (1979), also appears close to E. corticola, However, in this species the conidia are smaller at 13-20 x 4'5-5'5 pm and predominantly z-septate with the central cell brown and the apical and basal cell hyaline and subhyaline respectively. Whilst conidiogenesis and origin of successive proliferations appear to be identical in the three collections of E. corticola available for study, the ontogeny of proliferation follows two distinct routes resulting in visibly different structures. In the holotype collection, IMI 69132 (Fig. 3), and IMI 54939 proliferation is of the typical Endophragmiella-type. This proceeds via an extension of the cell immediately below the conidiogenous cell, through the basal septum of the conidiogenous cell, and beyond the open end which formed as a result of the rhexolytic secession of the conidium. The conidiophore thus develops a series of collars, each being the wall of a spent conidiogenous cell (Hughes, 1979). However, in IMI 232056a (Fig. 4) a different sequence of events appears to occur more frequently than that described above, Following maturation of the conidium, secession fails to occur and lateral extension of the conidiophore below the base of the conidium results in a sympodial-like proliferation. Although it is by no means certain from the evidence available

61

P. M. Kirk

IO/Iffi

Fig. 3. Endophragmiella corticola, 1M1 232056.

62

Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Devon

, ' : ', ,:

"

" ,

IOll m

Fig. 4. Endophragmiella corticola, IMI 69132.

P. M. Kirk it appears that this apparent sympodial proliferation arises from an extension of the cell immediately below the conidiogenous cell as in the typical Endophragmiella-type. The extension breaches the basal septum of the spent conidiogenous cell and, as a result of the mature conidium remaining attached, breaks through the lateral wall since this is presumably the line of least resistance. A similar sequence of events occurs in E. hymenochaeticola S. Hughes (1978). In this species, however, the conidia appear to secede normally and the proliferation emerges laterally as a result of a failure to burst through the construction at the apex of the conidiogenous cell. HORMIACTELLA ASETOSA Hol.-Jech., Folia geobot, phytotax, 13: 435 (1978). (Fig. 5). Colonies hairy, compact and pulvinate to effuse, olivaceous to brownish-grey. Conidiophores erect, solitary, straight or slightly flexuous, simple, smooth, septate, brown, paler towards the apex, usually slightly swollen at the base, 45-115 /lm or more high, 2'5-3'5 (- 4) /lm wide. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, cylindrical, initially mono blastic, finally polyblastic, determinate. Conidia formed in long, proximally branched, aeropetally elongating, easily fragmenting chains, smooth, dry, r-septate, cylindrical with an unthickened, inconspicuous, flat to slightly convex scar at the rounded ends, pale olivaceous brown to pale brown, (11-) 14-18 (- 21) /lm long, 2'5-3'5 (- 4) /lm wide. Specimens examined. On bark of Picea sp" Cloughton Woods, Yorkshire, U.K., 12 Apr. 1955, J. Webster, IMI 59891C; on bark of Larix decidua Mill., Ravel s, Belgium, 17 Sept. 1956, M. B. Ellis, IMI 68103 ; on bark of Pinus syluestris L. , Rochefort, Ardennes, Belgium, 19 Sept. 1956, M. B. Ellis,IMI 69949; on twigs of Pinus syluestris, Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire, U.K" 9 Apr. 1977, D. W . Minter, IMI 225873b ; same host, Weeting Heath, Norfolk, U.K., 24 Mar. 1978, D. W. Minter, IMI 229536; same host, Bughfield Common, Reading, Berkshire, U.K., 28 Mar. 1978, D. W. Minter, IMI 228428; on cone of Pinus syluestris, Esher Common, Surrey, U.K., 30 Apr. 1978, B. M. Spooner, IMI 228427 ; on bark of Pinus syloestris, Mamhead Plantation, Exeter, Devon, U.K., 1 Sept. 1978, P. M. Kirk 134, IMl 231863.

Saccardo (1886) selected Hormiactis alba Preuss as the lectotype of Hormiactis Preuss (1851 ) and established Hormiactella for Hormiactis fusca Preuss. The two genera were distinguished essentially on presence (H ormiactella) or absence (Ho rmiactis) of pigmentation in the hyphae and conidiophores although sterile unbranched setae are also produced by Hormiactella fusca (Preuss) Sacco

Holubova-Iechova (1978) redescribed H. [usca from material collected in Czechoslovakia and described H. asetosa which differed from H. fusca in the absence of setae and somewhat larger conidia. The closely related Septonema Corda (1837) was distinguished from Hormiactella on the basis of the thick-walled, (0-) 3-5 (-7)-septate conidia and typically branched conidiophores in the former and thin-walled, (0-) r-septate conidia and unbranched conidiophores in the latter. Both genera were described as producing one or a simple chain of several apically polyblastic conidiogenous cells at the apex of the conidiophore or its branches. However, it is not possible to accurately determine which cells are to be regarded as part of the conidiophore or its branches, which should be referred to as conidiogenous cells, and which are ramoconidia. There appears to be a complete intergradation between r-septate conidia and nonseptate or r-septate conidiogenous cells or branches of the conidiophore which, if they become detached, may function as conidia. It would appear that H. asetosa is not uncommon in the British Isles on coniferous substrata. Illustrations : Holubova-Iechova (1978).

Parapleurotheciopsis P. M. Kirk gen.nov. (ety m , Para (Greek), near + Pleurotheciopsis)

Coloniae effusae, pilosae, brunneae ad fuscae, saepe inconspicuae. Mycelium partim superficiale, partim in substrato immersum, ex hyphis septatis, pallide brunneis ad brunneis, laevibus, ramosis compositum. Conidiophorae macronematosae, mononematosae, erectae, simplices, laeves, septatae, rectae vel leviter flexuosae, brunneae ad atrobrunneae, ad basem cellulum quaeque rad ialiter lobatam inflatae forrnantes. Cellulae con idiogenae in conidiophoris incorporatae, holoblasticae, monoblasticae, terminales, cylindricae ad lageniforme s, percurrentes. Con idia acrogena, sicca, laevia, hyalina ad pall ide brunnea, catenata cum unice ramocon idio primo septato vel aseptato ad apicem uno vel pluribus denticulis latis induto, deinde nonnumquam secundis vel tertiis cum ramoconidiis primo similaribus, quae catenis brevibus gaudent e conidiis ellipsoideis vel late-fusiformibus, septatis vel aseptatis compositis. Species typica Cladosporium inaequiseptatum Matsushima.

Colonies effuse, hairy, brown to dark blackish brown, often inconspicuous. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed in the substratum, composed of pale brown to brown, smooth, branched, septate hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, rnononematous, erect, simple, smooth, septate, straight or slightly flexuous, brown to dark brown, inflated at the base to form a radially lobed basal cell. Conidiogenous cells integrated, holoblastic, mono blastic, terminal, cylindrical to

Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Devon lageniform, percurrent, Conidia aerogenous, dry, smooth, hyaline to pale brown, composed of a single, septate or non-septate primary ramoconidium with one or more broad denticles at the apex, with or without secondary or tertiary, septate or non-septate ramoconidia also with apical denticles, ramoconidia bearing short chains of ellipsoid to broadly fusiform, septate or non-septate conidia.

Parapleurotheciopsis is superficially similar to Pleurotheciopsis B. Sutton (1973 b), a genus charac-

terized by unbranched conidiophores with single, terminal, sympodiaIIy proliferating polyblastic conidiogenous cells. Conidia are in unbranched chains and following secession the conidiogenous cells are often denticulate, the denticles being short and cylindrical with flat apices. When the

IOllm

L-J

Fig. S. Hormiaaella asetosa, IMI 231863.

P. M. Kirk conidiophore and conidia are observed undisturbed the appearance is identical in both genera. However, there is a fundamental difference in the origin of the conidial chains. In Pleurotheciopsis the chains originate from the polyblastic conidiogenous cell whereas in Parapleurotheciopsis the chains originate from the apex of the primary ramoconidium. The conidiogenuous cell in Parapleurotheciopsis is monoblastic. There is apparently no proliferation in Pleurotheciopsis other than that which occurs during conidiogenesis although the conidiophore may regenerate after damage or a period of inactivity to produce a new conidiogenous locus at a higher level. In Parapleurotheciopsis the conidiogenous cell, following schizolytic secession of the primary ramoconidium, proliferates through the half septum at the apex to form a further conidiogenous locus at a higher level. Parapleurotheciopsis shares some characteristics with Heteroconium Petrak (1949) and Septonema Corda (1837). It appears to be most closely related to Heteroconium from which it differs by producing distinct primary ramoconidia. It resembles Septonema in producing ramoconidia but in this genus the conidiogenous cells are polyblastic. Parapleurotheciopsis would appear to be a genus of essentially foliicolous species. The radially lobed basal cells of the conidiophores are a characteristic of many genera of foliicolous hyphomycetes (Kirk, 1979). Kendrick (1980) suggested that radially lobed basal cells may have evolved as a solution to the problem of obtaining stability for tall structures.

Parapleurotheciopsis inaequiseptata (Matsushima) P. M. Kirk comb.nov. Cladosporium inaequiseptatum Matsushima, Icon. microfung: Matsushima lect.: 35 (1975). Kirk (1981) recorded this species (as Cladosporium inaequiseptatum) from decaying leaves of Eucalyptus cocci/era Hook. f. collected in Devon, U.K., and indicated that it should possibly be placed in another genus since it was clearly not congeneric with C. herbarum (Pers.) Link ex Gray, the lectotype species of Cladosporium. It was suggested that Polyscytalum Riess (1853) would be an appropriate genus but no formal transfer was made because the generic limits of Polyscytalum and several other closely related genera were not clearly defined. The discovery of an undescribed species on decaying leaves of Quercus ilex (vide infra) clearly congeneric with C. inaequiseptatum and additional observations of Po'yscytalum fecundissimum Riess (1853), the holotype species of Polyscytalum 3

(Kirk, unpubl.), necessitated the establishment of a new genus for their inclusion. Illustrations: Kirk (1981), Matsushima (1975). Specimen examined. On decayingleavesof Eucalyptus coccifera, Killerton House, Exeter, Devon, U.K., 3 Sept. 1978, P. M. Kirk 324, IMI 234741.

Parapleurotheciopsis ilicina P.

M. Kirk sp.nov. (Fig. 6) Coloniaeeffusae,pilosae,brunneae, saepe inconspicuae, Mycelium partim superficiale, partim in substrato immersum, ex hyphis pallide brunneis, laevibus, ramosis, septatis, usque ad 2'5 p,m latis compositum. Conidiophoraemacronematosae, mononematosae, erectae, simplices, laevibus, septatae, rectae vel leviter flexuosae, brunneae ad atrobrunneae, 70-160 pm altae, 3-5 p,m latae ad basem inflatae usque ad 14 p,m latae, cellulam radialiter lobatam imam formantes, ad apicem per 1-4 proliferationes percurrentes. Cellulae conidiogenae in conidiophoris incorporatae, holoblasticae, monoblasticae,terminales, cylindricaead lageniformes, percurrentes. Conidia acrogena, sicca, laevia, hyalina ad pallide brunnea, catenata cum ramoconidio unico ad cellulam conidiogenam proximo, o-j-septato, late fusiformi ad ellipsoidea, 16-24 p,m longo, 4-5 p,m lato, uno vel duobus in apici denticulis planis, latis induto, denticulis ipsis quibusque catenam ferentibus e 1-4 conidiis o-j-septatis, late fusiformibus ad ellipsoideis 16-24 fl,m longis, 4-5 p,m latis compositam. In foliis emortuis Quercus ilicis, Bathill, Brixham, Devon, U.K., 17 August 1978, P. M. Kirk 121a, IMI 231175a, holotypus. Colonies effuse, hairy, brown, often inconspicuous. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed in the substratum, composed of pale brown, smooth, branched, septate hyphae up to 2'5 /lm wide. Conidiophoresmacronematous, mononematous, erect, simple, smooth, septate, straight or slightly flexuous, brown to dark brown, 70160/lm high, 3-5/lm wide, inflated up to 14 /lm at the base to form a radially lobed basal cell, with 1-4 percurrent proliferations at the apex. Conidiagenous cells integrated, holoblastic, monoblastic, terminal, cylindrical to lageniform, percurrent. Conidia aerogenous, dry, smooth, hyaline to pale brown, with a single, 0 to 3-septate, broadly fusiform to ellipsoid primary ramoconidium 1624/lm long, 4-5 /lm wide, with one or two broad flat denticles at the apex, each denticle bearing a chain of 1-4, 0 to 3-septate, broadly fusiform to ellipsoid conidia 16-24/lm long, 4-5/lm wide. Specimens examined. On dead leaves of Quercus ilex. Bathill, Brixharn, Devon, U.K., 17 Aug. 1978, P.M. Kirk, 121a, IMI 231175a, holotype; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, U.K., 4 Oct. 1978, P.M., Kirk 305 & 308, IMI 232642 & 232645. Parapleurotheciopsis ilicina differs from P. inaequiseptata in several distinct ways. The coniMYC

78

66

Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Devon

:.:. :. .

:".

",

:

, "

.

"

. . ...

IOj.lm

Fig. 6. Parapleurotheciopsis ilicina,

P. M. Kirk

;: . "

., : . "J

;' .. ', '

.,. .

)~

. .. . ,

,

.' .

'

.

"

'

)

. "

"

.

.;

......

, ' ,

':

l0l.lffi

Fig. 7. Selenosporella curoispora.

diophores of P. inaequiseptata are more robust than those of P. ilicina, the primary ramoconidia are longer and possess a larger number of apical denticles, secondary and sometimes tertiary ramoconidia are produced, and the conidia are typically unequally r-septate. MacGarvie, Scient. Proc. R. Dubl, Soc., Ser. B 2(16): 153 (1968).

SELENOSPORELLA CURVISPORA

(Fig. 7) Colonies effuse, inconspicuous. Mycelium im-

mersed, composed of branched, septate, smooth, brown hyphae 3-4 pm wide. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, arising singly or in fascicles of 2-3, unbranched, straight or slightly flexuous. Conidiogenous cells discrete or rarely integrated and terminal, arranged in verticils, apparently holoblastic and sympodial, cylindrical or lageniform, 12-20 pm long, 3-3'5 Jlm wide at

the base. Conidia simple, falcate, hyaline, smooth, non-septate, 9'5-11 pm long, 0'4-0'6 Jlm wide. Specimens examined. On Fagus sylvatica mast, Arlington Court, Devon, U.K., 2 Sept. 1978, P.M. Kirk 162a, 1M1 231891a.

The genus Selenosporella Arnaud ex Mac Garvie was introduced by Arnaud (1954) and subsequently validated by Mac Garvie (1968). MacGarvie described conidiogenesis in S. curvispora MacGarvie, the type species, thus: 'conidia were formed in basipetal succession through the open ends of denticles - the base of a narrow conidium can often be seen just inside the end of a denticle indicating that the sporogenous apparatus is in fact phialidic '. Ellis (1971) agreed with MacGarvie's interpretation of conidiogenesis and added that the conidia arose semi-endogenously from denticular collarettes and aggregated in slimy masses. However, Arnaud (1954) included

68

Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Devon

S. curvispora Arnaud nom.nud. with Helico sporium Nees ex Fr. and thereby indirectly implied that the mode of conidiogenesis was similar in the two genera, that is, holoblastic. Ichinoe (1968) stated that the conidia were produced at the tips of the conidiogenous cells without comment on whether they arose holoblastically or enteroblastically. Matsushima (1975), however, referred to the conidia as sympodulospores. It appears that each conidiogenous denticle produces only one conidium and the process involved is holoblastic. Mature 'conidia have never been observed with their bases inside the denticles as reported by Ma cGarvie (1968). Onofri, Castagnola & Espagnet (1980) published a scanning electron micrograph of an unnamed species of Selenosporella which appears to show solid denticles and not collarettes. However, it is clear that the precise mode of conidiogenesis will only be satisfactorily explained after a study employing transmission electron microscopy. The present collection differs from those described by Mac Garvie (1968) and Ellis (1971) only in conidium size and shape. Whilst the collections on Juncus effusus L. leaves examined by MacGarvie and Ellis produced conidia rounded at the apex, tapered towards the base and 5-7 x 0·60·8 Jim those described above are falcate, nontapered and 9'5-11 x 0'4-0'6 pm. The conidia in the present collection more closely correspond to those illustrated by Arnaud (1954, Fig. 12A, B). However, Arnaud reported that the conidia were 6-8 x 0'5-0'8 pm although his illustrations, based on the magnifications given, show falcate, nontapered conidia with a size range of 10-12 (-15) x 0'5-0'7 pm Ichinoe (1968) described the conidia in his collection as straight or slightly curved, rounded at the base, acute at the apex, and 8-14 x 0'5-1 Ilm. The conidia in the collections described by Matsushima (1975) were reported as acerose and 7'5-12 x 0'8-1'3 pm. In both these reports the conidia are quite different in shape and size from those in the present collection and may represent different taxa. Further collections may show that S. curuispora Arnaud is not conspecific with S. curvispora Mac Garvie and that two distinct taxa are involved. The present collection constitutes the first record of Selenosporella from Britain . Sporidesmium c1arkii P. M. Kirk sp. nov. (F igs 8,9) (etym , Mr M. C. Clark, mycologist) Coloniae effusae, pilosae, fuscae. Mycelium in substrato plerumque immersum, ex hyphis brunneis ad pallide brunneis, laevibus, ramosis, septatis, usque ad 4 /1m latis compositum. Conidiophorae macronema-

tosae, mononematosae, solitares, erectae, simplices, rectae vel leviter flexuosae, septatae, brunneae, ad apicempallidiores, 65-150Jiminterdumetiamcelsiores, 5-7 pm latae,per usque ad 4 proliferationes elongantes, Cellulae conidiogenae terrninales, in conidiophoris incorporate, monoblasticae, percurrentes, cylindricae ad ampulliformes. Conidia solitaria, acrogena, sicca, laevia, obclavata, brunnea, cellulae apicalis et saepe imae respectu pallidiora, cellula ima conico-truncata, cellula apicali rotundata, (3- ) 4-5-septata, conidia quadri septata (30-) 34-38 (- 42) It m longa, 8'5-10 /1m lata.conidiaquinqueseptata 36-40 (- 50) Jim longa.o-ro (- 12) pm lata. Synanamorpha ex conidiis ipsis vel discretis in conidiophoris oriens cum cellulis conidiogenis lagcniformibus, conidiis filiformibus, flexuosis, 10-14 pm longis,0'5-0'8 p m Iatis, In caulibus emortuis Rubi [ruticosi L., Slapton Ley, Devon, U.K., 6 Apr. 1974,M.C. Clark, IMI 184283b, holotypus.

Colonies effuse, hairy, blackish brown. Mycelium mostly immersed in the substratum, composed of pale brown, smooth, branched, septate hyphae up to 4 pm wide. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary, erect, simple, straight or slightly flexuous, septate, brown, paler towards the apex, 65-15° pm or more high, 5-7 pm wide, with up to 4 successive proliferations. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, monoblastic, percurrent, cylindrical to ampullifonn. Conidia solitary, aerogenous, dry, smooth, obclavate, brown, apical and often basal cell paler, apical cell rounded, basal cell conico-truncate, (3-) 4-s-septate, 4septate conidia (30-) 34-38 (-42) pm long, 8'510 pm wide, s-septate conidia 36-40 (-50) pm long, 9-10 (-12) pm wide. Synanamorpb borne on conidia or separate conidiophores, conidiogenous cells lagenifonn, conidia filiform, flexuous, 1014 pm long, 0'5-0'8 pm wide. Sp ecimen examined. On dead canesof Rubusfruticosus, Slapton Ley, Devon, U.K., 6 Apr. 1974,M. C. Clark, IMI 184283b, holotype.Associated with and obscured by Tr iposporium elegans Corda.

Sporidesmium clarkii would appear to be most closely related to S. altum (Preuss) M. B. Ellis (Ellis, 1958) and S. cookei (S. Hughes) M. B. Ellis (Ellis, 1958). The conidia in these two species are obpyriform to obturbinate and are characterised by a rounded basal cell with a distinctly raised truncate base which is clearly unlike the conicotruncate basal cell of S. clarkii. Size and septation of the conidia are also different. The conidia of S. alt um are broader than those of S. clark ii and 5-8 septate whilst tho se of S. cook ei are distinctly shorter and only 2 or 3 septate. The constancy of shape, size and septation has been established by an examination of 14 collections of S. cookei and 47 collections of S. altum.

P. M. Kirk

:'. '

10 JIm

Fig. 8. Sporidesmium clarkii.

Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Devon

7°

..

.

" .

" ,

.

10 11m

Fig. 9. Sporidesmium clarkii. Hughes (1979) discussed the application of suitable generic names to the synanamorphs of various species in several genera of Hyphomycetes. The synanamorphs of some species of Endophragmiella B. Sutton (1973) have been referred to both Selenosporella Arnaud ex MacGarvie (1968) and Verricicladiella S. Hughes (1953) and morphologically similar synanamorphs have been observed in several other genera of H yphornycetes (Hughes, 1979: 161). The synanamorph accompanying S. clarkii is, at present, unique in the genus Sporidesmium sensu Hughes (1979).

SUBRAMANIOMYCES Mani Varghese & Rao emend. P. M. Kirk Colonies effuse, velvety or hairy, buff to brown or dark brown, sometimes inconspicuous. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed in the substratum, composed of pale brown to brown, smooth, branched, septate hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary or fasciculate, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, pale brown to dark brown, either short, 0- to 3-septate, unbranched or proximally branched and with an integrated, apical conidiogenous

P. M. Kirk cell or taller, often setiform, multi septate, unbranched, sometimes fertile apically and with discrete, lateral, ampulliform conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells either lateral and discrete on tall conidiophores and/or terminal and integrated on short or long conidiophores, holoblastic, polyblastic, sympodial, denticulate, denticles cylindrical with unthickened apices. Conidia dry, catenate, formed in simple or proximally branched, readily fragmenting, acropetally elonga.ting chains, non-septate, smooth, very pale olivaceous brown to pale brown, narrowly ellipsoid to broadly fusiform, truncate at the apices with indistinct, unthickened scars, terminal conidia often elongate fusiform and distinctly more deeply pigmented than the other conidia. Type species S. indicus Mani Varghese & Rao Undoubtedly the most important distinguishing feature of Subramaniomyces is the production of morphologically distinct terminal conidia. Mani Varghese & Rao (1980) failed to draw attention to this most unusual Characteristic, although their presence was clearly shown in the illustrations of S. indicus provided. Matsushima (1971, 1975) described similar morphologically distinct terminal conidia in Ramularia fusisaprophytica Matsushima. It is apparent that R .fusisaprophytica and S. indicus are congeneric and the genus Subramaniomyces is therefore amended to include both taxa. Ramularia Unger (1833), a genus containing many species known to cause leaf spots on a variety of host plants, is characterized by producing typically fasciculate conidiophores usually emerging through stomata and bearing solitary or short unbranched chains of conidia . The conidiogenous cells are terminal, proliferate sympodially and are often somewhat geniculate. At maturity the conidia are borne on very short and rather broad 'denticles ' which appear as distinctly thickened scars following secession of the conidia . Several collections of one of the syntypes, R. didyma Unger, a common pathogen of Ranunculus spp. in Northern Europe (including the British Isles), have been examined. From a comparison with an authentic collection of R. fusisaprophytica and holotype material of Subramaniomyces navicularis (B. Sutton) Mani Varghese & Rao (1980, syn. Hem ibeltrania navicularis B. Sutton, 1976) it is clear that these two taxa do not belong in Ramularia. Only a few species of Dematiaceae are known which produce morphologically distinct terminal conidia e.g, Phragmocephala prolifera (Sacc, Rousseau & E. Bommer) S. Hughes. The function of such conidia in Subramaniomyces is obscure. They may have evolved as a relatively long term

71

survival propagule since the other conidia are hyaline and somewhat thin-walled.

Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus (Matsushima) P. M. Kirk comb.nov. (Fig. 10) Ramularia fusisaprophytica Matsushima, Microfungi of the Solomon Islands and Papua-New Guinea: 48 (1971). Colonies effuse or discrete, sometimes inconspicuous, velvety, white to buff. Mycelium partly

superficial, partly immersed in the substratum, composed of pale brown, branched, smooth, septate hyphae 1'5-2'5 pm wide. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, smooth, typically r-septate, pale brown, paler towards the apex, 12-28 pm high, 3'5-5'5 pm wide, somewhat radially lobed at the base. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, polyblastic, sympodial, denticulate, denticles cylindrical. Conidia dry, formed in short, proximally branched, acropetal chains, ellipsoid to broadly fusiform, smooth, very pale olivaceous brown, (13-) 17-18'5 (-21) pm long, 2'5-3 '5 pm wide, terminal conidia acicular, smooth, brown, (18-) 25-31 pm long, 2'5-3 pm wide. Specimens examin ed. On mixed, unidentified leaf litter, near Juadalur, Ooty-Mysore Road, Nilgiris, India, 21 Feb, 1966,K. A. Pirozyn ski 274,IMI 120185t; on Pasania sp. leaves, Kobe, Japan, Mar. 1969, T. Matsushima MFC-2540, IMI 246853a; on decaying leaves of Eucalyptus saligna Smith, Molokai, Hawaii, 17 Mar. 1977, C. S. Hodges, IMI 212862C;same host, Lapa Loop, Kauai, Hawaii, 3 July 1977, C. S. Hodges, IMI 212863b; same host, Poutasi, Island of Upolu, Western Samoa, 14 Dec . 1978, C. S. Hodges, IMI 236773b; on Myrica nagi Thunb., Chambaghat, Solan, India, 29 Mar. 1977, A. D . Sha rma 897, IMI 213764; on decaying leaves of Quercus ilex, Bathill, Brixham, Devon, U.K., 17 Aug. 1978, P. M. Kirk 90a, IMI2311913·

The significance, at the species level, of conidiophore morphology is not yet easily defined in Subramaniomyces. In S. indicus and S. navicularis an extensive range of variation in conidiophore size and position of insertion of the conidiogenous cells is found. In some collections sterile setiform elements are present whilst in others the apical cell of the seta develops into a conidiogenous cell. In other collections the setiform conidiophores bear discrete , pleurogenous conidiogenous cells yet in otherwise identical collections they are absent. All collections bear relatively short, unbranched, 1 to 3-septate, conidiophores with an apical conidiogenous cell and in this respect they resemble S. fusisaprophyticus which is presently characterised by producing only short conidio-

Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Devon

72

~:

"

; ,'

'. '

',;', ,;'

Fig. 10. Subramaniomycesfusisaprophyticus.

phores . The essential difference between S. indicus and S. navicularis is the production of proximally branched chains of conidia in the former species and unbranched chains of conidia in the latter. However, several of the collections here referred to S. fusisaprophyticus produce proximally branched chains of conidia whilst in others only simple chains are found. Undoubtedly cultural work will establish whether these differ-

ences are constant under standard conditions. There is the distinct possibility that we are dealing with only one, somewhat variable species. If this is the case the earliest name, S. fusisaprophyticus, should be employed. The collection from Devon illustrated in Fig. 10 constitutes the first record of S. fusisaprophyticus from the British Isles. Illustrations: Matsushima (1971, 1975).

P. M. Kirk TAENIOLELLA BREVIUSCULA (Berk. & Curt.) S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 817 (1958).

Septonema breviusculum Berk. & Curt. apud Berk., Grevillea 3: 15 (1874). Conidia catenate, broadly ellipsoid to cylindrical with rounded ends, brown to dark brown, smooth, 1 to 5-septate, 14-42 pm long, 8-11 pm wide. Specimens examined. On bark of Acer sp., South Carolina, U.S.A., M.A. Curtis 4956, IMI 169662, slide ex holotype of Septonema breviusculum; on wood of Pinus sylvestris L., Arlington Court, Devon, U.K., 2 Sept. 1978, P. M. Kirk 156c, IMI 231885c.

Ellis (1976) redescribed this species based on an examination of the holotype, on bark of Acer from South Carolina, U.S.A. No other collections were cited. The present collection constitutes the first record of T. breviuscula from the British Isles. Illustrations: Ellis (1976). TAENIOLELLA FAGINEA (Fuckel) S. Hughes, lac. cit. Torula faginea Fuckel, Hedwigia 5: 30 (1866). Conidia catenate, broadly ellipsoid to cylindrical with rounded ends, brown to dark brown, verruculose, 1 to 3-septate, 16-30 pm long, 9-12 pm wide. Specimens examined. On cortex of Fagus syluatica L., Germany, Fuckel's Fungi Rhenani No. 1620, holotype of Torula faginae; on rotten wood, Arlington Court, Devon, U.K., 2 Sept. 1978, P. M. Kirk 147a, IMI 23 187 6a.

The present collection differs slightly from the holotype as described by Ellis (1976) in its somewhat narrower conidia with fewer septa. However, the verruculose wall omamentation is quite distinct and appears diagnostic. Until additional collections become available the material from Devon is here referred to T. faginea. Ellis (1976) cited only the holotype of Fagus sylvatica from Germany and the Devon material therefore constitutes the first record of this species from the British Isles. Illustrations: Ellis (1976). The author is grateful to Dr B. C. Sutton for helpful discussion, Mr M. C. Clark for making personal collections available for study, Dr T. Matsushima for the loan of material in his keeping and Dr D. W. Minter for correcting the Latin diagnoses. REFERENCES ARNAUD, G. (1954). Mycologie Concrete: genera II (suite et fin). Bulletin trimestriel de la Societe Mycologique de France 69, 265-306.

73

CORDA, A. C. I. (1837). leones Fungorum 1, 1-32. ELLIS, M. B. (1958). Clasterosporium and some allied Dematiaceae-Phragmosporae. I. Mycological Papers 7°,1-89. ELLIS, M. B. (1959). Clasterosporium and some allied Dematiaceae-Phragmosporae, II. Mycological Papers 72,1-75. ELLIS, M. B. (1971). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. ELLIS, M. B. (1976). More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. GAMUNDI, I. J., ARAMBARRI, A. M. & GIAIOTTI, A. (1977). Mycoflora de la hojarasca de Nothofagus dombeyi. Darwiniana 21, 81-114. HAWKswORTH, D. L. & MINTER, D. W. (1980). New and interesting microfungi from the 1978 Exeter foray. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 74,5 67-577. HOLUBovA-JECHovA, V. (1978). Lignicolous Hyphomycetes from Czechoslovakia. 5. Septonema, Hormiactella and Lylea. Folia Geobotanica & Phytotaxonomica 13,421-442. HUGHES, S. J. (1953). Conidiophores, conidia, and classification. Canadian Journal of Botany 31, 577659· HUGHES, S. J. (1958). Revisiones Hyphomycetum aliquot cum appendice de nominibus rejiciendis. Canadian Journal of Botany 36, 728-836. HUGHES, S. J. (1978). New Zealand Fungi 25. Miscellaneous species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 16, 311-370. HUGHES, S. J. (1979). Relocation of species of Endophragmia auct, with notes on relevant generic names. New Zealand Journal of Botany 17, 139-188. HUGHES, S. J. & KENDRICK, W. B. (1968). New Zealand Fungi 12. Menispora, Codinaea, Menisporopsis. New Zealand Journal of Botany 6, 323-375. ICHINOE, M. (1968). Japanese Hyphomycete notes II. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 9, 57-64. KENDRICK, W. B. (1980). The generic concept in Hyphomycetes - a reappraisal. Mycotaxon 11, 339364· KIRK, P. M. (1979). A new Dematiaceous Hyphomycete from leaf litter. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 73, 75-79. KIRK, P. M. (1981). New or Interesting Microfungi I. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes from Devon. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 76, 71-87. MAcGARVIE, Q. D. (1968). Hyphomycetes on Juncus effusus L. The Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, Series B 2, 153-161. MAIRE, R. (1937). Fungi Catalaunici, Series altera. Contribution a I'etude de la Flore Mycologique de la Catalogne. Publicacions de l'lnstitut botanic 3, 1-128. MANI VARGHESE, K. I. & RAo, V. G. (1980). Forest microfungi - I. Subramaniomyces, a new genus of Hyphomycetes. Kavaka 7, 83-85. MATSUSHIMA, T. (1971). Microfungi of the Solomon Islands and Papua-New Guinea. Kobe: Matsushima. MATSUSHIMA, (1975). leones microfungorum a Matsushima lectorum, Kobe: Matsushima. MATSUSHIMA, T. (1980). Saprophytic microfungi from

74

Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Devon

Taiwan. Part 1. Hyphomycetes. Matsushima Mycological Memoirs 1, 1-82. NAG RAJ, T. R. & KENDRICK, W. B. (1975). A monograph of Chalara and allied genera. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ONOFRI, S., CASTAGNOLA, M. & ESPAGNET, S.R. (1980). L'impiego della microscopia elettronica a scansiore in micologia. Mycologia italiana 9, 29-32. PETRAK, F. (1949). Neue Hyphomyzeten-Gattungen aus Ekuador, Sydowia 3, 259-332. PIROZYNSKI, K. A. (1963). Beltrania and related genera. Mycological Papers 90, 1-37. PIROZYNSKI, K. A. (1972). Microfungi of Tanzania. I. Miscellaneous fungi on oil palm. II. New Hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 129, 1-64. PIROZYNSKI, K. A. & HODGES, C. S. JR. (1973). New Hyphomycetes from South Carolina. Canadian Journal of Botany 51, 157-173. PREUSS, C. G. T. (1851). Uebersicht untersuchter Pilze, besonders aus der Umgegend von Hoyerswerda. Linnaea 24, 99-153. RIESS, H. (1853). Beitrage zur Pilzkunde. Botanische Zeitung 11, 129-14°. SACCARDO, P. A. (1866). Sylloge Fungorum 4, 1-807. SPEGAZZINI, C. (1923). Algonos hongos de Tierra del Fuego. Physis 7, 7-23. SUTTON, B. C. (1973a). Hyphomycetes from Manitoba

and Saskatchewan, Canada. Mycological Papers 132, 1-143· SUTTON, B. C. (1973 b). Some Hyphomycetes with holoblastic sympodial conidiogenous cells. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 61, 417-429. SUTTON, B. C. (1976). Species of Hemibeltrania Piroz. and Dischloridium gen.nov. Kavaka 4, 43-50. SUTTON, B. C. & HODGES, C. S. JR. (1916). Eucalyptus microfungi: Some setose hyphomycetes with phialides. Nova Hedungia 27,343-352. SUTTON, B. C. & HODGES, C. S. JR. (1979). Eucalyptus microfungi. Chaetendophragmiopsis gen.nov, and other hyphomycetes. Nova Hedwigia 29, 593-607. SUTTON, B. C. & PIROZYNSKI, K. A. (1965). Notes on Microfungi II. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 48, 349-366. UNGER, F. J. A. N. (1833). Die Exantheme der Pflanzen, Wien, p. 169. VERONA, O. & BENEDEK, T. (1962). Iconographia Mycologica VI. Plate A126. Mycopathologia et Mycologic Applicata Supplementum.

VERONA, O. & BENEDEK, T. (1966). Iconographia Mycologica XVII. Plate A424. Mycopathologia et Mycologic Applicata Supplementum.

VERONA, O. & BENEDEK, T. (1974). Iconographia Mycologica XXXV. Plate A826. Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata Supplementum,

(Received for publication 24 March 1981)