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Nonsuture Skin Grafting in Chickens
1344
RESEARCH NOTES
TABLE 1.—Adherence scores for control and treated dyring pans (albumen, yolk and whole egg combined) Control Grease Tefloni Trial Trial Trial Trial
1 2 3 4
10.00 9.56 8.17 8.06
.88 .64 .30 .39
1.65 .67 .50 .75
Teflon 2.38 3.00 4.33 7.14
Pan treatment l.s.d.= 1.87.
bumen or whole egg had an effect on subsequent adherence of other products.
REFERENCES Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1960. Official Methods of Analysis. Assoc, of Official Agricultural Chemists, 9th ed., p. 220. Institute of American Poultry Industries, 19S6. Chemical and Bacteriological Methods for the Examination of Egg and Egg Products. Mimeographed Methodology, Institute of American Poultry Industries Egg Products Laboratory. Lally, M., 1963. Personal Communication.
NONSUTURE SKIN GRAFTING IN CHICKENS M. GROSSMAN AND P. B. SIEGEL Virginia Polytechnic Institute,
Blacksburg
(Received for publication June 14, 1965)
Certain experiments require that a large number of skin grafts be made in a brief period of time. This necessitates techniques which provide for rapid attachment of the graft on the host. Attempts to secure grafts by nonsuture techniques have been reported
by several investigators (e.g., Polley et al., 1960; and Ashley et al., 1963). This report provides a comparison between two methods of adhering full-thickness skin grafts. Results are presented where skin grafts were adhered by Johnson
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan on June 23, 2015
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The combined scores of albumen, yolk and whole egg are presented by treatment and replication in Table 1. It is readily apparent that the treatments utilized in this study are effective in reducing adherence of the liquid egg to aluminum drying dishes. Table 1 does not show this, but albumen was found to adhere most seriously to nontreated pans yet actually adhered less than yolk or whole egg to the greased and Teflon-coated pans. Although the aerosol Teflon is comparable to the Silicone grease, it too must be reapplied prior to each usage for maximum effectiveness. The treatments differed significantly in their effect on adherence. A lag test analy-
sis of replicates three and four indicated little effect of the previous egg product in the pan. Solids content of albumen, yolk and whole egg samples dried in greased and Teflon-treated pans did not differ significantly from those dried in control pans. A treatment not used in this study but found to be efficient is an inner layer of lightweight aluminum foil which is discarded after each usage. This method may be as time-consuming as application of grease or Teflon. However, all of these methods are far superior to using a non-treated pan; granted, these are modifications of A.O.A.C. and I.A.P.I. standard methods, but since solids are not affected it is felt that their use is justified and should be recommended.
RESEARCH NOTES
* Supplied through the courtesy of Mr. R. J. Semple, Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, New Jersey. Lots No. 8194-35 (Experiment 1) and X-8396-50 (Experiment 2)
in Experiment 2, the graft at the coccygeal region was omitted and treatments were assigned at random to the four remaining positions. Experiment 2. Two homografts and two autografts were performed on the backs of 44 White Plymouth Rock chicks, 9 days of age at grafting for a total of 176 grafts. The monomer and the adhesive patches adhered one homograft and one autograft on to each host. The treatments were assigned at random only to positions on both sides of the midline. Other experimental procedures were the same as in Experiment 1. Adhesive patches were significantly superior by chi-square analysis to the monomer as a method of securing full-thickness autografts although no difference was found between the two methods with the homografts. Among autografts the mean percentage survival was 93 for the adhesive patches and 54 for the monomer. Mean percentage survival for homografts was 20 with the adhesive patches and 9 with the monomer. Position was not a significant factor in the survival of the grafts in this experiment. It should be pointed out that the percentage of autografts fixed with adhesive patches was greater on the 23 rd day in Experiment 2 (93%) than in Experiment 1 (70%): This could partially be attributed to a combination of biological reasons, and/or to an improvement in experimental technique. Adhesive patches as a method of securing full-thickness skin grafts offer certain advantages that the monomer does not. These are: (a) it protects the graft from being pecked at or rubbed off on the cage; (b) it appears to inhibit dessication of the graft and (c) it appears to be less toxic and less traumatic. Both forms of adhering skin grafts have good cosmetic qualities and tend to reduce the danger from infection compared to nonadhesive methods. In-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan on June 23, 2015
and Johnson Band-Aid Spots (adhesive patches) ,and Eastman 910 Monomer (methyl-2-cyanoacrylate) .* Experiment 1. Four homografts and one autograft were placed on the backs of 30 White Plymouth Rock chicks, 29 days of age at the time of grafting for a total of ISO grafts. Treatments were assigned to fixed positions, two on each side of the midline and one in the coccygeal region. Full-thickness skin grafts (about 9 X 9 mm.) were removed from the back of the donor, rotated 180° and positioned on the host. Feathers and down were not removed from the site where the grafts were obtained. In the interim (a maximum of 2 minutes) between removing the grafts and securing them on the host, grafts were placed on filter paper in 0.85% physiological saline to minimize dehydration. The adhesive patch was placed directly over the grafted area whereas the monomer was applied where the graft apposed the edges of the host skin. In some cases the graft was smaller than the site on the host. This sometimes allowed small amounts of the adhesive to flow onto the graft bed. There was no problem of one bird pecking the graft of another bird, since all birds were maintained in individual cages. Survival of grafts where adhesive patches were used was significantly higher by chi-square analysis at 23 days postgrafting than where the monomer was employed. The mean percentage survival among homografts was 40 for adhesive patches and 8 for the monomer. Position of the graft on the back area and treatment were confounded. A significant difference between positions within the monomer demonstrated that this bias was real. Thus,
1345
1346
RESEARCH NOTES
fection, however, may not be too important in chickens due to their high body temperature. In summary, comparative studies were conducted to test nonsuture techniques of adhering full-thickness homografts, and autografts. Results from two experiments using adhesive patches and methyl2-cyanoacrylate monomer on homografts and autografts reveal superiority of the adhesive patches over the monomer.
REFERENCES Ashley, F. L., R. S. Stone, R. Polak, O. D. Berman and M. Delabar, 1963. Further studies involving wound closure with a rapidly polymerizing adhesive. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 3 1 : 333-343. Polley, C. R., A. E. Grosse and J. V. Craig, 1960. A skin grafting technique for use in genetic studies with chickens. Transpl. Bull. 7: 425-428.
one of thirteen advisory committees, the group will review the Department's utilization research programs for agricultural commodities, recommend adjustments and terminations, and advise on the funds necessary for adequate study. CYANAMID NOTES Dr. C. A. Bottorff, Agricultural Division, American Cyanamid Company, was presented with a sterling silver bowl at the recent Conference of Poultry Pathologists, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to poultry pathologists and the poultry industry. He was instrumental in setting up the first Poultry Pathologist Conference in 1953 and has been involved in arranging the programs ever since. Originally on the staff of the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of New Hampshire, Dr. Bottorff joined American Cyanamid in 1940, and is now Senior Poultry Consultant. N.B.C. NOTES At the 10th conference of the National Broiler Council held in Washington, D.C., December 1-2, the following officers were elected: President— W. Paris, Cotton Producers Association, Atlanta, Ga.; Executive Vice-President—R. F. Frazier, Richmond, Va.; Vice-President—O. Esham, Parsonsburg, Md.; and Secretary-Treasurer—J. Finlayson, The Pillsbury Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Elected to the Executive Committee were: W. Adcox, Decatur, Ala.; G. Biddle, Center, Tex.; E. Cameron, North Little Rock, Ark.; R. Eaton, St. Louis, Mo.; E. S. Kendrick, Wilkesboro, N.C.;
H. F. McCarty, Magee, Miss.; R. McLeod, New York, N.Y.; J. Rogers, Morton, Miss.; H. Saglio, Glastonbury, Conn.; and C. Thurmond, Gainesville, Ga. 4-H POULTRY WINNERS At a special luncheon held during the National 4-H Club Congress in Chicago, November 28 to December 3, Heisdorf and Nelson Farms, Inc. presented each of the six national winners in the 4-H poultry program with a five hundred dollar scholarship. These winners were: Kathy Blumenshine, Arapahoe, Wyo.; Jerry Grace, Jasper, Ala.; Robert Henricks, Butler, Pa.; Dan Humphrey, Johnstown, Ohio; Eddie McDonald, Beaumont, Miss.; and Linda Smyes, Oklahoma City, Okla. Each, along with 38 other state winners, also received an expense-paid trip to the Congress. The National 4-H Poultry Program is conducted by the Cooperative Extension Service and arranged by the National 4-H Service Committee. RALSTON PURINA FELLOWSHIPS The Ralston Purina Research Fellowship Awards for 1965-66 have been made to seven candidates, two in Poultry Science, two in Dairy Science and three in Animal Science. The Awards in Poultry Science were made to Donald W. Bird and George Brant, with Doelas R. Landes as alternate. D. W. Bird was born May 17, 1940. His home address is Nolan, Texas, and he was the recipient of a Ralston Purina Research Fellowship in 1963-
(Continued on page 1429)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan on June 23, 2015
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1339)
RESEARCH NOTES
TABLE 1.—Adherence scores for control and treated dyring pans (albumen, yolk and whole egg combined) Control Grease Tefloni Trial Trial Trial Trial
1 2 3 4
10.00 9.56 8.17 8.06
.88 .64 .30 .39
1.65 .67 .50 .75
Teflon 2.38 3.00 4.33 7.14
Pan treatment l.s.d.= 1.87.
bumen or whole egg had an effect on subsequent adherence of other products.
REFERENCES Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1960. Official Methods of Analysis. Assoc, of Official Agricultural Chemists, 9th ed., p. 220. Institute of American Poultry Industries, 19S6. Chemical and Bacteriological Methods for the Examination of Egg and Egg Products. Mimeographed Methodology, Institute of American Poultry Industries Egg Products Laboratory. Lally, M., 1963. Personal Communication.
NONSUTURE SKIN GRAFTING IN CHICKENS M. GROSSMAN AND P. B. SIEGEL Virginia Polytechnic Institute,
Blacksburg
(Received for publication June 14, 1965)
Certain experiments require that a large number of skin grafts be made in a brief period of time. This necessitates techniques which provide for rapid attachment of the graft on the host. Attempts to secure grafts by nonsuture techniques have been reported
by several investigators (e.g., Polley et al., 1960; and Ashley et al., 1963). This report provides a comparison between two methods of adhering full-thickness skin grafts. Results are presented where skin grafts were adhered by Johnson
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan on June 23, 2015
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The combined scores of albumen, yolk and whole egg are presented by treatment and replication in Table 1. It is readily apparent that the treatments utilized in this study are effective in reducing adherence of the liquid egg to aluminum drying dishes. Table 1 does not show this, but albumen was found to adhere most seriously to nontreated pans yet actually adhered less than yolk or whole egg to the greased and Teflon-coated pans. Although the aerosol Teflon is comparable to the Silicone grease, it too must be reapplied prior to each usage for maximum effectiveness. The treatments differed significantly in their effect on adherence. A lag test analy-
sis of replicates three and four indicated little effect of the previous egg product in the pan. Solids content of albumen, yolk and whole egg samples dried in greased and Teflon-treated pans did not differ significantly from those dried in control pans. A treatment not used in this study but found to be efficient is an inner layer of lightweight aluminum foil which is discarded after each usage. This method may be as time-consuming as application of grease or Teflon. However, all of these methods are far superior to using a non-treated pan; granted, these are modifications of A.O.A.C. and I.A.P.I. standard methods, but since solids are not affected it is felt that their use is justified and should be recommended.
RESEARCH NOTES
* Supplied through the courtesy of Mr. R. J. Semple, Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, New Jersey. Lots No. 8194-35 (Experiment 1) and X-8396-50 (Experiment 2)
in Experiment 2, the graft at the coccygeal region was omitted and treatments were assigned at random to the four remaining positions. Experiment 2. Two homografts and two autografts were performed on the backs of 44 White Plymouth Rock chicks, 9 days of age at grafting for a total of 176 grafts. The monomer and the adhesive patches adhered one homograft and one autograft on to each host. The treatments were assigned at random only to positions on both sides of the midline. Other experimental procedures were the same as in Experiment 1. Adhesive patches were significantly superior by chi-square analysis to the monomer as a method of securing full-thickness autografts although no difference was found between the two methods with the homografts. Among autografts the mean percentage survival was 93 for the adhesive patches and 54 for the monomer. Mean percentage survival for homografts was 20 with the adhesive patches and 9 with the monomer. Position was not a significant factor in the survival of the grafts in this experiment. It should be pointed out that the percentage of autografts fixed with adhesive patches was greater on the 23 rd day in Experiment 2 (93%) than in Experiment 1 (70%): This could partially be attributed to a combination of biological reasons, and/or to an improvement in experimental technique. Adhesive patches as a method of securing full-thickness skin grafts offer certain advantages that the monomer does not. These are: (a) it protects the graft from being pecked at or rubbed off on the cage; (b) it appears to inhibit dessication of the graft and (c) it appears to be less toxic and less traumatic. Both forms of adhering skin grafts have good cosmetic qualities and tend to reduce the danger from infection compared to nonadhesive methods. In-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan on June 23, 2015
and Johnson Band-Aid Spots (adhesive patches) ,and Eastman 910 Monomer (methyl-2-cyanoacrylate) .* Experiment 1. Four homografts and one autograft were placed on the backs of 30 White Plymouth Rock chicks, 29 days of age at the time of grafting for a total of ISO grafts. Treatments were assigned to fixed positions, two on each side of the midline and one in the coccygeal region. Full-thickness skin grafts (about 9 X 9 mm.) were removed from the back of the donor, rotated 180° and positioned on the host. Feathers and down were not removed from the site where the grafts were obtained. In the interim (a maximum of 2 minutes) between removing the grafts and securing them on the host, grafts were placed on filter paper in 0.85% physiological saline to minimize dehydration. The adhesive patch was placed directly over the grafted area whereas the monomer was applied where the graft apposed the edges of the host skin. In some cases the graft was smaller than the site on the host. This sometimes allowed small amounts of the adhesive to flow onto the graft bed. There was no problem of one bird pecking the graft of another bird, since all birds were maintained in individual cages. Survival of grafts where adhesive patches were used was significantly higher by chi-square analysis at 23 days postgrafting than where the monomer was employed. The mean percentage survival among homografts was 40 for adhesive patches and 8 for the monomer. Position of the graft on the back area and treatment were confounded. A significant difference between positions within the monomer demonstrated that this bias was real. Thus,
1345
1346
RESEARCH NOTES
fection, however, may not be too important in chickens due to their high body temperature. In summary, comparative studies were conducted to test nonsuture techniques of adhering full-thickness homografts, and autografts. Results from two experiments using adhesive patches and methyl2-cyanoacrylate monomer on homografts and autografts reveal superiority of the adhesive patches over the monomer.
REFERENCES Ashley, F. L., R. S. Stone, R. Polak, O. D. Berman and M. Delabar, 1963. Further studies involving wound closure with a rapidly polymerizing adhesive. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 3 1 : 333-343. Polley, C. R., A. E. Grosse and J. V. Craig, 1960. A skin grafting technique for use in genetic studies with chickens. Transpl. Bull. 7: 425-428.
one of thirteen advisory committees, the group will review the Department's utilization research programs for agricultural commodities, recommend adjustments and terminations, and advise on the funds necessary for adequate study. CYANAMID NOTES Dr. C. A. Bottorff, Agricultural Division, American Cyanamid Company, was presented with a sterling silver bowl at the recent Conference of Poultry Pathologists, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to poultry pathologists and the poultry industry. He was instrumental in setting up the first Poultry Pathologist Conference in 1953 and has been involved in arranging the programs ever since. Originally on the staff of the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of New Hampshire, Dr. Bottorff joined American Cyanamid in 1940, and is now Senior Poultry Consultant. N.B.C. NOTES At the 10th conference of the National Broiler Council held in Washington, D.C., December 1-2, the following officers were elected: President— W. Paris, Cotton Producers Association, Atlanta, Ga.; Executive Vice-President—R. F. Frazier, Richmond, Va.; Vice-President—O. Esham, Parsonsburg, Md.; and Secretary-Treasurer—J. Finlayson, The Pillsbury Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Elected to the Executive Committee were: W. Adcox, Decatur, Ala.; G. Biddle, Center, Tex.; E. Cameron, North Little Rock, Ark.; R. Eaton, St. Louis, Mo.; E. S. Kendrick, Wilkesboro, N.C.;
H. F. McCarty, Magee, Miss.; R. McLeod, New York, N.Y.; J. Rogers, Morton, Miss.; H. Saglio, Glastonbury, Conn.; and C. Thurmond, Gainesville, Ga. 4-H POULTRY WINNERS At a special luncheon held during the National 4-H Club Congress in Chicago, November 28 to December 3, Heisdorf and Nelson Farms, Inc. presented each of the six national winners in the 4-H poultry program with a five hundred dollar scholarship. These winners were: Kathy Blumenshine, Arapahoe, Wyo.; Jerry Grace, Jasper, Ala.; Robert Henricks, Butler, Pa.; Dan Humphrey, Johnstown, Ohio; Eddie McDonald, Beaumont, Miss.; and Linda Smyes, Oklahoma City, Okla. Each, along with 38 other state winners, also received an expense-paid trip to the Congress. The National 4-H Poultry Program is conducted by the Cooperative Extension Service and arranged by the National 4-H Service Committee. RALSTON PURINA FELLOWSHIPS The Ralston Purina Research Fellowship Awards for 1965-66 have been made to seven candidates, two in Poultry Science, two in Dairy Science and three in Animal Science. The Awards in Poultry Science were made to Donald W. Bird and George Brant, with Doelas R. Landes as alternate. D. W. Bird was born May 17, 1940. His home address is Nolan, Texas, and he was the recipient of a Ralston Purina Research Fellowship in 1963-
(Continued on page 1429)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan on June 23, 2015
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1339)