Non-marine algae from islands near Cierva Point, Antarctic Peninsula

Cryptogamie, Algal., 2001, 22 (1): 41-64 0 2001 Ada&d&ions scientifiques et m&kales

Elsevier SAS. TOW droits &erv&

SOlSl-1568(00)01049-7/

Non-marine algae from islands near Cierva Point, Antarctic Peninsula Gabriela MATALONI* & Monica POSE

Depto. de Cs. Biokjgicas, Fat. de Cs. Exactas y Natwales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Pab. II - C. Universitaria - (1428) - Buenos Aires-Argentina. (Received 9 November

1999, accepted 20 July 2ooO)

Abstract - This paper deals with the microalgal communities inhabiting four islands in the vicinity of Cierva Point (Antarctic Peninsula). Only one of these, Moss Is., is included in the Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) No. 15 established by the Scientific Committee of Antarctic Research. Moss, Pingtiino and Leopard0 Is. hosted 29, 33 and 36 species respectively, on account of their large size and high environmental variability, while only seven species (two Cyanobacteria and five Chlamydomonadales) thrived in the hypereutrophic coastal pools of the smaller Mansilla Is. Cluster analysis performed on sampling sites on the basis of present species showed cryobiontic communities to have the most constant taxonomic composition amongst the sites. 14.7 % of the species recorded were new for this area and were found exclusively at one of the islands. Only Pingtiino Is., the closest to land, did not show any of such taxa. Twelve of the 61 species registered require further study in order to identify them, and some are probably new to science. Taking into account the rarity and patchy distribution of such species, we recommend that Pingtlino, Leopard0 and Mansilla Is. be included in the SSSI No. 15 in order to protect these possibly unique populations. algae I Antarctica I distribution I ecology I flora

R&urn6 - Algues non marines des iles situ&s p&s de Cierva Point, phinsule antarcticque. Ce travail a pour objet d’etudier les communautks de microalgues qui habitent quake lies voisines de Punta Cierva (pkrinsule antarctique). Une seule d’entre elles, l’lle Moss, est incluse darts le Site Special d’Int&et Scientifique (SSSI) No. 1.5 etabli par le Comite Scientifique de Recherches Antarctiques. Les iles Moss, Pingttino et Leopardo, compte tenu de leur plus grande taille et de leur variabilite environnementale, hebergent respectivement, 29,33 et 36 espkes, tandis que seulement sept especes (deux Cyanobactkries et cinq Chlamydomonadales) ont &5 observck dam les flaques c&.&es hypereutrophes de la petite ile Mansilla. L’analyse de groupement r&list5e sur les sites d’kchantillonnage sur la base de la presence d’espkes a demonto que ce sont les communaut& de cryobiontes qui ont la composition spkcifique la plus constante entre les sites. 14,7 % du total des especes enregistrees sont nouvelles pour la zone et ont ttt? trouvees exclusivement dam l’une des iles. Seule l’lle Pingiiino, la plus proche de la c&e, n’a r&l6 aucune de ces espkes. Douze des 61 espbces enregistrkes m&iteraient une etude plus approfondie pour leur identification, et quelques unes sont probablement nouvelles pour la science.Compte tenu de leur rarete et de leur distribution en mosdique, nous recommandons l’inclusion des Iles Pingtlino, Leopard0 et Mansilla dans le SSSI No. 15, pour proteger ces populations probablement uniques. algues / Autarctique

/ distribution / 6cologie / flare

* Correspondence and reprints: [email protected]

42

G. Mataloni dz M. Pose INTRODUCTION

Cierva Point (Dance Coast, Antarctic Peninsula) features particularly favourable climatic conditions that have resulted in an unusually rich and diverse biota (Agraz et al., 1994). This led to the establishment of the ‘Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) No. 15’ by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). As part of an extensive management plan, microalgal communities from different environments at this site have been studied during the last decade (Mataloni & Tesolin, 1997; Tesolin et al., 1997; Mataloni et al., 1998). All of these studies were carried out on the mainland, and there remain a number of islands located in this area that have not been surveyed. Among these, the Moss Islands group is part of the SSSI, while Mansilla Island (near Cape Herschel), Pingi.iino and Leopard0 Islands (to the north of Cierva Point, inside Cierva Cove) are not included. The main objective of this work was to survey the microalgal flora inhabiting these locations. The ‘Workshop of Identification of Antarctic Non-marine Algae’, organized by BIOTAS during the VII SCAR Biology Symposium, recognized the need to support taxonomical identifications with thorough descriptions and clear illustrations, in order to create a reliable data base when addressing biogeographical questions (Broady, 1998). Thus, species recorded in this paper were carefully compared with previous records from the Antarctic literature. Secondly, our aim was to relate the flora of the different samples with the environmental features of each site and the attributes of the islands in which they were located. Results of this work will enable us to assess the ecological uniqueness of these locations, which could be a valuable tool when assessing conservation requirements.

MATERIALS

AND METHODS

During the Summer Antarctic Seasons of 1995/6 and 1997/8, four islands located in the vicinity of Cierva Point were studied (Fig. 1). The distance from the islands to Primavera Base varied between 2.3 and 10 km. Aerial surveys of Moss, Pingiiino and show their surface areas to be of 3 230, 4 620 and Leopard0 Islands 3 070 m’respectively. Mansilla I. has less than 1000 m*. Nineteen algal samples were taken from lotic and lentic microlimnotopes, soil, and visibly coloured snow and ice. Planktonic and epilithic algae were collected in PVC flasks, stone surfaces being carefully brushed in the latter case. Snow and ice samples were also collected in PVC flasks, and allowed to thaw at low temperature. All samples were examined directly in vivo using a Laboval compound microscope, and specimens were drawn Zeiss at x 1000 magnification with a ‘camera lucida’. Soil samples were placed in Petri dishes, moistened with a sterile BBM nutrient medium and coverglasses laid on top. These were removed after 48 h with the algae attached to them (Broady, 1979), and observed as indicated above. A wide range of literature was used for identifications, and presence or absence of each species at each site was noted. A cluster analysis of sites was performed on this basis, using Dice similarity index (Sneath & Sokal, 1973). Given the wide range of environments studied and the difficult access to many of them, the amount and type of abiotic data varies among samples. Temperature and conductivity were measured whenever possible, and additional samples were taken in some cases in order to assess the concentrations of the main nutrients (PO,-P, NH,-N and NO,-N). These samples were filtered through Whatman GFK filters, frozen for transport,

43

Antarctic Peninsula algae

WS

b Leopard0

Is.

0 ,~____________________-__ 0

1

PingOino Is. _______

I 2Km

Fig. 1. Map of the Cierva Point area and the islands surveyed in this paper. Dashed line shows the northern boundary of SSSI No. 15, which includes Cierva Point.

and analyzed in Buenos Aires. PO,-P concentrations were estimated following Mackereth et al. (1978), those of NH,-N using the Cd-reduction method, while the phenate method was used to calcutate concentrations of NO,-N (APHA-AWWA-WPCF, 1975). Description of sampling sites Moss Is. Mol: Green snow on a steep slope. Mo2: Red snow. Mo3: Black soil among Polytrichum spp. cushions. Mo4: Small, shallow meltpond. Pingtlino Is. Pil: Heavily eutrophic shallow meltpond in a Chinstrap penguin (Forster)) rookery. Pi2: Wet ornitogenic sediment in the same rookery, covered filamentous algae. Pi3: Soil among seagull (Lanes dominicanus Lichtenstein) Deschampsia antarctica E. Desvaux and mosses. Pi4: Meltstream draining from the Chinstrap penguin rookery. Pi5: Green ice in the same rookery. Pi6: Red snow next to Pi6. Mansilla Is. Mal: Shallow brackish pond, heavily influenced by the sea and Ma2: Very shallow meltpond with omithogenic sediment.

(Pygoscelis

antarctica

with a black layer of nests,

with

bird activity.

the grass

G. Mataloni & M. Pose

44

Heavily eutrophised shallow pond in a Chinstrap penguin rookery. Leopard0 Is. Lel: Coastal pond on granitic rock, influenced by bird activity. Le2: Seepage among mosses. Le3: Algal felt on the surface of a dried out coastal pond. Le4: Green ice and snow on a steep slope. Le5: Red snow next to Le4. Le6: Isolated patches of yellow snow. Ma3:

RESULTS The environments studied showed a wide range of values for most abiotic features (Tab. 1). Among these, shallow ponds and a meltstream draining a penguin rookery at Pingtiino and Mansilla Is. had extremely high concentrations of nutrients, accompanied in some cases by conductivity values above 1 m&m-‘. A total of 61 species were recorded (Tab. 2). The best represented groups were the Cyanobacteria (22 species) and the Chlorophyta (28 species), the latter being largely dominated by flagellated forms. Between one and 16 species occurred at each site. In general, the three larger islands (Moss, Pingtiino and Leopardo) had a high overall species richness (29, 33 and 36 species, respectively), while only two filamentous Cyanobacteria and five species of Chlamydomonadales were recorded at Mansilla Is. Only taxa of uncertain taxonomic position, or requiring comparisons with earlier drawings and descriptions, are depicted here. Results of the cluster analysis (Fig. 2) showed a high similarity among the composition of the cryobiontic communities of the three larger islands, characterized by the dominance of Cblamydomonadales, and the common presence of species of Ruphidonemu and Koliellu (Ulotrichales). These algae concentrated in the wet snow and coloured it green, yellow, orange or red, depending on the specific composition of the community. The only other high similarity was that of Pi1 and Ma3, both being shallow pools amidst penguin rookeries, with very high nutrient concentrations and inhabited by Chloronwnas

aff. oleosa.

Except for Pingttino Is., which is closest to Cierva Point, all islands hosted species which were not found at any of the others or on the mainland. Moss I. had the Tab. 1. Values of abiotic parameters

at some of the sampling sites. Samples Pi

Parameter MO 1

2

4

1

4

Ma 6

1

2

Lx 3

1

Temperature (“C)

0

0

12.8

9.9

9

0.

6

5.2

8.7

Conductivity (mS.cm-‘)

0.077

0.015

0.223

> 20

0.613

0.05

3.92

1 692

3.37

0.667

-

7.23

6.51

7.94

9.32

PH

5.6

5.52

6.55

7.53

9.93

7.49

PO,-P (mgL_‘)

-

-

_

79 156 49 151 2799

0.585

42 133 3 865

-

NO,-N (m&l)

-

-

-

1.65

3604

0.355

0.939

0.608

1 167

-

NH,-N (mg-L-‘)

-

-

-

>5

>5

0.187

4.47

>5

-

>5

(Meneghini ex Gomont) Anagnostidis

et

et

Lcptolyngbya frigida (Fritsch) Aoagnostidis et Kom&k (*) Leptolyngbya scotti (Fristch) Anagnostidis et Kom&k Merismopedia tenuissima Lemmamann OsciNatoria sancta (K&zing) Gomont Oscillatoriasp. cf. C Bmady Phormidium -1~ (Agardb) Gomont Phomddiwn mwmyi (West etG.S.West) Anagnostidis et Kom5re.k Phomddium priestleyi Fritsch (*) Porphymsiphon martertsinnus (Meneghini ex Gomont) Anagnosddis et Komdrek PscudaMboma catenata Iautebom Synechococcw nidukzns (FYingsheim) Komhk in Bourrelly (*) Unidentified Cyanobacteria 1 Unidentified Cyaoobactetia 2 Cblomphyta (*)Bmchiomona.v submarina Bohlin Chlamydomonas aff. celerrima Pascher Chl4wnydmJw~ intennt?dia Chodat Chlumydomo~s moewssii Gerloff Chlamydomonas obesa Ettl (*) ChlamydomoMs subcaudata Wille Chkxvmonas brevispbta (Frirtch) Hoham, Rcemer et Mullet Chlommonas aff. oleosa (Nygaard) Gerloff et Etd

L&~~~@yafmgilis

Cyanobacteria Aphwwcapsa delicatissima West et G.S. West Aphww!hece clathmta West et G.S. West Chamwsiphon subglobosrrs (Rostafinski) Letnmermann Cyanosarcina sp. Eucapsis minuta Fritsch G&&nema dq%xwn (West et G.S.West) Anagnostidis Lcptolyngbya ankawica (West et G.S.West) Anagnostidis et Komsrelr kop;Apkgbya foveolarum (Rabeahorst ex Gomont) Anagnostidis

Habitat type

Sampling site SN

12

+

SN

+

+

D

SO

Moss 3

+

+ + + +

+

D

+

PO

412

D

+

PO

0

SO

D

+

+

SO

+

ST

+ +

PO

+ +

+

D

+

D

+ +

+

D +

+ +

-t

+

+ +

+

D +

+

+

+

PO

+

0

PO

+

+

SN

Le0pLTd0 3 4

+

+

PO

312

+

0

PO

Mantilla

+

+

SN

612

+

+

SN

5

+

+ + +

+ + +

ST

Pingiiino 3 4

+

SN

5

f

SN

6

Tab. 2. Presence of different algal species at all sampling sites. Codes for sampling sites and site types are the same as in Fig. 2. Species found at just one of the islands are marked with (*). Only or dominant species at each site are noted with 0 and D, respectively. Rest of present species are noted with +.

G. Mataloni & M. Pose

46

+n ++

+

I

+

n+++

+

+

+

+

+

+ +

+

+

+

+

ii

+

++

+

n

+

+

+

++

+

+

+ +

+

+

+ ++

2.

+

+

+++

+

++ +

+

++

+ ++

+

Antarctic Peninsula algae

0.000

0.120

0.240

0.360

0.480

41

0.600

0.720

Mol SN Le6

SN

Le5

SN

Mo2 SN Pi6

SN

Le4

SN

Mo3 SO MO4 PO Pi3

SO

Le2

ST

Pi4

ST

Pi5

SN

Lel

PO

Le3

PO

Pi2

SO

Ma2

PO

Ma1

PO

Pi1

PO

Ma3 PO Fig. 2. Dendrogram resulting from the cluster analysis of sites on the basis of species present. Upper group of six sites with high similarity values comprises snow and ice samples. The first code indicates the sampling site, and the second one the type of environment. SN: snow, SO: soil, PO:

pond, ST stream.

proportion of such species (5 out of 29), supporting populations of Ulothrix subtilissimu Rabenhorst, Pinnuluriu obscuru Krasske, LeptoZyngbyu scotti (Fritsch) Anagnostidis & Kotiek, Bruchionwnus submarinu Bohlin and Tetrucystis cf. jissurutu Nakano. The eutrophilous Chlumydomonus subcuudutu Wille is the only species restricted to Mansilla Is. out of the 7 taxa recorded there. Leopard0 Is. supported populations of Sphaerellopsis sp., Porphyrosiphon murtensiunw (Meneghini ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & KomSirek, cf. Klebsonnidium dissecturn var. A (Broady, 1982), the unidentified Cyanobacteria 1, and Koliellu sp., which represent five out of 36 species.

largest

G.

Mataloni & M. Pose

Species fit CYANOBACTERIA Aphanocapsa

delicatissimu

The present specimens agree with the description given by Komarek & Anagnostidis (1998). Antarctic distribution: Recorded from eutrophic Otero Lake, green coloured ice and meltponds from Cierva Point. Also in lakes and streams from Hope Bay (Izaguirre et al., 1998; Vinocur & Pizarro, 1995) and Potter Cove (Unrein & Vinocur, 1999), and peat bogs from Tierra de1 Fuego (Mataloni, 1997). Rest of the World: Probably cosmopolitan. Aphanothece

clathrata

The present specimens agree with the description given by Kom6rek (1998). Antarctic distribution: First record from Antarctica. Rest of the World: Common over the whole temperate zone. Chamaesiphon

& Anagnostidis

subglobosus

The present specimens agree with the description given by Broady (1979). Antarctic distribution: Recorded from the algal felt covering the bottom of Otero Lake. Epilithic in streams from Hope Bay (Tell et. al., 1995), subaerial sites from Signy Is. (Broady, 1979). Rest of the World: Known mainly from Central Europe, less in subpolar regions. Cyanosarcina

sp. (Fig. 3)

Packet-like microscopical colonies of variable size and shape, composed of densely arranged cells surrounded by a colourless sheath. Cells intensely coloured, blue-green, 3-5 l.un in diameter. Content homogeneous, slightly darker in the periphery. No baeocytes observed. This population closely resembles the description of the genus given by Kom6rek & Anagnostidis (1998), although all species described by them have ecologically welldefined requirements. Mataloni & Tesolfn (1997) referred to this species as Myxosarcina concinna, an error probably shared with other authors. Former references to the latter species from antarctic literature should be revised. Antarctic distribution: Previously recorded as M. concinna from Cierva Point, from a rocky substratum partially covered by Calliergidium sp. Rest of the World: Unknown. Eucapsis minuta The present specimens agree with the description given by Fritsch (1912a), according to which cubic aggregates are irregularly disposed. Antarctic distribution: At Cierva Point it was recorded from a shallow pond and a subaerial site, both heavily influenced by bird activity, as well as from eutrophic Otero Lake. Also found in eutrophic water bodies from Hope Bay. Unfortunately, Fritsch (1912 a) does not give any details on the degree of trophism at the original location. Rest of the World: No record.

Antarctic Peninsula algae

Geitlerinema

49

defexum

The present specimens resemble those depicted by West & West (19 11) in their original description of the species (as Oscillatoria dejkxa). Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed among freshwater environments throughout Antarctica. Rest of the World: No record.

Leptolyngbya

antarctica

According to the original description given by West & West (1911) (as Phormidium antarcticurn), the short, twisted filaments of this species are usually interspersed with thin filaments of other Leptolyngbya species. Filaments of the present specimens were slightly thicker (0.8-l pm) than those described by West & West (1911). Antarctic distribution: Streams and lakes from Hope Bay (Tell et al., 1995; Izaguirre et al., 1998), Ross Is. (West & West, 1911), Cape Adare (Fritsch, 1912 a). Rest of the World: No record.

L.eptolyngbya foveolarum The only comprehensive description of this species was given by Broady (1979) (as Phormidium foveolarum Gomont). Filaments of the present specimens are broader (2-2.5 pm) than those described by Broady (1979). Antarctic distribution: Several nutrient-enriched snow and ice samples from Cierva Point (Mataloni & Tesolfn, 1997). Ongul Is. (Watanabe et al., 1961), Signy Is. (Broady, 1979), Victoria Land (Fumanti et al., 1991). Rest of the World: Europe, North America, South America, Africa.

Lxptolyngbya fragilis Trichomes pale blue-green, straight or flexuous, 1.5-2 pm wide, cells 2-4 pm long, slightly constricted at the transverse walls. Terminal cell rounded, without calyptra. Antarctic distribution: Recorded from cryobiontic communities, as well as from temporary and permanent microlimnotopes and eutrophic Otero Lake at Cierva Point. Also recorded from diverse habitats and locations throughout Antarctica. Rest of the World: Cosmopolitan.

Leptolyngbya frigida The present specimens agree with the description given by Broady (1979) of material from Signy Is., primarily in the cells being joined by thin gelatinous pads. They differ in granules at the ends of the cells being generally absent. Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed in Cierva Point and throughout Antarctica, mainly in soils or subaerial sites. Rest of the World: Europe, in freshwater.

G. Mataloni & M. Pose

50

Leptolyngbya

scotti

The present specimens agree with the original description (Fritsch, 1912a), although they do not show a marked trend for particles to adhere to the sheath. Granules were not present at the cross-walls, but occasional refringent granules were seen in some of the filaments. Antarctic distribution: Originally described from McMurdo Sound. Also recorded by Luscinska & Kyc (1993) from King George Is., although we cannot judge from their drawing the accuracy of their assignment. Rest of the World: No record. Merismopedia

tenuissima

The present colonies agree with the description given by Kom6rek & Anagnostidis (1998). Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed in Antarctica (Victoria Land, Cape Adare, Hope Bay, Signy Is.). Pankow et al. (1991) record M. warmingiana Lagerheim, which they consider to be a synonym of M. tenuissima Lemm., from Schirmacheroase. Rest of the World: Common in Europe, probably cosmopolitan. Oscillatoria

sancta

The present specimens agree with the detailed description given by Broady & Kibblewhite (1991) of material from Ross Is. and Victoria Land. Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed in Antarctica. Rest of the World: Cosmopolitan. cJ: Oscillatoria

sp. C (Broady, 1979) (Fig. 2)

Clumps of motile filaments form macroscopic blackish felts. We consider this species could be the same as described by Broady (1979) from Signy Is. (Fig. 5 g-i). Antarctic distribution: Signy Is. ? Rest of the World: Unknown. Phormidium

autumnale

The present specimens agree with the detailed description given by Broady & Kibblewhite (1991). Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed among terrestrial and lentic environments throughout Antarctica. Rest of the World: Europe, Iceland, Greenland, mainly in soils. Phormidium

murrayi

The present specimens agree with the original description by West & West (1911) of Lyngbya murrayi, as well as to the detailed study by Broady & Kibblewhite (1991). Antarctic distribution: Ross Is. (West & West, 1911), Victoria Land (Broady & Kibblewhite, 1991), Liitzow-Holm Bay (Broady & Ohtani, 1990). Rest of the World: No record.

Antarctic Peninsula algae

51

Phormidium priestleyi The present specimens agree with the descriptions given by Fritsch (1917). Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed among soil and freshwater environments throughout Antarctica. Rest of the World: No record. Porphyrosiphon

martensianus

Trichomes pale grey-brownish, with a thick colourless sheath, 9-10 pm wide, cells 2-3 pm long. Cells are not constricted at the transverse walls, which are distinctly granulated each 2-3 cells. Apex not attenuated. Terminal cell rounded, without calyptra. Antarctic distribution: Epilithic and cryobiontic at the Schirmacheroase (Pankow et al., 1991), in lakes from Ongul Is. (Oguni et al., 1987). Rest of the World: Cosmopolitan. Pseudanabaena

catenata

The present specimens agree with the description given by Broady (1979) of material from Signy Island Antarctic distribution: Subaerial sites at Signy Is. (Broady, 1979), freshwater bodies at Hope Bay (Tell et al., 1995). Rest of the World: Widespread in Europe. Synechococcus

nidulans

The present specimens agree with the description given by Komtlrek & Anagnostidis (1998). Antarctic distribution: Recorded as Aphanothece nidulans from green snow banks of Otero Lake (Mataloni & Tesolin, 1997), sublithic in Victoria Land (Broady, 1986) and epilithic in Hope Bay (Vinocur & Pizarro, 1995). Rest of the World: Known from small freshwater bodies in the temperate zones. Unidentijied Cyanobacteria

1 (Fig. 5)

Thallus composed of irregularly arranged cells, forming a pseudoparenchymatous layer, from which rows of cells grow in different directions. This organism could represent a young stage of Pleurocapsa minor or belong to the order Stigonematales. Neither baeocytes nor heterocysts have been observed and further sampling and careful observation is needed in order to classify this species. Antarctic distribution: Unknown. Rest of the World: Unknown. Unident$ed

Cyanobacteria

2 (Fig. 6)

Short pale green filaments, 2-3 pm wide, cells 4-8 pm long, sometimes dividing into many spherical parts, resembling baeocytes. Culture studies are needed in order to identify this organism. Antarctic distribution: Common in green ice amidst a penguin rookery, also present in a similarly nutrient-enriched environment in Cierva Point (Tesolin et al., 1997). Rest of the World: Unknown.

52

G. Mataloni & M. Pose

CHLOROPHYTA Brachiomonas

submarina

The present specimens from Moss Is. agree with the detailed description given by Ettl (1983). Antarctic distribution: Kerguelen Is. (Therezien & Couth, 1977), Lake Vanda (Seaburg ef al., 1979). Rest of the World: Europe, North America. Chlamydomonas

afF. celerrima (Fig. 7)

Anterior half of cells broadly ellipsoidal, tapering towards a pointed end, 14-19 pm long, f5-10 pm wide. Cell wall smooth, with a small apical hemispherical papilla from which two flagella emerge. Length of flagella about twice that of the cell. Two contractile vacuoles near the base of the flagella. Chloroplast reduced, a parietal plate (group Chlorogoniella sensu Ettl, 1983) containing a large spherical pyrenoid, more or less equatorial. Stigma small, elliptic, anteriorly positioned. Nucleus located in the basal part of the cell. Sexual reproduction not observed. This species has been previously recorded from Cierva Point by Mataloni et al. (1998) and Tesolin et al. (1997) as Ch. subcaudata, which has a basal cup-shaped chloroplast, and hence belongs to the Euchlamydomonas species group sense Ettl(1983). The species described here is very close to Ch. celerrima, from which it differs mainly in the position of the nucleus. Detailed studies are required in order to thoroughly describe this entity, which is most probably new to science. Antarctic distribution: Eutrophic water bodies from Cierva Point. Rest of the World: Unknown. Chlamydomonas ceZerrima was described from an eutrophic shallow pond in Austria.

Chlamydorrwnas

intermedia

Comparisons between the original description by Chodat (Ettl, 1983) and that of f. antarctica by West & West (19 11) casts doubt on the latter, since it is based on the smaller cell length (12-1.5 pm instead of 15-20 pm) and the position of the stigma, which is, in fact, in the anterior part of the cell in both cases. Fritsch (1912a) found even smaller individuals in which the position of the stigma was by no means constant, and he assigned them to the type species. On this basis, we also prefer to ascribe these specimens to f. inter-media. Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed in Antarctica. Also previously recorded by Mataloni & Tesolin (1997) and Mataloni ef al. (1998) from Cierva Point under f. antarctica West & West. Rest of the World: Europe, USA, former USSR. Chlamydomonas

moewusii

The present specimens agree with the descriptions given by Ettl (1983). Antarctic distribution: First record from Antarctica. Rest of the World: Cosmopolitan species, found in streams and soils.

53

Antarctic Peninsula algae

Chlamydomonas

obesa

The present specimens agree with the description given by Ettl (1983), colouring the water bright green. Antarctic distribution: First record from Antarctica. Rest of the World: Described from ponds in former Czechoslovakia. Chlamydomonas

including

subcaudata

The present specimens agree with the description given by Ettl(1983). As stated by West & West (1911), in some pools the species occurs together with Chlamydomonas intermedia. Antarctic distribution: Ross Is., Victoria Land (West & West, 1911), Schirmacheroase (Pankow et al., 1991), Hope Bay (Vinocur & Izaguirre, 1994). Rest of the World: Coastal areas from Mid-Europe. Chloromonas

brevispina

The present specimens agree with the detailed description given by Hoham et al. (1979). Antarctic distribution: Recorded from coastal areas throughout Antarctica, first as Chodatella brevispina and then under Cryocystis brevispina. Rest of the World: Cosmopolitan cryophilic species. Chloromonas

aff. oleosa (Fig. 8)

Cells cylindrical-ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, 16-22 pm long by 9-17 pm wide. Cell wall smooth, with a small hemispherical papilla, from which two flagella emerge, these are 1 to 1.25 of the cell length. Chloroplast divided into numerous lobes of irregular size and shape. Pyrenoid absent. Stigma large, circular to elliptic, located in the equatorial line or towards the anterior part of the cell. The protoplast may contain one big or many small oil drops. This species shows a clear affinity with Chloromonas oleosa, from which it differs by the longer flagella, the more elongated cell shape and the larger stigma. Detailed study of cultures is needed in order to fully describe this entity, which is probably a new species. Antarctic distribution: Unknown. Rest of the World: Unknown. Ch. oleosa is known only from a reservoir in Denmark. c$ Chlorosarcina

sp. in Ling (1996) (Fig. 9)

Large red spores of this species are the major component of pink snow in the surroundings of Cierva Point. Formerly identified as Chlamydomonas nivalis by Mataloni & Tesolin (1997) and Tesolin et al. (1997), this species has been tentatively placed by Ling (1996) in the genus Chlorosarcina, although further research is being made by this author in order to establish its true identity. Antarctic distribution: Windmill Is. (Ling, 1996), Cierva Point. Possibly widespread but mistaken for Chlamydomonas nivalis. Rest of the World: Unknown. Cosmarium binum Dimensions of individuals Flint (1988).

recorded here are at the lower range given by Croasdale

&

G. Mataloni & M. Pose

54

Antarctic distribution: Signy Is. (Brook & Williamson, 1983), King George Is. (Unrein & Vinocur, 1999). Rest of the World: Widespread, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Desmotetra

antarctica

Zygospores of this species were originally described by Fritsch (1912a) from yellow snow samples, under Trochiscia antarctica. Ling (in press), after observing the entire life cycle, proposed a new combination. Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed in coastal snow and ice environments from Antarctica. Rest of the World: Unknown. Desmotetra

aureospora

This is typically a cryophilic species, mostly found in coloured snow. Ling (1996) reported it for Windmill Is. as Desmotetra sp. 1, and subsequently studied its life cycle in cultures (in press). Only characteristic golden zygospores have been recorded here, whose description entirely agrees with that of Ling (in press). Antarctic distribution: Windmill Is., Cierva Point. Rest of the World: Unknown. c$ Klebsormidium

dissectum var. A in Broady (1979) (Fig. 10)

The present specimens agree with the description given by Broady (1979) as Chlorhormidium dissectum var. A, which was later placed by Ettl & G5rtner (1995) in the genus Klebsormidium. Antarctic distribution: Cierva Point, Signy Is. ? Rest of the World: Unknown. Koliella sp. (Fig. 11) Formerly misidentified as Monoraphidium komarkovae by Mataloni & Tesolfn (1997) we believe that this cryobiontic species could be identical with K. setiformis (Nygaard) Nygaard or K. alpina (Kol) Hind&, although we were not able to see the drawings of these authors. M. komarkovae, in turn, has been recorded from Antarctic lakes. Antarctic distribution: coloured snow at Cierva Point. Rest of the World: Unknown. cJ: Pleurococcus

antarcticus f. simplex (Fig. 12)

Specimens depicted here superIlcially resemble material described by Fritsch (1912a), which was previously examined by West & West (1911) and reassigned by Fritsch to f. simplex due to the lack of pyrenoid. Populations recorded by Mataloni et al. (1998) and Tesolm et al. (1997) from Cierva Point as E antarcticus are apparently identical to these and hence would also belong to f. simplex. Nevertheless, this is probably a ‘form species’ whose real identity requires revision based on a thorough study of the life cycle. Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed in many Antarctic environments. Rest of the World: Unknown. Pleurococcus antarcticus f. simplex is apparently known only from Antarctica.

Antarctic Peninsula algae

8

Figs 3-19. Fig. 3.Cyanosarcina sp. Fig. 4. cf. Oscillatoria sp. C (Broady, 1979). Fig. 5. Unidentified Cyanobacteria 1. Fig. 6. Unidentified Cyanobacteria 2. Fig. 7. Chlamydomonas aff. Celerrima. Fig. 8. Chloromonas aff. Oleosa. Fig. 9. cf. Chlorosarcina sp. (Ling, 1996). Fig. 10. cf. Klebsormidium dissectum var. A (Broady, 1982). Fig. 11. Koliella sp. Fig. 12. cf. Pleurococcus antarcticus f. simplex, Fig. 13. cf. Protoderma brownii. Fig. 14. Raphidonema aff. Beminum. Fig. 15. cf. Schizochlamydella minutissima (Broady, 1982). Pig. 16. Sphuerellopsis sp. Fig. 17. Tetracystis cf. Fissurata. Fig. 18. cf. Ulothrix subtilis. Fig. 19. Pinnularia notata var. wuljii. Scale bar: 10 pm for both scales. Scale B corresponds only to figures 5, 6 and 15. Scale A corresponds to the rest.

G.

Prasiococcus

Mataloni & M. Pose

calcarius

The present specimens fit in the range of morphological (1983) for this alga. Antarctic distribution: Widespread throughout Antarctica. Rest of the World: Widely distributed in Europe.

variety described

by Broady

Prasiola crispa The present specimens agree with the descriptions given by Fritsch (1912 a,b) and Corte (1962). Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed throughout Antarctica. Rest of the World: Europe. c$ Protodenna

brownii (Fig. 13)

This cryobiontic alga forms extensive layers on the snow. Although it closely resembles the description given by Fritsch (1912 b), this is rather incomplete, and culture studies are needed in order to redefine the species and identify the populations from Cierva Point. Antarctic distribution: South Orkneys, Victoria Land, Cierva Point. Rest of the World: Unknown. Protodemuz brownii is apparently known only from Antarctica. Raphidonema

antarctica

This species was originally described by Kol (1972) from green snow patches in Signy Is. The present specimens agree well with this description. Antarctic distribution: Very common in snow and ice at Cierva Point (Mataloni & Tesolfn, 1997). Schirmacheroase (Pankow et al., 1991). Rest of the World: No record. Raphidonema

aff. beminum (Fig. 14)

This species has been previously reported by Mataloni & Tesolfn (1997) and Mataloni et al. (1998) as R. beminum, a species described by Kol from central Europe. Nevertheless, the apices are not as sharply pointed as noted in the descriptions given by Hindah (1963) and Printz (1964) on the basis of Kol’s drawings. Further culture studies are thus needed to clarify the identity of this population. Antarctic distribution: cryobiontic, Cierva Point. Rest of the World: Unknown. Raphidonema

nivale

The present populations resemble those extensively described by Hoham (1973) in being highly pleiomorphic. Despite this, the species was not easily confused with species of the genera Koliella and Stichococcus, as was stated by Hoham (1973). Antarctic distribution: Recorded from snow in coastal areas throughout Antarctica. Rest of the World: Cosmopolitan cryophilous species.

Antarctic Peninsula algae

I$ Schizochlamydella

57

minutissimu in Broady (1982) (Fig. 15)

Our specimens are morphologically very similar to those described by Broady (1982). However, their positive identification relies on pigment analyses of pure cultures because of their morphological similarity to certain Tribophyceae. Antarctic distribution: S. minutissima has been originally described from Vestfold Hills. Rest of the World: Unknown.

Sphaerellopsis

sp. (Fig. 16)

Overall aspect of the cell similar to that of Chlamydomonas. Cell wall smooth, lemon-shaped, with a hyaline space separating it from the broadly oval protoplast. ‘Iwo flagella of about the same length as the cell emerge separately from both extremes of a flattened papilla. Two contractile vacuoles. Chloroplast extensive, parietal, cup-shaped, with a large pyrenoid surrounded by a ring of starch plates. One large, elliptic stigma. Although this population belongs undoubtedly to the genus Sphaerellopsis, it does not entirely agree with any of the species described by Ettl (1983), and it is most probably new. Antarctic distribution: Dominant species in a coastal pool, colouring the water bright green. This is the first record of the genus from Antarctica. Rest of the World: Unknown.

Stichococcus

bacillaris

Individuals recorded here are similar in (1979) from Signy Is., although they are Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed Rest of the World: In soils from Europe,

Stichococcus

size and shape to those described by Broady usually single or in pairs. in various environments throughout Antarctica. Greenland. Iceland.

minutus

The present specimens from Cierva Point agree with the description given by Broady (1979) for Signy Is. specimens, but have shorter cells than described by Printz (1964). Antarctic distribution: Cierva Point (Mataloni & Tesolfn, 1997; Mataloni et al., 1998), Signy Is. (Broady, 1979), Schirmacheroase (Pankow et al., 1991). Rest of the World: Romania.

Tetracystis cf. jssurata

(Fig. 17)

Tetrads depicted here closely resemble those described by Ettl & G&-trier (1988). Nevertheless, studies of other stages of the life cycle should be performed on cultures before a positive identification can be made. Antarctic distribution: Possibly identical with Tetracystis cf.fissurata recorded by Broady & Weinstein (1998) from La Gorce Mountains, near the South Pole. Rest of the World: Tetracystisfisurata is known from Japan.

G. Mataloni & M. Pose

58

c$ Ulothrix subtilis (Fig. 18) Features of the filaments reported here agree with the description of Ulothrix subtilis given by Lokhorst & Vroman (1972). Nevertheless, according to those authors, a clear distinction between the genera Ulothrix and Hormidium (presently Klebsormidium) can only be made by observation of the zoosporangium and zoospores. Since we could not culture our material in order to confirm its taxonomic position, we indicate this close resemblance as “cf.“. Antarctic distribution: Recorded from Antarctica as Ulothrix subtilissima by Hirano (1979, 1983). Rest of the World: Cosmopolitan species. Chlamydomonadalean

cyst (ex Scotiella antarctica)

Although this species has been originally described by Fritsch (1912 b), it is in fact a zygote or spore of a Chlamydomonadalean species. Hoham & Mullet (1977) regarded it as a synonym of their Chloronwnas cryophila sp. nov., but Mataloni & Tesolfn (1997) pointed out the insufficient evidence to support this decision. Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed in coastal areas of Antarctica. Rest of the World: No record. BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Achnanthes laevis var. ninckei This species was, until recently, well known as A. lapponica var. ninckei (Guerm. & Mang.) Reimer. A good description of it can be found under that name in Broady (1979). Specimens from Cierva Point agree with this description. Antarctic distribution: Signy Is. (Broady, 1979), Hope Bay (Vinocur & Izaguirre, 1994; Vinocur & Pizarro, 1995), Cierva Point (Mataloni & Tesolfn, 1997; Mataloni et al., 1998). Also in other islands along the Antarctic Peninsula, between 62”13’ and 65”lO’ S (Van de Vijver & Beyens, 1997). Rest of the World: North America. Caloneis molaris The present specimens agree with the description given by Broady (1979), but are shorter than the size range (27-30 um) given by Hustedt (1930). 13-15 striae per 10 pm. Antarctic distribution: Recorded as Pinnularia molaris from subaerial sites from Signy Is. (Broady, 1979). Soils from Macquarie Is. (Bunt, 1954). Rest of the World: Europe, mainly in soils. Eunotia fallax var. groenlandica The present specimens agree with the description given by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991). Antarctic distribution: First record from Antarctica. The type species has been recorded from Signy Is. (Broady, 1979). Rest of the World: Apparently cosmopolitan.

Antarctic Peninsula algae

59

Luticola muticopsis Our specimens fit well in the range of morphological variation described by West &West (19 11) for N. muticopsis Van Heurck. Since then, this species has been regularly recorded from many different Antarctic locations, and only recently placed in the genus Luticola. Antarctic distribution: Very common throughout Antarctica. Rest of the World: Arctic and Subarctic areas. Luticola ventricosa This species has been frequently recorded from a number of different Antarctic locations under the name Navicula mutica var. ventricosa. Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed in Antarctica (Prescott 1979), also present in Tierra de1 Fuego and Patagonia (Hirano, 1965). Rest of the World: Cosmopolitan. Pinnularia borealis A very common diatom, of which a good description can be found in Broady (1979). Antarctic distribution: Widely distributed throughout Antarctica. Recorded from different environments at Cierva Point (Mataloni & Tesolfn, 1997; Mataloni et al., 1998). Rest of the World: Cosmopolitan species Pinnularia microstauron

var. microstauron

This species is rather abundant in many Antarctic locations. Our specimens are within the wide morphological range described by Carlson (1913). Antarctic distribution: Widespread in Antarctica. Also present in many Subantarctic locations: Macquarie Is. (Bunt, 1954), Kerguelen Is. (Hirano, 1965), Tierra de1 Fuego (Mataloni, 1994). Rest of the World: Cosmopolitan. Pinnularia notata var. wdjii (Fig. 20) Individuals depicted here closely resemble those described by Broady (1979), although apices from our specimens are slightly more produced. Kawecka et al. (1998) depict a Pinnularia sp. 2 (Fig. 4 m) which also closely resembles P. notata var. wulji. Since these authors seem to be unaware of Broady’s finding, we believe that their specimens might also belong to this species. Antarctic distribution: Signy Is., Cierva Point. South Shetland Is. ? Rest of the World: Known from Sweden. PinnuL ria obscura Like the specimens photographed by Kawecka et al. (1998) from King George Is., ours have a smaller number of striae per 10 pm than stated by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986) Antarctic distribution: King George Is., Cierva Point. Rest of the World: Apparently cosmopolitan.

G. Mataloni & M. Pose

TRIBOPHYCEAE Tribonema vulgare The present specimens clearly resemble those reported by Broady (1979) from Signy Is., although these are, in turn, wider and more barrel-shaped than previously described by Ettl (1978). Antarctic distribution: Signy Is., Cierva Point. Rest of the World: Europe, common in moorlands.

DISCUSSION For the three major islands, the overall species number is notably higher than that recorded at each sampling site. This stresses the relevance of environmental diversity to species richness. As expected, Mansilla Is. shows the lowest species number as a result of both its smaller area and environmental diversity. While lotic and lentic habitats, soil and snow are inhabited by algae at the three larger islands, Mansilla shows only a series of coastal ponds, heavily influenced by the sea and a neighboring Chinstrap penguin rookery (Mal, Ma2, Ma3). Along with Pil, these sites have extremely high conductivities and nutrient concentrations, where only a few well adapted species can thrive (Chloronwnas aff. oleosa, Chlamydomonas obesa, Chlamydomonas subcaudata, Oscillatoria sp.). In particular, Chloromonas aff. oleosa is responsible for the high similarity among sites Pi1 and Ma3. It is interesting to note that only a very large Gentoo penguin colony exists on the mainland, composed of subcolonies located on flat areas ranging from 80 to 150 m above sea level (Agraz et al., 1994), while most of the coastline is formed by cliffs. As a consequence, the few existing coastal ponds are not influenced by bird activity and support a typically marine diatom flora (Mataloni, unpubl.). Thus, in spite of having extensively surveyed all sorts of algal habitats at Cierva Point (Mataloni, unpubl.), these species were recorded for the first time in this area and, in some cases, for the first time in Antarctica. This would indicate a high degree of fidelity to these particular environmental conditions. Cryobiontic communities had a very similar floristic composition at different locations. Dominant Chlamydomonadalean species have complex life cycles in which environmental factors (light, water availability in snow) prompt different developmental stages (Hoham, Roemer & Mullet, 1979), demonstrating a high degree of environmental adaption (Ling, 1996). This cryophilic flora is, therefore, highly specialized yet widely distributed within the Site of Special Scientific Interest (Mataloni Jr Tesolfn, 1997) as well as elsewhere (Hoham & Blinn, 1979). Diatoms demonstrated a preference for aquatic environments or sediments associated with moss vegetation (mainly Drepanocladus uncinatus, Calliergidium sp. and Polytrichum alpestre), which are not influenced by bird activity. This relationship has already been observed by Tesolin et al. (1997) at Punta Cierva. Eight of the taxonomic entities studied here could not be classified at species level on the basis of a wide range of both general and specialized Antarctic literature, and are probably new to science. These are provisionally classified here under <>,Q sp. >>or <>categories. Their thorough study would require new in vivo observations, as well as the use of cultures. A large number of species have locally restricted distributions, having been recorded from just one of the islands in what is a relatively small area. Moss Is., located

Antarctic Peninsula algae

61

way out in the Gerlache Strait, shows the highest percentage of such species (17.2 %), while Pingiiino Is. has none, in spite of its high species richness, high environmental diversity, and large area. Thus, this feature appears to relate mainly to the position and distance from land of the different islands studied. According to our results, most species of the insular algal flora could be obtained by sampling Pingtlino Is., yet extreme environments and distant locations are shown to encompass species which are rare, poorly known, or even new to science. Sampling of such rare locations must therefore be taken into account in any exhaustive floristic survey, as emphasized by Broady (1996). Regarding biogeographical distribution, four out of the 61 species studied are new records for Antarctica. Twelve taxa (20 % of the total) are endemic to the continent. Among them are six Cyanobacteria originally described by Fritsch (19 12a, 19 17) and West & West (1911), while most of the rest are cryobiontic taxa, recently studied (Ling, 1996) or needing revision. Also, the discovery of eight possibly new taxa suggests that the actual degree of endemism of the Antarctic algal flora could increase through extensive survey and thorough taxonomic study. This work reveals a high patchiness in the local distribution of algal species, which could be related to microhabitat favourability, as suggested by Walton (1990). Furthermore, it stresses the importance of Broady’s (1998) recommendation that all care should be exercised in detailing the exact location of any species that could be subjected to further research. Thus, in order to preserve biodiversity it is essential that these islands be included in the SSSI No. 15. Since they support poorly known species, any future study is dependent on their conservation. Acknowledgements. This work has been supported by the University of Buenos Aires Institute Anttico Argentina. We thank the personnel of Base Anttiica Primavera for their logistic support, especially to Drs N. Coria and M. Favero (IAA), who provided us with transport to the sampling sites, and Lit. G. Tesolin, who collaborated in field work. Dr H. Ling kindly shared with us information not yet published. Thanks are also due to G. Whittington for revising the English version, and to Dra C. Loez for translating the Abstract into French. Drs P. Compere, P. Broady and an anonymous referee made valuable comments on an earlier version.

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