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Nondestructive evaluation of the Fiddlers Creek Culvert
N DT Abstracts difference-time domain methed and can predict widehand radar measurements results through computer simulation. This simulation work represents a part of a multidlsciplinary research effort at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to develop a reliable nondestructive testing method for concrete structures using a radar. 56170 Tharmabala, T.; Reel, R.; Chung, T.; Carter, C.R. Bridge deck condition survey by radar: Ontario experience Structural Materials Technology, Atlantic City, New Jersey (United States), 23-25 Feb. 1994. pp. 141-145. Edited by R.J. Scancella and M.E. Callahan. Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. (1994) ISBN 1-56676-141- 7 A new processing strategy is proposed to improve the detection, by radax, of delaminations on asphalt covered bridge decks. Comparison of the deck assessment by radar technology, DART, survey findings with new processing techniques showed that it can determine the location and type of defect accurately.
Maser, K.R. Highway speed radar for pavement and bridge deck evaluation 56169
Structural Materials Technology, Atlantic City, New Jersey (United States), 23-25 Feb. 1994. pp. 136-140. Edited by R.J. Scancella and M.E. Callahan. Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. (1994) ISBN 1-56676-141- 7 Radar has been developed as an economical alternative for evaluating pavement layer properties and estimating quantifies of deterioration in bridge decks. These highway applications are based on the use of vehicle-mounted radar systems travelling at highway speed. Surveys are conducted without lane closures, ;rod extensive lane and area coverage can be obtained in a short survey period. Customized software has been specifically developed to handle :and interpret the large quantities of data collected by this system. Two integrated hardware/software systems have been developed and extensively tested for pavement layer thickness and bridge deck condition evaluations. This paper describes the hardware and software components and the analytic methods used in these 2 systems, along with typical output and results of ground truth correlations.
Bashforth, M.; Koppenjan, S. Ground penetrating radar applications for hazardous waste detection 55921
Underground and Obscured Object Imaging and Detection, Orlando, Florida (United States), 15-16 Apr. 1993. pp. 56-64. Edited by N.K. Del Grande, I. Cindrich and P.B. Johnson. SPIE. Vol. 1942 (1993). ISBN 0-8194-1178- 7 STL has developed a stepped FNI-CW Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) that operates from 196 MHz to 708 MHz. Included is a brief technical description on this fully self-contained unit. Several sample data sets also are described for familiarization with the unique data format of this GPR. Field tests were conducted at old toxic waste disposal sites. Soil composition was mainly clay at the INEL location and a rocky limestone/sand mixture at the LANL location. The primary targets of interest were 55 gallon barrels (metallic), but larger concrete storage containers also were examined. Field tests for buried ordnance were conducted. The primary targets of interest varied from 60 mm projectiles to 500 pound bombs.
Saarenketo, T.; Soderqvist, M.K. Ground penetrating radar applications for bridge deck evaluations in F i n l a n d 55498
Insight, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 496-501 (Jul. 1994) The usefulness of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for examining areas of deterioration in bridge decks was tested in Finland, with the aim of assessing whether the method can be used to estimate pavement thickness, deterioration of the protective concrete and slab and damage to the water-prooftng. Some tests were also performed to locate cracks in the slab. The surveys were performed using ground-coupled dipole 'bow-tie' antennae with frequencies of 900 NIHz, 1.0 GHz and 1.5 GHz, and 2.5 GHz TEM horn antennae were also tested. The measured GPR data were compared with information obtained from drill cores and damage mapping during repair of the bridges. 55278 SlatonSarker, A.B.; Wallace, J.W. Nondestructive testing of bridge decks using dual frequency radar International Conference on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete in the Infrastructure, Dearborn, Michigan (United States), 9-11 Jan. 1993. pp. 114-132. Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc., 0 9 9 3 ) ISBN 10912053429
31 3
The paper describes a study of reinforced concrete bridge decks that addresses the need for an accurate evaluation method that is not hindered by an asphalt cover or extensive operator experience. The use of two antennas for Subsurface Interface Radar (SIR) surveys allows fur more accurate evaluations by reducing false readings. A more accurate determination of the amount of deterioration is also achieved, because the different frequency antennas will detect different types and severities of defects. The reduction of false readings makes priuritization of bridge deck repair jobs more accurate. The added information about the extent of deterioration also allows more accurate predictions of the time, effort and money necessary for bridge deck rehabilitation.
Halabe, U.B.; Chen, R.HJ,.; Bhandarkar, V.; Sami, Z. Characterization of bridge deck deterioration using ground penetrating radar 55277
International Conference on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete in the Infrastructure, Dearborn, Michigan (Unilexl States), 9-11 Jan. 1993. pp. 106-113. Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc., (1993) ISBN 10912053429 This paper examines, under controlled laboratory conditions, the sensitivity of radar data to the type and size of defects within the bridge deck. For preliminary tests, five concrete decks of dimensions 610ram x 610ram x 152 mm (24" x 24" x 6") were cast. Two of the five specimens were tmcracked and the other three specimens had artificial sub-surface cracks of known dimensions. Radar data was collected from these specimens to establish a correlation between the observed changes in the radar signal and the conditions of the specimens. The research also includes application of analytical tools to analyze the radar signals for the characterization of subsurface defects in bridge decks. 55276 Buyukozturk, 0.; Rhim, H.C. Electromagnetic properties of concrete for nondestructive testing International Conference on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete in the Infrastructure, Dearborn, Michigan (United States), 9-11 Jan. 1993. pp. 83-92. Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc., (1993) ISBN 10912053429 A successful application of a radar method to concrete structures for nondestructive testing requires a clear understanding of the electromagnetic properties of concrete. These electromagnetic properties of concrete affect various aspects of radar measurements by determining the velocity and wavelength of the electromagnetic wave inside concrete, the amount of reflection from concrete, and the Brewster angle of concrete. The properties also determine the attenuation of the wave as it propagates through concrete, which gives the penetration depth of the wave in concrete. Accurate measurements and proper use of electromagnetic properties of concrete can provide valuable information for constructing an effective radar imaging system which can detect objects such as steel reinforcing bars and delaminations inside concrete. This paper presents the measured electromagnetic properties of concrete over a wide frequency range from 100 MHz to 18 GHz and assesses their physical significance fur nondestructive testing. The effect of the Brewster angle of concrete for wave scattering is discussed through finite-difference time-domain modeling, in which the measured material properties are used. 55253 Limaye, H.S.; Byrne, K.P.; Ellman, R. Nondestructive evaluation of the Fiddlers Creek C u l v e r t International Conference on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete in the Infrastructure, Dearborn, Michigan (United States), 9-11 Jun. 1993. pp. 370-377. Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc., (1993) ISBN 10912053429 This paper describes the nondestructive testing conducted to evaluate the condition of the Fiddlers Creek Culvert. The concrete liner of the culvert has deteriorated considerably over the years. A field investigation was carried out to assess the condition of the culvert so that a rehabilitation plan could be developed. The field investigation consisted of visual observations, impact-echo testing and a radar survey. The field observations showed extensive deterioration in the concrete liner. Seepage was observed through cracks and joints in the liner as evidence by efflorescence, mineral deposits and water stains. Impact-echo testing was used to determine the quality of the existing concrete liner. In general, tests at the sound areas showed relatively good quality concrete with no significant internal voids or discontinuities. Ground-penetrating radar testing provided information on the depth of the interface between the concrete liner and stone structure and the interface between the stone and the soil.
Maser, K.R. Highway speed radar for pavement and bridge deck evaluation 56169
Structural Materials Technology, Atlantic City, New Jersey (United States), 23-25 Feb. 1994. pp. 136-140. Edited by R.J. Scancella and M.E. Callahan. Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. (1994) ISBN 1-56676-141- 7 Radar has been developed as an economical alternative for evaluating pavement layer properties and estimating quantifies of deterioration in bridge decks. These highway applications are based on the use of vehicle-mounted radar systems travelling at highway speed. Surveys are conducted without lane closures, ;rod extensive lane and area coverage can be obtained in a short survey period. Customized software has been specifically developed to handle :and interpret the large quantities of data collected by this system. Two integrated hardware/software systems have been developed and extensively tested for pavement layer thickness and bridge deck condition evaluations. This paper describes the hardware and software components and the analytic methods used in these 2 systems, along with typical output and results of ground truth correlations.
Bashforth, M.; Koppenjan, S. Ground penetrating radar applications for hazardous waste detection 55921
Underground and Obscured Object Imaging and Detection, Orlando, Florida (United States), 15-16 Apr. 1993. pp. 56-64. Edited by N.K. Del Grande, I. Cindrich and P.B. Johnson. SPIE. Vol. 1942 (1993). ISBN 0-8194-1178- 7 STL has developed a stepped FNI-CW Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) that operates from 196 MHz to 708 MHz. Included is a brief technical description on this fully self-contained unit. Several sample data sets also are described for familiarization with the unique data format of this GPR. Field tests were conducted at old toxic waste disposal sites. Soil composition was mainly clay at the INEL location and a rocky limestone/sand mixture at the LANL location. The primary targets of interest were 55 gallon barrels (metallic), but larger concrete storage containers also were examined. Field tests for buried ordnance were conducted. The primary targets of interest varied from 60 mm projectiles to 500 pound bombs.
Saarenketo, T.; Soderqvist, M.K. Ground penetrating radar applications for bridge deck evaluations in F i n l a n d 55498
Insight, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 496-501 (Jul. 1994) The usefulness of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for examining areas of deterioration in bridge decks was tested in Finland, with the aim of assessing whether the method can be used to estimate pavement thickness, deterioration of the protective concrete and slab and damage to the water-prooftng. Some tests were also performed to locate cracks in the slab. The surveys were performed using ground-coupled dipole 'bow-tie' antennae with frequencies of 900 NIHz, 1.0 GHz and 1.5 GHz, and 2.5 GHz TEM horn antennae were also tested. The measured GPR data were compared with information obtained from drill cores and damage mapping during repair of the bridges. 55278 SlatonSarker, A.B.; Wallace, J.W. Nondestructive testing of bridge decks using dual frequency radar International Conference on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete in the Infrastructure, Dearborn, Michigan (United States), 9-11 Jan. 1993. pp. 114-132. Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc., 0 9 9 3 ) ISBN 10912053429
31 3
The paper describes a study of reinforced concrete bridge decks that addresses the need for an accurate evaluation method that is not hindered by an asphalt cover or extensive operator experience. The use of two antennas for Subsurface Interface Radar (SIR) surveys allows fur more accurate evaluations by reducing false readings. A more accurate determination of the amount of deterioration is also achieved, because the different frequency antennas will detect different types and severities of defects. The reduction of false readings makes priuritization of bridge deck repair jobs more accurate. The added information about the extent of deterioration also allows more accurate predictions of the time, effort and money necessary for bridge deck rehabilitation.
Halabe, U.B.; Chen, R.HJ,.; Bhandarkar, V.; Sami, Z. Characterization of bridge deck deterioration using ground penetrating radar 55277
International Conference on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete in the Infrastructure, Dearborn, Michigan (Unilexl States), 9-11 Jan. 1993. pp. 106-113. Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc., (1993) ISBN 10912053429 This paper examines, under controlled laboratory conditions, the sensitivity of radar data to the type and size of defects within the bridge deck. For preliminary tests, five concrete decks of dimensions 610ram x 610ram x 152 mm (24" x 24" x 6") were cast. Two of the five specimens were tmcracked and the other three specimens had artificial sub-surface cracks of known dimensions. Radar data was collected from these specimens to establish a correlation between the observed changes in the radar signal and the conditions of the specimens. The research also includes application of analytical tools to analyze the radar signals for the characterization of subsurface defects in bridge decks. 55276 Buyukozturk, 0.; Rhim, H.C. Electromagnetic properties of concrete for nondestructive testing International Conference on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete in the Infrastructure, Dearborn, Michigan (United States), 9-11 Jan. 1993. pp. 83-92. Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc., (1993) ISBN 10912053429 A successful application of a radar method to concrete structures for nondestructive testing requires a clear understanding of the electromagnetic properties of concrete. These electromagnetic properties of concrete affect various aspects of radar measurements by determining the velocity and wavelength of the electromagnetic wave inside concrete, the amount of reflection from concrete, and the Brewster angle of concrete. The properties also determine the attenuation of the wave as it propagates through concrete, which gives the penetration depth of the wave in concrete. Accurate measurements and proper use of electromagnetic properties of concrete can provide valuable information for constructing an effective radar imaging system which can detect objects such as steel reinforcing bars and delaminations inside concrete. This paper presents the measured electromagnetic properties of concrete over a wide frequency range from 100 MHz to 18 GHz and assesses their physical significance fur nondestructive testing. The effect of the Brewster angle of concrete for wave scattering is discussed through finite-difference time-domain modeling, in which the measured material properties are used. 55253 Limaye, H.S.; Byrne, K.P.; Ellman, R. Nondestructive evaluation of the Fiddlers Creek C u l v e r t International Conference on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete in the Infrastructure, Dearborn, Michigan (United States), 9-11 Jun. 1993. pp. 370-377. Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc., (1993) ISBN 10912053429 This paper describes the nondestructive testing conducted to evaluate the condition of the Fiddlers Creek Culvert. The concrete liner of the culvert has deteriorated considerably over the years. A field investigation was carried out to assess the condition of the culvert so that a rehabilitation plan could be developed. The field investigation consisted of visual observations, impact-echo testing and a radar survey. The field observations showed extensive deterioration in the concrete liner. Seepage was observed through cracks and joints in the liner as evidence by efflorescence, mineral deposits and water stains. Impact-echo testing was used to determine the quality of the existing concrete liner. In general, tests at the sound areas showed relatively good quality concrete with no significant internal voids or discontinuities. Ground-penetrating radar testing provided information on the depth of the interface between the concrete liner and stone structure and the interface between the stone and the soil.