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No-smoking laws in the United States: An analysis of state and city actions to limit smoking in public places and workplaces
230 Does tobacco advertising target young people to start smoking? al. PopulationStudiesfor Cancer Prevention. University of California, 2251 San Diego Ave. Son Diego, CA 92110. J Am Med Assoc
No-smoking laws in the United States: An analysis of state and city actions to limit smoking in public places and workplaces RigottiNA,PashosCL.GeneralInternalMedicineUnit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114. J Am Med Assoc
1991;266:3154-8.
1991;266:3162-7.
Pierce JP, Gilpin
Objective.
E, Burns DM,
- To evaluate
Whalen
whether
E, Rosbrook
tobacco advertising
teenagers younger than 18 years to start smoking. of 199OCalifomia
telephonesurveydata
telephone
survey
(both
confidence
intervals werecalculated.
ered whether the pattern
of market
advertising, in advertising
group.
Participants.
- The
Results. according
- There
to 33.6%
according were
and 41.8%
were
of teenagers,
Together
these were
- A mailed
in the sample. Legislative
most
widely.
with age; Camel’s
market share
July 1989.44
smoking
laws increased
state tobacco production,
through 17 yearschoseCamels,whileonly5.S%f3.2%aged this brand. Both Marlboro
higher
market
share in California
United
States in 1986. Of interest
increased among the younger for Marlboro.
Conclusions.
ing
from
advertising
advertising
advertising
pace of city government
mainly
in younger
smokers.
merchant
-To assess the effect that cigarette behavior.
behaviors
survey was Woodridge. junior
Setting.
antismoking stores selling
baseline
cigarettes - Merchant
of 70%
rates of cigarette adolescents
before
checking
Main
Outcome
to minors
with cigarettes
legislation
experimentation in significantly
by merchants and rates of cigarette successfullegislation
of
buildings,
1980 to 1989. City population
Western
no-smoking
size, geography,
prevalence.
cities,
Laws
were
and states with
fewer
states and
laws are more widespread
at the local Icvel, reflecting
to provide
control
laws
of city no-
meaningful
comprehen-
protection
remain uncommon
policy.
than
a rapid from
and repre-
Laws are most needed in
cities and in states that produce tobacco and of smokers.
nia communities All
community
lence of adolescent
smoking.
the retail stores in one intervention
stores, randomly purchase
tobacco.
Intervention.
- Ongoing
Measures.
smoka
in 1.5 years of
use of cigarettes -Cigarette
by
control
the rate of cigarettes sold Key elements of
of the problems
and preva-
community
and half the retail communities
(n = 169) were visited by minors aged 14 to 16 years with the intent to
Outcome
from
in four suburban Califor-
selected, in the other three intervention
of
decreased
and De-
occurred
and percentage
or were regular
education
tobacco sales to minors.
of 25 000 to 100 000. Participants.
and four law enforcement
use by adolescents.
awareness
Implementation with populations
education
implementationareconsistentcompliancecheck-
ing and heightened
Setting.
of
Student surveys showed that the
reducing
on illegal
sign. - A 2- year, before and after trial with retail stores as the unit of
for the merchant in the local
the effects of a community
intervention
- Percentage
to less than 5% and regular
- To examine
analysis.
Passage of community
Measures.
sales rates in Woodridge
after legislation.
survey
sample of both mer-
in Woodridge
Objective.
law enforcement
habits before and
to adolescents
were reduced by over 50%. Conclusion.
laws can be effective
in government
and 18% in private workpla-
with
tobacco smoke exposure,
in
The effects of combining education and enforcement to reduce tobacco sales to minors: A study of four northern California communities Feighery E, Altman DG, Shaffer G. Center for Research in Disease Prevention. Stanford University School of Medicine, 1000 Welch Rd. Palo Alto, CA 94303. J Am Med Assoc. 1991;266:3168-71.
have
25 200). a suburban community
_Convenience
students who had experimented
compliance
setting
students. Intervention.
legislation.
would
Observational
The
III (population
Participants.
chants and adolescent
of thecities
but content varied
action in the 1980s. Noncthelcss,
have a higher proportion
to minors and the affect
smoking
The surveys were distributed
high school.
ers. Results.
Design.
and adolescent
after passage of legislation. of Chicago.
legislation
sales rates of cigarettes
smoking
selling
from
of
of 25 OC@ or
of states had comprehensive
especially
smaller and non- Western
Meas-
incidence
youth to smoke and should be banned.
merchant
on adolescent
500(51%)
restriction,
and adult smoking
sent a major gap in smoking
Med Assoc 1991;266:3159-61. Objective.
appreciated,
environmental
Active enforcement of cigarette control laws in the prevention of cigarette sales to minors Jason LA, Ji PY, Anes MD, Birkhead SH. Department of Psychology, DePaul University, 2323 N Seminary Ave. Chicago, IL 60614. J Am
on reducing
of laws was
Outcome
and cumulative
smoking
associated
sive laws, which are most likely
Cigarette
Content Main
-No-smoking
share for Camel
patterns across age and sex groups follow
response).
less common in tobacco-producing
is that the market
patterns; and changes in market share result-
each state’s
in the South. Conclusions. previously
is higher among
of the cities
by contacting
adult smokers. Laws were
with that for the
of advertising
tenfold
in larger cities,
in 1990 compared
-Perception
occur
encourages
brands had a
smokers but was more evenly distributed
young smokers; market-share the perceived
18 through
and Camel
data sources
in all four of these sites. The number
more common
24 years preferred
in the
their passage.
of existing
statesand
42% of cities limited
laws were independently
aged 12
of state
in 902 (92%)
categories.
comprehensiveness,
of males aged 12 through 17 years but was chosen by only 12.7%f3.6% 21.7%i13.7%
(100%
developed
of malesaged
18 through 24 years; for females,
identified
17% of cities and 20%
smoking
with
laws in states and in cities with a popularton
While
restricting
with age: it was the brand of choice of 24.5%*5.8%
and review restrictions
27% in public places, 24% in restaurants, ces, only
decreased abruptly
Bureau
greater. Results. -By
the brands of
associated
oar sample had adopted some smoking
of males and 8.5% of females aged 12 through 17 years.
24 years and then decreased gradually
(N = 980)
Reference
no-smoking
and growth
survey of city clerks in US cities with a population
coded using previously
Marlboro, most often
factors
State laws were
ures. - Prevalence,
content,
in public places and workplaces
the status of smoking
teenagers.
The brands that were purchased
and Camel.
age
and Camel,
of teenagers-named
Design.
market share increased in youths and young adults up to age
choice of 79.9% Marlboro’s
by the youngest
States and to identify
confirmed
the
smoking
United
of 25 000 or greater
changes in market share
brands of cigarettes
olds (34.2%).
Marlboro
followed
were 24 296 adults and 5040
of adults
95%
we consid-
was related to age, whether
as perceived
to 13.7% of adults and 28.5%
by 12- to 13.yearoften
system);
- To assess the prevalence,
and city laws restricting
from a 1986national dialing
and whether
most advertised
Objective.
-Comparison
share across age and sex groups
paralleled
D et
encourages
testourhypothesis,
To
of advertising
pattern of perceived changes
Design.
withdata
used a random-digit
the perception
B, Shopland
tobacco
to minors
- Over-the-counter were
community
operations
and vending
the primary
and merchant
were conducted.
outcomes.
machine
Results.
Main
sales of Among
a
cohort of stores visited by minors at the pretest (n = 104) in June 1988, 71%
sold tobacco
vending
machines.
over the counter
and 92%
At posttest 2 in May
sold tobacco
1990,24%
through
sold tobacco over
the counter and 93% sold tobacco through vending machmes. Of the 3 I stores issued citations, were
dismissed
limited
16 were followed
or reduced.
effect on reducing
into the courts where the fines
Conclusions.
illegal
- Education
tobacco sales to minors. It
alone
communitysupponformoreaggressiveenforcementsuategies. tion plus enforcement
decreased
significantly
vending machine sales were unaffected of support at the judicial ment. Legislative machine
sales are needed.
addressing
by these interventions. judicial
Educa-
over-the-counter
level may temper the effectiveness
remedies
had a
didpromote sales: The lack of enforce-
obstacles and vending
No-smoking laws in the United States: An analysis of state and city actions to limit smoking in public places and workplaces RigottiNA,PashosCL.GeneralInternalMedicineUnit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114. J Am Med Assoc
1991;266:3154-8.
1991;266:3162-7.
Pierce JP, Gilpin
Objective.
E, Burns DM,
- To evaluate
Whalen
whether
E, Rosbrook
tobacco advertising
teenagers younger than 18 years to start smoking. of 199OCalifomia
telephonesurveydata
telephone
survey
(both
confidence
intervals werecalculated.
ered whether the pattern
of market
advertising, in advertising
group.
Participants.
- The
Results. according
- There
to 33.6%
according were
and 41.8%
were
of teenagers,
Together
these were
- A mailed
in the sample. Legislative
most
widely.
with age; Camel’s
market share
July 1989.44
smoking
laws increased
state tobacco production,
through 17 yearschoseCamels,whileonly5.S%f3.2%aged this brand. Both Marlboro
higher
market
share in California
United
States in 1986. Of interest
increased among the younger for Marlboro.
Conclusions.
ing
from
advertising
advertising
advertising
pace of city government
mainly
in younger
smokers.
merchant
-To assess the effect that cigarette behavior.
behaviors
survey was Woodridge. junior
Setting.
antismoking stores selling
baseline
cigarettes - Merchant
of 70%
rates of cigarette adolescents
before
checking
Main
Outcome
to minors
with cigarettes
legislation
experimentation in significantly
by merchants and rates of cigarette successfullegislation
of
buildings,
1980 to 1989. City population
Western
no-smoking
size, geography,
prevalence.
cities,
Laws
were
and states with
fewer
states and
laws are more widespread
at the local Icvel, reflecting
to provide
control
laws
of city no-
meaningful
comprehen-
protection
remain uncommon
policy.
than
a rapid from
and repre-
Laws are most needed in
cities and in states that produce tobacco and of smokers.
nia communities All
community
lence of adolescent
smoking.
the retail stores in one intervention
stores, randomly purchase
tobacco.
Intervention.
- Ongoing
Measures.
smoka
in 1.5 years of
use of cigarettes -Cigarette
by
control
the rate of cigarettes sold Key elements of
of the problems
and preva-
community
and half the retail communities
(n = 169) were visited by minors aged 14 to 16 years with the intent to
Outcome
from
in four suburban Califor-
selected, in the other three intervention
of
decreased
and De-
occurred
and percentage
or were regular
education
tobacco sales to minors.
of 25 000 to 100 000. Participants.
and four law enforcement
use by adolescents.
awareness
Implementation with populations
education
implementationareconsistentcompliancecheck-
ing and heightened
Setting.
of
Student surveys showed that the
reducing
on illegal
sign. - A 2- year, before and after trial with retail stores as the unit of
for the merchant in the local
the effects of a community
intervention
- Percentage
to less than 5% and regular
- To examine
analysis.
Passage of community
Measures.
sales rates in Woodridge
after legislation.
survey
sample of both mer-
in Woodridge
Objective.
law enforcement
habits before and
to adolescents
were reduced by over 50%. Conclusion.
laws can be effective
in government
and 18% in private workpla-
with
tobacco smoke exposure,
in
The effects of combining education and enforcement to reduce tobacco sales to minors: A study of four northern California communities Feighery E, Altman DG, Shaffer G. Center for Research in Disease Prevention. Stanford University School of Medicine, 1000 Welch Rd. Palo Alto, CA 94303. J Am Med Assoc. 1991;266:3168-71.
have
25 200). a suburban community
_Convenience
students who had experimented
compliance
setting
students. Intervention.
legislation.
would
Observational
The
III (population
Participants.
chants and adolescent
of thecities
but content varied
action in the 1980s. Noncthelcss,
have a higher proportion
to minors and the affect
smoking
The surveys were distributed
high school.
ers. Results.
Design.
and adolescent
after passage of legislation. of Chicago.
legislation
sales rates of cigarettes
smoking
selling
from
of
of 25 OC@ or
of states had comprehensive
especially
smaller and non- Western
Meas-
incidence
youth to smoke and should be banned.
merchant
on adolescent
500(51%)
restriction,
and adult smoking
sent a major gap in smoking
Med Assoc 1991;266:3159-61. Objective.
appreciated,
environmental
Active enforcement of cigarette control laws in the prevention of cigarette sales to minors Jason LA, Ji PY, Anes MD, Birkhead SH. Department of Psychology, DePaul University, 2323 N Seminary Ave. Chicago, IL 60614. J Am
on reducing
of laws was
Outcome
and cumulative
smoking
associated
sive laws, which are most likely
Cigarette
Content Main
-No-smoking
share for Camel
patterns across age and sex groups follow
response).
less common in tobacco-producing
is that the market
patterns; and changes in market share result-
each state’s
in the South. Conclusions. previously
is higher among
of the cities
by contacting
adult smokers. Laws were
with that for the
of advertising
tenfold
in larger cities,
in 1990 compared
-Perception
occur
encourages
brands had a
smokers but was more evenly distributed
young smokers; market-share the perceived
18 through
and Camel
data sources
in all four of these sites. The number
more common
24 years preferred
in the
their passage.
of existing
statesand
42% of cities limited
laws were independently
aged 12
of state
in 902 (92%)
categories.
comprehensiveness,
of males aged 12 through 17 years but was chosen by only 12.7%f3.6% 21.7%i13.7%
(100%
developed
of malesaged
18 through 24 years; for females,
identified
17% of cities and 20%
smoking
with
laws in states and in cities with a popularton
While
restricting
with age: it was the brand of choice of 24.5%*5.8%
and review restrictions
27% in public places, 24% in restaurants, ces, only
decreased abruptly
Bureau
greater. Results. -By
the brands of
associated
oar sample had adopted some smoking
of males and 8.5% of females aged 12 through 17 years.
24 years and then decreased gradually
(N = 980)
Reference
no-smoking
and growth
survey of city clerks in US cities with a population
coded using previously
Marlboro, most often
factors
State laws were
ures. - Prevalence,
content,
in public places and workplaces
the status of smoking
teenagers.
The brands that were purchased
and Camel.
age
and Camel,
of teenagers-named
Design.
market share increased in youths and young adults up to age
choice of 79.9% Marlboro’s
by the youngest
States and to identify
confirmed
the
smoking
United
of 25 000 or greater
changes in market share
brands of cigarettes
olds (34.2%).
Marlboro
followed
were 24 296 adults and 5040
of adults
95%
we consid-
was related to age, whether
as perceived
to 13.7% of adults and 28.5%
by 12- to 13.yearoften
system);
- To assess the prevalence,
and city laws restricting
from a 1986national dialing
and whether
most advertised
Objective.
-Comparison
share across age and sex groups
paralleled
D et
encourages
testourhypothesis,
To
of advertising
pattern of perceived changes
Design.
withdata
used a random-digit
the perception
B, Shopland
tobacco
to minors
- Over-the-counter were
community
operations
and vending
the primary
and merchant
were conducted.
outcomes.
machine
Results.
Main
sales of Among
a
cohort of stores visited by minors at the pretest (n = 104) in June 1988, 71%
sold tobacco
vending
machines.
over the counter
and 92%
At posttest 2 in May
sold tobacco
1990,24%
through
sold tobacco over
the counter and 93% sold tobacco through vending machmes. Of the 3 I stores issued citations, were
dismissed
limited
16 were followed
or reduced.
effect on reducing
into the courts where the fines
Conclusions.
illegal
- Education
tobacco sales to minors. It
alone
communitysupponformoreaggressiveenforcementsuategies. tion plus enforcement
decreased
significantly
vending machine sales were unaffected of support at the judicial ment. Legislative machine
sales are needed.
addressing
by these interventions. judicial
Educa-
over-the-counter
level may temper the effectiveness
remedies
had a
didpromote sales: The lack of enforce-
obstacles and vending