- Email: [email protected]
Noncontact measurement of rail displacement by eddy current sensor (In Japanese: English Abstract)
N D T Abstracts transducers, with an emphasis on the implications for railway axle respect=on
4 8 0 2 0 Servo Corporanon of America, (Bamhara, J.E ) I n t e g r i t y test for a c o u s t i c b e a r i n g d e f e c t d e t e c t o r U S. Patent No 5,029,477 (9 Jul 1991) Train boanngs can be monitored for defects while it is running along a section of track using the apparatus described in this patent. The device allows the traJn's speed to be measured and causes acousuc vibrations m the hearing to he converted into elecmcal signals which are then filtered, and spectrum analyzed The improvement described here allows characteristic acoustic signatures ol several variables to be successively generated automatically The variables include gearing defect types, beanng size, wheel diameter and train speed Alarm signal can be detected in response to signals from the spectrum analyzer when the simulated charactenst=c acoustic signature indicate the presence of a defect_ 47712 Ktshtmoto, S N o n c o n t a c t m e a s u r e m e n t o f rail d i s p l a c e m e n t by e d d y c u r r e n t s e n s o r (In Japanese: E n g l i s h A b s t r a c t ) Journal o f JSNDI, Vol 40, No 9, pp 6 2 4 - 6 3 0 (Sep 1991) The eddy current sensor has practically been used on the track measuring cars in New Tohoku-Jyoetsu line, to measure rail displacement under snow The sensor consists of two coils in order to dlStmgmsh the direction of displacement. The measuring displacement is perpendicular to the direction of the sensor coil axes_ It =s cleared that the sensing abthty and repeatability of the sensor are excellent The output charactensuc of the eddy current sensor has been studmd theoretically, the calculated resulLS axe stmdar to actually measured results, and are reasonable 47565 de la Veaua, R. McGhnchey, J_, Bernstetn. R M Fatigue monitoring with fuses Materials Evaluation, Vol 49, No 8, pp. 1042-1045 ( A u g 1991) The development arid applications of a fatigue-monitoring fuse are described in this article. These fuses, which can provide pnor warning of catastrophic structural failures resulting from fatigue, offer benefits for the aerospace industry, radways, power and chemical plants, bndges, o01 platforms, pipelines and cranes It is thought that they will reduce outages, as well as human error in routine maintenance and ,nspectaon procedures while increasing the time between inspections The process by which fatigue occurs is explained and how the fuse design has evolved 47234 Wuott, T D e r a i l m e n t d a m a g e a n d t h e n e e d for N D T N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e T e s t m g - A u s t r a h a , Vol. 28, No. I, pp. I 0- l 1 (Jan Feb. 1991) The process of and requirement for the ultrasonic inspect=on of railways m Queensland is descnhed in this paper, particularly those tests carried out following derazlments_ This tests must ensure maximum safety for the freight caJr=ed, minimal lose of transport ume due to deraJIment budget whde continuing to be economically wise. The technique which ~s described here allows critical defects which do cause the unpredictable failures leading to derailments to he identified
Toda. H . Toyama. K., Yakabe, M.. Nakaura, T, Hlgashtmura, K. Fukuoka, H 47074
Q u a n t i t a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n o f f r e t t i n g f a t i g u e c r a c k s at t h e s u r f a c e of t h e r a i l r o a d a x l e by g r a z i n g S H - w a v e u l t r a s o n i c m e t h o d (In Japanese: English Abstract) Journal o f JSNDI, Vol. 40, N o 3, pp. 158-164 (Mar. 1991) A grazing Sh-wave ultrasonic method ~s proposed for the measurement of the depth of fretting fatigue cracks at the surface of ra,lroad axle reside the edge of boss of wheel Wave propagation charactenstlcs of the grazing SH-wave are analytically and experimentally studied A numerical analysis using Huygence-Fresnel's pnnclple shows that the grazing SH-waves propagate along paths shghtly curved by a diffraction occured at a contact plane of the receiving transducer This method is confirmed to be avaJlable to the quantitative evaluation of the propagations of fretting faugue cracks without removing the wheel from the axle. and to be sensible of the crack depth of 0 05mm 4 6 5 4 6 Servo Corporanon of America, (Bambara, J_E ) B e a r i n g defect d e t e c t o r B r m s h Patent No 2,233,761 (16 Jan 1991) An acoustic system for detecting defects in the heanngs of moving railroad cars and identifying the location of these defects has means for opemng a w:ndow on detection of a wheel passing a particular point such
that signals received relate only to the beanng and extraneous signals are included
46490
Edel, K --0, Htntze, H.
Diagnostic of overbraked m o n o b l o ¢ r a i l w a y w h e e l s (In German: E n g l i s h A b s t r a c t s Matertalprufung, Vol 33, No 4, pp. 92-97 (Apr 1991) Overbraked and heat.discolored monobloc wheels am removed from service According to the practical expenences, not all wheels with heat-discoloration which extends four inches or more from the nm into the plate region are damaged so heavy that a reuse is excluded It is developed a chignon on the allowable residual tension stresses in the nm by means of the fracture mechanics By means of eddy-currant testing of the tread of the wheel, it can he assessedwhether the wheel is damaged or is reusable
4 6 2 3 4 Langman, R.A M e a s u r e m e n t o f r e s i d u a l s t r e s s in steel by a m a g n e t i c m e t h o d N o n d e s t r u c t i v e T e s t i n g A u s t r a h a , Vol 27, No 5, pp 124-127 (Sep - Oct. 1990) Stress cause steel to become anisou'optc and this phenomenon known as rotation of magnet=satlon is the basic of a new magnetic method of nondestructive esumanon of sffess The hysteresis (or relauonshlp between
magnetic flux density and magnetic field strength,) characteristics of steel in different directions are studied relative to the applied stress The difference
of pnnclpal stresses is measured, not necessarily the absolute value of stresses A comparison is carried out between vaunous method including Barkhausen Emission, Magnetoacoust=c Emission and the rotation rig, each of which proves able to determine principle stress directions 46200 Webster, P J , Low, K S.; Mills, G, Webster, G.A N e u t r o n m e a s u r e m e n t of r e s i d u a l s t r e s s e s in a u s e d r a i l w a y rail S y m p o s i u m on Neutron Scattering for Materials Science, Boston, M a s s a c h u s e t t s (United States), 27-30 Nov. 1989 pp 311-316 Edited by S_M Shapiro, S.C M o s s and J D J o r g e n s e n , M R S (1990) The high resolution neutron diffraction technique has been applied to determine, non-destructively, the residual stress d~suabution developed m the head of a reulway after normal service Subsmmlal residual compressive and tensile stresses and steep stress gradients were observed related to the depth below the top surface, distance from the running line and shape of the rail head
46172
Schramm. R E, Shull, P J , Clark, A V., Mttrakovtc, D V_
EMAT
e x a m i n a t i o n for c r a c k s in r a i l r o a d w h e e l t r e a d s National Ins[ o f Standards and T e c h n o l o g y , Boulder, C o l o r a d o ( U m t e d States), 8 pp. (1990) The authors examined the use of Rayleigh wave electromagneticacoustic transducers (EMATs) in pitch-catch as a possible non-contact respect=on tool for cast steel wheels with an American-style profile used on the freight cats of the U.S ra,lway system. The Raylelgh wave generated traveled around an unflawed wheel circumference at least 14 times (about 36 m). This technique should allow detecnon of cnncal-depth cracks in the tread of every wheel on a tram as it mils by an inspection pomt,m a raulyard 4 6 1 6 4 Tuncel, S N o n - d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t i n g of railway t r u c k a x l e s B r m s h Journal of N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e Testing, Vol 33, No. 3, p 128 (Max. 1991) In service inspection of radway truck axles for faUgue cracks can be carned out with the ultrasonic inspection device descnbed in this arucle A SpeCial centre-bore probe and angle beam probes have been developed to inspect cnt=cal axle zones The device ts currendy being used in twenty railway inspection stations of the Turkish State Railways
4 6 0 8 0 Keevtl, W R H i s t o r y a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f rail flaw d e t e c t o r c a r s Materials Evaluation, Vol. 49, No. l, pp. 7 1 - 7 6 (Jan 1991) Three types of defects (transverse fissures and vertical and honzomal
spht heads) were identified as the continuing cause of railways breaking m the Umted States m the first half of this century Studies were commission to investigate the causes growth of these serious flaws Transverse fissures were shown to result from gas inclusions trapped d u n n g the formation of the steel rads at the steel works_ Split head defects were caused by small pieces of slag or scale from the surface of the ingot from which the rml was rolled. Other types of defects not related to bad steel, are also examined The paper descnbes the development of rail flaw detector cars which used three major nondestructive methods of testing for rail defects, namely potential drop, the residual rnagneuc field approach and ultrasomc testang.
NDT&E
International
Volume
26 Number
4 1993
211
4 8 0 2 0 Servo Corporanon of America, (Bamhara, J.E ) I n t e g r i t y test for a c o u s t i c b e a r i n g d e f e c t d e t e c t o r U S. Patent No 5,029,477 (9 Jul 1991) Train boanngs can be monitored for defects while it is running along a section of track using the apparatus described in this patent. The device allows the traJn's speed to be measured and causes acousuc vibrations m the hearing to he converted into elecmcal signals which are then filtered, and spectrum analyzed The improvement described here allows characteristic acoustic signatures ol several variables to be successively generated automatically The variables include gearing defect types, beanng size, wheel diameter and train speed Alarm signal can be detected in response to signals from the spectrum analyzer when the simulated charactenst=c acoustic signature indicate the presence of a defect_ 47712 Ktshtmoto, S N o n c o n t a c t m e a s u r e m e n t o f rail d i s p l a c e m e n t by e d d y c u r r e n t s e n s o r (In Japanese: E n g l i s h A b s t r a c t ) Journal o f JSNDI, Vol 40, No 9, pp 6 2 4 - 6 3 0 (Sep 1991) The eddy current sensor has practically been used on the track measuring cars in New Tohoku-Jyoetsu line, to measure rail displacement under snow The sensor consists of two coils in order to dlStmgmsh the direction of displacement. The measuring displacement is perpendicular to the direction of the sensor coil axes_ It =s cleared that the sensing abthty and repeatability of the sensor are excellent The output charactensuc of the eddy current sensor has been studmd theoretically, the calculated resulLS axe stmdar to actually measured results, and are reasonable 47565 de la Veaua, R. McGhnchey, J_, Bernstetn. R M Fatigue monitoring with fuses Materials Evaluation, Vol 49, No 8, pp. 1042-1045 ( A u g 1991) The development arid applications of a fatigue-monitoring fuse are described in this article. These fuses, which can provide pnor warning of catastrophic structural failures resulting from fatigue, offer benefits for the aerospace industry, radways, power and chemical plants, bndges, o01 platforms, pipelines and cranes It is thought that they will reduce outages, as well as human error in routine maintenance and ,nspectaon procedures while increasing the time between inspections The process by which fatigue occurs is explained and how the fuse design has evolved 47234 Wuott, T D e r a i l m e n t d a m a g e a n d t h e n e e d for N D T N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e T e s t m g - A u s t r a h a , Vol. 28, No. I, pp. I 0- l 1 (Jan Feb. 1991) The process of and requirement for the ultrasonic inspect=on of railways m Queensland is descnhed in this paper, particularly those tests carried out following derazlments_ This tests must ensure maximum safety for the freight caJr=ed, minimal lose of transport ume due to deraJIment budget whde continuing to be economically wise. The technique which ~s described here allows critical defects which do cause the unpredictable failures leading to derailments to he identified
Toda. H . Toyama. K., Yakabe, M.. Nakaura, T, Hlgashtmura, K. Fukuoka, H 47074
Q u a n t i t a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n o f f r e t t i n g f a t i g u e c r a c k s at t h e s u r f a c e of t h e r a i l r o a d a x l e by g r a z i n g S H - w a v e u l t r a s o n i c m e t h o d (In Japanese: English Abstract) Journal o f JSNDI, Vol. 40, N o 3, pp. 158-164 (Mar. 1991) A grazing Sh-wave ultrasonic method ~s proposed for the measurement of the depth of fretting fatigue cracks at the surface of ra,lroad axle reside the edge of boss of wheel Wave propagation charactenstlcs of the grazing SH-wave are analytically and experimentally studied A numerical analysis using Huygence-Fresnel's pnnclple shows that the grazing SH-waves propagate along paths shghtly curved by a diffraction occured at a contact plane of the receiving transducer This method is confirmed to be avaJlable to the quantitative evaluation of the propagations of fretting faugue cracks without removing the wheel from the axle. and to be sensible of the crack depth of 0 05mm 4 6 5 4 6 Servo Corporanon of America, (Bambara, J_E ) B e a r i n g defect d e t e c t o r B r m s h Patent No 2,233,761 (16 Jan 1991) An acoustic system for detecting defects in the heanngs of moving railroad cars and identifying the location of these defects has means for opemng a w:ndow on detection of a wheel passing a particular point such
that signals received relate only to the beanng and extraneous signals are included
46490
Edel, K --0, Htntze, H.
Diagnostic of overbraked m o n o b l o ¢ r a i l w a y w h e e l s (In German: E n g l i s h A b s t r a c t s Matertalprufung, Vol 33, No 4, pp. 92-97 (Apr 1991) Overbraked and heat.discolored monobloc wheels am removed from service According to the practical expenences, not all wheels with heat-discoloration which extends four inches or more from the nm into the plate region are damaged so heavy that a reuse is excluded It is developed a chignon on the allowable residual tension stresses in the nm by means of the fracture mechanics By means of eddy-currant testing of the tread of the wheel, it can he assessedwhether the wheel is damaged or is reusable
4 6 2 3 4 Langman, R.A M e a s u r e m e n t o f r e s i d u a l s t r e s s in steel by a m a g n e t i c m e t h o d N o n d e s t r u c t i v e T e s t i n g A u s t r a h a , Vol 27, No 5, pp 124-127 (Sep - Oct. 1990) Stress cause steel to become anisou'optc and this phenomenon known as rotation of magnet=satlon is the basic of a new magnetic method of nondestructive esumanon of sffess The hysteresis (or relauonshlp between
magnetic flux density and magnetic field strength,) characteristics of steel in different directions are studied relative to the applied stress The difference
of pnnclpal stresses is measured, not necessarily the absolute value of stresses A comparison is carried out between vaunous method including Barkhausen Emission, Magnetoacoust=c Emission and the rotation rig, each of which proves able to determine principle stress directions 46200 Webster, P J , Low, K S.; Mills, G, Webster, G.A N e u t r o n m e a s u r e m e n t of r e s i d u a l s t r e s s e s in a u s e d r a i l w a y rail S y m p o s i u m on Neutron Scattering for Materials Science, Boston, M a s s a c h u s e t t s (United States), 27-30 Nov. 1989 pp 311-316 Edited by S_M Shapiro, S.C M o s s and J D J o r g e n s e n , M R S (1990) The high resolution neutron diffraction technique has been applied to determine, non-destructively, the residual stress d~suabution developed m the head of a reulway after normal service Subsmmlal residual compressive and tensile stresses and steep stress gradients were observed related to the depth below the top surface, distance from the running line and shape of the rail head
46172
Schramm. R E, Shull, P J , Clark, A V., Mttrakovtc, D V_
EMAT
e x a m i n a t i o n for c r a c k s in r a i l r o a d w h e e l t r e a d s National Ins[ o f Standards and T e c h n o l o g y , Boulder, C o l o r a d o ( U m t e d States), 8 pp. (1990) The authors examined the use of Rayleigh wave electromagneticacoustic transducers (EMATs) in pitch-catch as a possible non-contact respect=on tool for cast steel wheels with an American-style profile used on the freight cats of the U.S ra,lway system. The Raylelgh wave generated traveled around an unflawed wheel circumference at least 14 times (about 36 m). This technique should allow detecnon of cnncal-depth cracks in the tread of every wheel on a tram as it mils by an inspection pomt,m a raulyard 4 6 1 6 4 Tuncel, S N o n - d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t i n g of railway t r u c k a x l e s B r m s h Journal of N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e Testing, Vol 33, No. 3, p 128 (Max. 1991) In service inspection of radway truck axles for faUgue cracks can be carned out with the ultrasonic inspection device descnbed in this arucle A SpeCial centre-bore probe and angle beam probes have been developed to inspect cnt=cal axle zones The device ts currendy being used in twenty railway inspection stations of the Turkish State Railways
4 6 0 8 0 Keevtl, W R H i s t o r y a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f rail flaw d e t e c t o r c a r s Materials Evaluation, Vol. 49, No. l, pp. 7 1 - 7 6 (Jan 1991) Three types of defects (transverse fissures and vertical and honzomal
spht heads) were identified as the continuing cause of railways breaking m the Umted States m the first half of this century Studies were commission to investigate the causes growth of these serious flaws Transverse fissures were shown to result from gas inclusions trapped d u n n g the formation of the steel rads at the steel works_ Split head defects were caused by small pieces of slag or scale from the surface of the ingot from which the rml was rolled. Other types of defects not related to bad steel, are also examined The paper descnbes the development of rail flaw detector cars which used three major nondestructive methods of testing for rail defects, namely potential drop, the residual rnagneuc field approach and ultrasomc testang.
NDT&E
International
Volume
26 Number
4 1993
211