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Normal renal function
278 ment of drug-induced lung injury. In the particular instance of the cytotoxic drugs, this could have a major impact on cancer chemotherapy, since some of the most effective antitumor agents are also the most pneumotoxic. In contrast to other classes of drugs, the alternative drug choices or treatment modalities for cancer are extremely limited or non-existent at present.
TIPS -June 1983
3 Mason,R. P. andHoltzman,J. L. (1975)Btochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 1267-1274 4 Collis, C. H. (1980) Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 4, 17-27 5 Wfllson,J. K. V. (1978)Cancer Treat. Rep. 62, 2003--2008 6 Tom,W M. andMontgomery,M. R. (1979)Drug Metab. Disposaion 7, 90-93 7 Weiss,R. B., Poster, D S. and Penta, J. S. (1981) Cancer Treat. Rev. 8, 111-125 8 Sostman,H. D., Matthay,R. A. and Putman,C. E. (1977)Am. J. Med. 62, 60~615 9 Weiss, R. B. and Trush, D M (1982)Oncology. Nursing Forum 9, 16-21
Reading list 1 Boyd,M. R. (1980)CRCCrtticalRev. Toxicol. 7, 103-176 2 Holmberg, L., Bowman, G., Bottiger, L. E., Enksson, B., Spross, R. and Wessling, A. (1980) Dr Adaline C. Smith (Ph.D., Vanderbdt UniverAm. J. Med. 69, 733-738 stty) ts a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Laboratory of
Experimental Therapeuttcs and Metabohsm (LETM), Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, Nattonal Cancer Institute. Dr Smith's major research mterests are drug metabolism and toxtctty, and the mechantsms of adverse reactions to anttcancer drugs Dr Mtchael R. Boyd (M.D., Ph.D., Vanderbilt Univers,ty) formerly Head of the Molecular Toxicology Section in the Chnical Pharmacology Branch of the National Cancer Institute, is now Chief of the LETM. Dr Boyd and his colleagues over the past 10 years have extenstvely studied the relationships between metabolic activation and the toxtctty of xenobioties. A particular emphasis of the laboratory has been on extra-hepattc target tissues, includmg the lung and kidney.
Books Kidney compendium Normal Renal Function by W. J. O ' C o n n o r , C r o o m H e l m , 1982. £ 1 5 . 9 5 (viii + 4 3 3 pages) I S B N 0 7 0 9 9 19174
The author's definition of 'normal renal function' is a surprisingly narrow one. 'The experiments reviewed in detail are those on conscious animals, usually dogs, man and ruminants where test doses have been made so as to keep the composition of plasma and urine close to the stages of normal life'. The important contributions to our understanding of the physiology of the kidney made by micro-puncture studies, perfusion of renal tubules and measurements of solute transport by brush-border membrane preparations are discussed, but their importance minimized and given less consideration than excretion studies. As a result, this book does not provide a true picture of our current understanding of renal physiology. Since the science of renal physiology is not only an end in itself, but also a means to an end, that is, a basis for understanding the abnormalities of renal function in disease states, this book cannot be as useful to the pharmacologist, or the physician evaluating the effect of functional abnormalities or of drugs on kidney function, as a more comprehensive treatment of normal kidney function. There are important omissions. The urinary excretion of the divalent cations of physiological importance, calcium and magnesium, is not included, nor is there mention of the renal handling of amino acids, uric acid or other organic acids. The author's concept of normal renal function, namely, 'the function of the kidneys is to excrete', also precludes adequate
discussion of the endocrine function of the kidney. The renal secretion of renin and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is given attention, but the physiological significance of renal formation of prostaglandins is minimized and there is no mention of the role of renal tubule function in calcium homeostasis through formation of the active vitamin D hormone, 1,25 diOH vitamin D. In addition to the omissions mentioned there are certain misinterpretations of the literature, the most glaring of which is the treatment of the role of parathyroid hormone in controlling renal tubule reabsorption of phosphate. The author neglects all of the important investigations of parathyroid hormone stimulation of cyclic AMP forma-
Mind benders Psychotropic Agents Part III: Alcohol and Psychotomimetics, Psychotropic Effects of Central Acting Drugs edited by F. Hoffineister a n d G. Stille, Springer- Verlag, 1982. Cloth D M 208, U S $ 9 6 . 9 0 (xxvi + 5 0 8 pages) I S B N 3540 10301 5
The first two volumes of this series were dedicated to psychopharmacological agents of clinical use, such as antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, stimulants, and gerontopharmacological agents. This last volume deals with psychotropics of no clinical use and with psychotropic effects of drugs used clinically for other purposes than their effects on behavior. A first series of articles deals with psychotomimetics, defined strictly as psychosis-imitating agents. By their nature they have been tested more in healthy than in clinical subjects and, in addition, their central property of inducing psychosis can-
tion and inhibition of tubular transport of phosphate to make the extraordinary statement, 'parathormone is not a hormone specifically affecting PO4 excretion'. There is much interesting information on water balance and on the effects of dietary manipulation on the excretion of solutes in urine, including comparison of the diets of ruminants and of man. This book can be used as a good compendium of the older literature on renal clearance studies but cannot be recommended as a balanced guide to currentconcepts of renal physiology. HAROLDE. HARRISON The author is Professor of Pediatrics at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medtcine, Baltimore MD, USA.
not be directly measured in animals. Some of these drugs can be classified (Shulgin) into serotonin-like compounds, such as the indoles,/3-carbolines, and ergot alkaloids; dopamine-like compounds, such as the phenethylamines and phenylisopropylamines; and acetylcholine-like drugs, such as atropine-related substances. For the remaining psychotropics, however, such as ibotenic acid, phencyclidine, ibogaine, and the tetrahydrocannibols, the agonist and antagonist properties, in relation to known transmitter systems, represent a more suggestive basis of classification than the chemical structure. The general pharmacology and toxicology of these substances have been widely studied (Hollister), however, the hope of finding an explanation for the mechanism involved in naturally occurring mental disorders remains far from being realized. Similarly, behavioral pharmacology (Appel, Poling and Kuhn) must realize that, beside some characteristic disorders of motor behavior and rather highly specific
TIPS -June 1983
3 Mason,R. P. andHoltzman,J. L. (1975)Btochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 1267-1274 4 Collis, C. H. (1980) Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 4, 17-27 5 Wfllson,J. K. V. (1978)Cancer Treat. Rep. 62, 2003--2008 6 Tom,W M. andMontgomery,M. R. (1979)Drug Metab. Disposaion 7, 90-93 7 Weiss,R. B., Poster, D S. and Penta, J. S. (1981) Cancer Treat. Rev. 8, 111-125 8 Sostman,H. D., Matthay,R. A. and Putman,C. E. (1977)Am. J. Med. 62, 60~615 9 Weiss, R. B. and Trush, D M (1982)Oncology. Nursing Forum 9, 16-21
Reading list 1 Boyd,M. R. (1980)CRCCrtticalRev. Toxicol. 7, 103-176 2 Holmberg, L., Bowman, G., Bottiger, L. E., Enksson, B., Spross, R. and Wessling, A. (1980) Dr Adaline C. Smith (Ph.D., Vanderbdt UniverAm. J. Med. 69, 733-738 stty) ts a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Laboratory of
Experimental Therapeuttcs and Metabohsm (LETM), Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, Nattonal Cancer Institute. Dr Smith's major research mterests are drug metabolism and toxtctty, and the mechantsms of adverse reactions to anttcancer drugs Dr Mtchael R. Boyd (M.D., Ph.D., Vanderbilt Univers,ty) formerly Head of the Molecular Toxicology Section in the Chnical Pharmacology Branch of the National Cancer Institute, is now Chief of the LETM. Dr Boyd and his colleagues over the past 10 years have extenstvely studied the relationships between metabolic activation and the toxtctty of xenobioties. A particular emphasis of the laboratory has been on extra-hepattc target tissues, includmg the lung and kidney.
Books Kidney compendium Normal Renal Function by W. J. O ' C o n n o r , C r o o m H e l m , 1982. £ 1 5 . 9 5 (viii + 4 3 3 pages) I S B N 0 7 0 9 9 19174
The author's definition of 'normal renal function' is a surprisingly narrow one. 'The experiments reviewed in detail are those on conscious animals, usually dogs, man and ruminants where test doses have been made so as to keep the composition of plasma and urine close to the stages of normal life'. The important contributions to our understanding of the physiology of the kidney made by micro-puncture studies, perfusion of renal tubules and measurements of solute transport by brush-border membrane preparations are discussed, but their importance minimized and given less consideration than excretion studies. As a result, this book does not provide a true picture of our current understanding of renal physiology. Since the science of renal physiology is not only an end in itself, but also a means to an end, that is, a basis for understanding the abnormalities of renal function in disease states, this book cannot be as useful to the pharmacologist, or the physician evaluating the effect of functional abnormalities or of drugs on kidney function, as a more comprehensive treatment of normal kidney function. There are important omissions. The urinary excretion of the divalent cations of physiological importance, calcium and magnesium, is not included, nor is there mention of the renal handling of amino acids, uric acid or other organic acids. The author's concept of normal renal function, namely, 'the function of the kidneys is to excrete', also precludes adequate
discussion of the endocrine function of the kidney. The renal secretion of renin and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is given attention, but the physiological significance of renal formation of prostaglandins is minimized and there is no mention of the role of renal tubule function in calcium homeostasis through formation of the active vitamin D hormone, 1,25 diOH vitamin D. In addition to the omissions mentioned there are certain misinterpretations of the literature, the most glaring of which is the treatment of the role of parathyroid hormone in controlling renal tubule reabsorption of phosphate. The author neglects all of the important investigations of parathyroid hormone stimulation of cyclic AMP forma-
Mind benders Psychotropic Agents Part III: Alcohol and Psychotomimetics, Psychotropic Effects of Central Acting Drugs edited by F. Hoffineister a n d G. Stille, Springer- Verlag, 1982. Cloth D M 208, U S $ 9 6 . 9 0 (xxvi + 5 0 8 pages) I S B N 3540 10301 5
The first two volumes of this series were dedicated to psychopharmacological agents of clinical use, such as antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, stimulants, and gerontopharmacological agents. This last volume deals with psychotropics of no clinical use and with psychotropic effects of drugs used clinically for other purposes than their effects on behavior. A first series of articles deals with psychotomimetics, defined strictly as psychosis-imitating agents. By their nature they have been tested more in healthy than in clinical subjects and, in addition, their central property of inducing psychosis can-
tion and inhibition of tubular transport of phosphate to make the extraordinary statement, 'parathormone is not a hormone specifically affecting PO4 excretion'. There is much interesting information on water balance and on the effects of dietary manipulation on the excretion of solutes in urine, including comparison of the diets of ruminants and of man. This book can be used as a good compendium of the older literature on renal clearance studies but cannot be recommended as a balanced guide to currentconcepts of renal physiology. HAROLDE. HARRISON The author is Professor of Pediatrics at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medtcine, Baltimore MD, USA.
not be directly measured in animals. Some of these drugs can be classified (Shulgin) into serotonin-like compounds, such as the indoles,/3-carbolines, and ergot alkaloids; dopamine-like compounds, such as the phenethylamines and phenylisopropylamines; and acetylcholine-like drugs, such as atropine-related substances. For the remaining psychotropics, however, such as ibotenic acid, phencyclidine, ibogaine, and the tetrahydrocannibols, the agonist and antagonist properties, in relation to known transmitter systems, represent a more suggestive basis of classification than the chemical structure. The general pharmacology and toxicology of these substances have been widely studied (Hollister), however, the hope of finding an explanation for the mechanism involved in naturally occurring mental disorders remains far from being realized. Similarly, behavioral pharmacology (Appel, Poling and Kuhn) must realize that, beside some characteristic disorders of motor behavior and rather highly specific