- Email: [email protected]
Normative Values
C H A P T E R
56 Normative Values Jolaine M. Wilson1, Diane J. Gaertner2, James O. Marx2, and F. Claire Hankenson2 1
Laboratory Animal Services, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
2
O U T L I N E
1234 1234 1235 1235 1236
Other rodents Degu (Octodon degus) Naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) Dormice (Graphiurus spp.) Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spp.) Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) Sand rat (Psammomys obesus)
1238 1238 1239 1239 1240 1241 1241 1242
Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)
1236
References
1243
Chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger)
1237
Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
1232
Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
1233
Hamsters Syrian (Mesocricetus auratus) Chinese (Cricetulus griseus) European (Cricetus cricetus) Djungarian (Phodopus spp.)
The purpose of this chapter is to provide supplemental normative values and references for a number of the species which are covered in detail earlier in this book. Basic hematology and many other values are provided in the individual chapters for these species. In providing the tables below, we have used discretion to select values which are most likely to be useful for the laboratory animal veterinarian or research scientist. However, for many species, some values may not be widely applicable to contemporary housing and husbandry conditions. When possible, peer-reviewed publications were used as the source of the values unless such references were not found. When values for some animals were unavailable in the published literature direct communications from individuals utilizing those species or various websites
The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-380920-9.00056-0
were used as the source of information. In those cases, reference values may be presented here which have limited documentation or are anecdotal in source, such as those values found in an unreferenced website. The normative values presented here, like all published values, may have been influenced by the laboratory test, animal source, animal genotype, age, gender, blood sampling method, use of anesthesia, or feed or housing conditions of the animals tested. Some normative values may have been derived from feral or newly confined animals. For this reason, it is always recommended that control tests be run concurrently with tests for animals which are suspected to be ill, prior to making final diagnostic conclusions or selecting treatment regimens.
1231
© 2012 Elsevier Inc.
1232
56. Normative Values
RABBITS (ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS) Value
Reference
Male
4.5 kg
Suckow et al., 2002
Female
4.5 kg
Suckow et al., 2002
5–6 years
Carpenter et al., 2001
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual Maximum Reported 2
15 years
Harkness and Wagner, 1995 2/3
Surface area (cm )
9.5 BW (in g)
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Chromosome number
44
Water consumption
120 ml/kg/day
Food consumption
33–60 g pelleted diet/kg BW
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Body temperature
38.5–39.5°C
Suckow et al., 2002
Dental formula
2(I 2/1, C 0/0, PM 3/2, M 2–3/3) 26–28
Suckow et al., 2002
Vitamin C requirement
High levels can lead to renal disease
Suckow et al., 2002
Digits
5 front, 4 rear
Richardson, 2000
GI transit time
4–5 hours
Suckow et al., 2002
Male
6–7 months
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Female
4–9 months
Hrapkiewicz and Medina, 2007
Breeding season
Spring (longer days, warmer temperatures)
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Gestation
31–32 days
Brewer, 2006
Litter size
7–9 per litter
Suckow et al., 2002
Birth weight
65 g
Brewer, 2006
Eyes open
10 days
Brewer, 2006
Weaning
8 weeks
Brewer, 2006
Number of mammary glands
8 or 10
Heart rate
200–300 beats/min
Suckow et al., 2002
Systolic
90–130 mmHg
Suckow et al., 2002
Diastolic
80–90 mmHg
Suckow et al., 2002
Respiration frequency
32–60/min
Suckow et al., 2002
Tidal volume
4–6 ml/kg body weight
Suckow et al., 2002
Minute volume
0.6 liter/min
Suckow et al., 2002
Stroke volume
0.49 0.16 ml
Suckow et al., 2002
PUBERTY
BLOOD PRESSURE
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1233
Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
GUINEA PIGS (CAVIA PORCELLUS) Value
Reference
Male
900–1000 g
Harkness et al., 2002
Female
700–900 g
Harkness et al., 2002
4–5 years
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual Maximum reported 2
Surface area (cm )
6–7 years
Harkness et al., 2002 2/3
200–680 g—9.2 (BW in g)
Liu, 1988
2/3
700–830 g—10.1 (BW in g) Chromosome number
64
Makino, 1948
Water consumption
10 ml/100 g BW/day
Harkness et al., 2002
Food consumption
6 g/100 g BW/day
Harkness et al., 2002
Body temperature
37.2–39.8°C
Harkness et al., 2002
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 1/1 M 3/3) 20
Vitamin C requirement
10 mg/kg/day, pregnant 30 mg/kg/day
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Digits
4 front, 3 rear
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
GI transit time
13–30 hours
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Male
3–4 months
Harkness et al., 2002
Female
2–3 months
Harkness et al., 2002
Breeding season
Non-seasonally polyestrus
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Gestation
68.8 days
Goy et al., 1957
Litter size
2–5
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Birth weight
45–115 g (pups less than 60 g rarely survive)
Harkness et al., 2002
Weaning
21 days
Harkness et al., 2002
Heart rate
230–380 beats/minute
Harkness et al., 2002
Systolic
80–94 mmHg
Harkness et al., 2002
Diastolic
55–58 mmHg
Harkness et al., 2002
Respiration frequency
42–104/min
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Tidal volume
2.3–5.3 ml
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
pH
7.17–7.53
Harkness et al., 2002
CO2
18–26 mM/L
Harkness et al., 2002
CO2 pressure
21–59 mmHg
Harkness et al., 2002
PUBERTY
Eyes open
BLOOD PRESSURE
Cardiac output
Plasma
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1234
56. Normative Values
HAMSTERS There are over 20 hamster species worldwide; however the majority used in research are Syrian and
Chinese. Focus in this section will be on these two species, as well as the European and Djungarian, for which some aspects of normative biology have been investigated.
Syrian (Mesocricetus auratus) Value
Reference
Male
110–140 g
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002
Female
110–140 g; females larger than males
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual
1.5–2 years
Maximum reported
3 years; female may be markedly shorter
Chromosome number
44
Water consumption
30 ml/day
Food consumption
10–15 g/day
Body temperature
36.2–37.5°C
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 0/0 M 3/3) 16; erupted at birth
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002; Bernfield et al., 1986
PUBERTY Male
6–8 weeks (85–110 g)
Female
8–12 weeks (95–120 g)
Gestation
15–18 days
Litter size
4–12
Birth weight
2–3 g
Eyes open
15 days
Weaning
21 days (35–40 g)
Bernfield et al., 1986
Heart rate
280–412 beats/min
Bernfield et al., 1986
Systolic
150 mmHg
Johnson-Delaney, 1996
Diastolic
100 mmHg
Johnson-Delaney, 1996
Repiration frequency
33–127/min (average 74/min)
Bernfield et al., 1986
Tidal volume
0.6–1.4 ml
Field, 1999
7.45–7.51
Field, 1999
Field, 1999
BLOOD PRESSURE
Plasma pH
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1235
Hamsters
Chinese (Cricetulus griseus) Value
Reference
Male
39.3–45.7 g
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002
Female
39.3–45.7 g
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFESPAN Usual
2.5–3.0 years
Chromosome number
22
Water consumption
11.4 ml/100 g BW/day (M); 12.9 ml/100 g BW/day (F)
Thompson, 1971
Male/female
8–12 weeks
Yerganian, 1958
Gestation
20.5 days
Yerganian, 1958
Litter size
4.5–5.2
Festing, 1972
Birth weight
1.5–2.5 g
Weaning
21–25 days
PUBERTY
Yerganian, 1958
European (Cricetus cricetus) Value
Reference
Male
300–400 g
Anonymous, 2010a
Female
300–400 g
Anonymous, 2010a
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual
2.6 years (M); 2.8 years (F)
Chromosome number
22
Water consumption
5 ml/100 g BW
Food consumption
2.9 g/BW (summer); 1.8 g/100 g BW (winter)
PUBERTY Male
60 days
Mohr et al., 1973
Female
80–90 days
Mohr et al., 1973
Breeding season
Summer
Gestation
18–21 days
Litter size
6–9
Weaning
25 days (75 g)
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
Reznick-Schuller et al., 1974
1236
56. Normative Values
Djungarian (Phodopus spp.) Value
Reference
Male
18–25 g
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002
Female
18–25 g
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual
0.75–1.25 years
Maximum reported
2 years
Chromosome number
28
Breeding season
Photoperiod critical
Gestation
18 days
Litter size
1–9
Weaning
21 days
Lawrie and Megahy, 1991
Pogosianz, 1975
GERBILS (MERIONES UNGUICULATUS) Value
Reference
Male
65–100 g
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Female
55–85 g
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual
3–4 years 2
Harkness and Wagner, 1995 2/3
Surface area (cm )
10.5 (BW in g)
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Chromosome number
44
Water consumption
4–7 ml/100 g/day
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Food consumption
5–8 g/100 g/day
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Body temperature
37.0–38.5°C
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 P 0/0 M 3/3) 16
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Digits
5 front, 4 rear
GI transit time
5.8 hours
Kobayashi et al., 2009
Male
10–12 weeks
Hafez, 1970
Female
9–12 weeks
Hafez, 1970
Breeding season
Non-seasonal polyestrus
Hafez, 1970
Gestation
24–26 days
Hafez, 1970
Litter size
4.5 (1–12)
Marston and Chang, 1965
Birth weight
2.5–3.5 g
Hafez, 1970
Eyes open
16–20 days
Hafez, 1970
PUBERTY
(Continued) VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1237
Chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger)
GERBILS (MERIONES UNGUICULATUS) (Continued) Value
Reference
Weaning
21 days
Hafez, 1970
Heart rate
Average 360 beats/min (range 260–600)
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Mean
78–100 mmHg
Laas, 1984
Respiration frequency
Average 90/min (range 70–120)
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
pH
7.249–7.405
Laas, 1984
CO2 pressure
30–44 mmHg
Laas, 1984
BLOOD PRESSURE
Plasma
CHINCHILLAS (CHINCHILLA LANIGER) Value
Reference
Male
400–500 g
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Female
400–600 g
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Usual
10 years
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Maximum reported
20 years
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Chromosome number
64
Hrapkiewicz and Medina, 2007
Food consumption
21 g/day
Hrapkiewicz and Medina, 2007
Body temperature
37–38°C
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 1/ 1 M 3/3) 20
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Digits
4 front, 3 rear
Kraft, 1987
Male
8 months
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Female
8 months
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Breeding season
Seasonally polyestrus (November–May)
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Gestation
105–118 days
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Litter size
1–6 (2 is usual)
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Birth weight
30–50 g
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Eyes open
At birth
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Weaning
6–8 weeks
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Heart rate
100–150 beats/min
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Respiration frequency
45–65/min
Hrapkiewicz and Medina, 2007
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN
PUBERTY
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1238
56. Normative Values
OTHER RODENTS Degu (Octodon degus) Value
Reference
ADULT WEIGHT Male
180–250 g 170–300 g
Female
180–250 g
Lester et al., 2005; Donnelly and Quimby, 2002; Cadillac et al., 2003; Najecki and Tate, 1999
170–300 g 250 g for breeders LIFE SPAN Usual
3–5 years
Lester et al., 2005; Edwards, 2009
7–10 years Maximum reported
9 years
Lee, 2004
Chromosome number
58
Woods and Boraker, 1975
Water consumption
10–40 ml/day
Edwards, 2009
Food consumption
57.8–94.2 g/kg BW/day
Edwards, 2009
Body temperature
36.0–37.9°C
Woods and Boraker, 1975
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 1/1 M 3/3) 20
Woods and Boraker, 1975
Digits
5 front, 5 rear
Woods and Boraker, 1975
GI transit time
5.1–5.2 hours
Edwards, 2009
Male
6 months
Altmann et al., 1994; Weir, 1970
Female
6 months
Altmann et al., 1994; Weir, 1970
Breeding season
Seasonal induced ovulators
Gestation
84–90 days
PUBERTY
Weir, 1970; Rojas et al., 1982
90 days Litter size
1–10, average 5–7
Mabry et al., 1988; Reynolds and Wright, 1979
Birth weight
14 g
Reynolds and Wright, 1979
Eyes open
At birth
Mabry et al., 1988
Weaning
14–28 days
Donnelly and Quimby, 2002; Edwards, 2009
4–6 weeks Heart rate
274 beats/min
Long, 2007
Respiration frequency
123/min
Long, 2007; Tomasco et al., 2010
196–264/min Tidal volume
0.14–0.22 ml/g
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
Tomasco et al., 2010
1239
Other rodents
Naked Mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) Value
Reference
Male
29–38.8 g
Jarvisand Sherman, 2002
Female
35–80 g
Jarvis and Bennett, 1991
Usual
22 years
O’Connor et al., (2002)
Maximum Reported
28
O’Connor et al., (2002)
Chromosome number
60
Deuve et al., 2008
Water consumption
Acquired from food
Urison and Buffenstein, 1994
Food consumption
5–8 g/40 g BW
Goldman et al., 1999
Body temperature
30.0–32.0°C
Johansen et al., 1976
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 0/0 M 3/3) 16
Hamilton, 1928
Digits
5 front, 5 rear
Mabry et al., 1988
Male
1 year
O’Connor et al., 2002
Female
1 year
O’Connor et al., 2002
Breeding season
Year round
Jarvis and Sherman, 2002
Gestation
76–84 days
Wood and Mendez, 2010; Maree and Faulkes, 2008
Litter size
1–24 pups, average of 10–19; 5.1–17.5
Wood and Mendez, 2010; Jarvis and Sherman, 2002
Birth weight
1–2 g
Jarvis, 1991
Weaning
5 weeks
Jarvis and Sherman, 2002
Number of mammary glands
9–15, 11–12
Sherman et al., 1999; Segelken, 1999
Heart rate
60–100 beats/min
Anonymous, 1998
Systolic
140–155 mmHg
Anonymous, 1998
Diastolic
100–145 mmHg
Anonymous, 1998
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN
PUBERTY
BLOOD PRESSURE
Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) Value
Reference
Male
20.15–20.85 g
Hayssen, 2001
Female
20.15–20.85 g
Hayssen, 2001
Usual
5.5 years (P. leukopus)
Burger and Gochfeld, 1992
Maximum reported
8 years
Linzey, 1998
Chromosome number
48
Arakaki et al., 1970
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN
(Continued) VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1240
56. Normative Values
Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) (Continued) Value
Reference
Water consumption
2.65 g
French, 1962
Food consumption
2.54 g
French, 1962
Body temperature
36.6°C
Nowak and Paradico, 1983
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 0/0 M 3/3) 16
Bunker, 2001
Digits
4 front, 5 rear
Cabrera, 2010
Male
7–8 weeks
Hygnstrom et al., 2010
Female
35–49 days
Nowak and Paradico, 1983; King, 1968
Breeding season
Year round indoors
Hygnstrom et al., 2010
PUBERTY
Spring through fall in cooler climates Gestation
22.4–25.5 days
Kirkland and Layne, 1989
Litter size
4–4.3
Botten et al., 2001; Forrester, 1975; Baker, 1983
1–11; average 4–6 Birth weight
2 g
Bunker, 2001
Eyes open
15 days
Bunker, 2001
Weaning
25–35 days
Bunker, 2001
Heart rate
650–900 beats/min
Rosenmann and Morrison, 1974
Males 114–162 mmHg
Turney and Lockwood, 1986
BLOOD PRESSURE Systolic
Females 103–123 mmHg
Dormice (Graphiurus spp.) Value
Reference
Male
18–20 g
West, 2010
Female
18–20 g
West, 2010
Usual
3 years
West, 2010
Maximum reported
4 years
West, 2010
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 0-1/0-1 M 3/3) 16-20
West, 2010
Female
6–8 weeks
West, 2010
Breeding Season
Year round in captivity
West, 2010
Gestation
Approximately 4 weeks
West, 2010
Litter size
4 Average
West, 2010
Weaning
4–6 weeks
West, 2010
Heart rate
180–200 beats/min
West, 2010
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN
PUBERTY
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1241
Other rodents
Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spp.) Value
Reference
Male
40–50 g
Lancaster, 2000
Female
40–50 g
Lancaster, 2000
Usual
2–5 years
Anonymous, 2010b
Maximum Reported
9.8 years
Lancaster, 2000
Water consumption
Liquid water not required on seed diet
Anonymous, 2010b; Soholt, 1975
Food consumption
2–5 g/day (temperature-dependent)
Soholt, 1975
Body temperature
37°C
Wunder, 1974
Dental formula
2( I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 1/1 M 3/3) 20
Vaughan et al., 1999
Digits
4 rear
West, 2010
60–84 days
West, 2010
Breeding season
January–August
West, 2010
Gestation
28–32 days
West, 2010; Eisenberg and Issac, 1963
Litter size
1–6; average of 3
West, 2010; Eisenberg and Issac, 1963
Birth weight
3–8 g
West, 2010
Eyes open
2 weeks
Allen, 2010
Weaning
21–29 days
West, 2010; Eisenberg and Issac, 1963
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN
PUBERTY
15–25 days Heart rate
417 beats/min
Soholt et al., 1973
Respiration frequency
90–125/min
Gardner, 2010
Tidal volume
150–170 ml
Gardner, 2010
Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) Value
Reference
70–200 g
Niewiesk and Prince
80–310 g
Faith et al., 1997
23 months
Jimenz, 1969
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual Maximum reported 2
3 years
Jimenz, 1969 2
Surface area (cm )
47.66 2.476 BW (g) 0.006 BW (g)
Ohwada and Katahira, 1993
Chromosome number
52
Prince, 1994
Water consumption
16.6–16.8 ml/day
Savabieasfahani et al., 1998
Food consumption
11.24–11.32 g/day
Savabieasfahani et al., 1998
(Continued) VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1242
56. Normative Values
Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) (Continued) Value
Reference
Body temperature
36.4–36.6°C
Kirksey et al., 1975
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 0/0 M 3/3) 16
Faith et al., 1997
Digits
5 front, 5 rear
Hygnstrom et al., 2010
40–60 days
Nowak, 1999
Male
8 weeks
Jackson, 1997
Female
30–50 days
Evans, 1981
Breeding season
Year round in captivity
Faith et al., 1997
Gestation
27 days
Donnelly and Quimby, 2002
Litter size
1–12
Donnelly and Quimby, 2002
PUBERTY
mean 5–7 Birth weight
6.5–8 g
Donnelly and Quimby, 2002
Eyes open
24 hours
Donnelly and Quimby, 2002
Weaning
5 weeks
Faith et al., 1987
Respiration frequency
256–300/min
Eichelberger et al., 2004
Tidal volume
0.8 ml/g BW
Trias et al., 2009
Sand rat (Psammomys obesus) Value
Reference
Male
190–260 g
Adler et al., 1985; Kalman et al., 1996
Female
157–200 g
Adler et al., 1985; Kalman et al., 1996
Usual
3 years
Biagi and Myers, 2004
Maximum reported
3.2 years
Weigl, 2005
Chromosome number
46
Mostafa et al., 2006
Water consumption
22–28 ml/day
Kalman et al., 1996
Food consumption
Various custom diets, including 12–16 g/day of pellets
Adler et al., 1985; Kalman et al., 1996; Sanigorski et al., 2002; Cope, 2010
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN
6.4 g of Altriplexhalimus (salt bush) or 7.0 g of Alfalfa pellets Body temperature
37.3–38.8°C
Ben-Porat et al., 1976
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 0/0 M 3/3) 16
Ulmansky et al., 1984
Male
28–56 days
Windmill et al., 2007
Female
100 days
Anonymous, 2010c
Breeding season
January–April in wild
Cope, 2010
PUBERTY
(Continued) VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1243
REFERENCES
Sand rat (Psammomys obesus) (Continued) Value
Reference
Gestation
26 days
Patlas et al., 2006
Litter size
3
Kalman et al.,; 1996; Patlas et al., 2006
Birth weight
7.2 g
Patlas et al., 2006
Eyes open
1 week
Biagi and Myers, 2004
Weaning
19–26 days
Kalman et al., 1996
Heart rate
Average 310 beats/min
Horowitz and Meiri, 1993; Hilzenrat et al., 1996
276–292 beats/min BLOOD PRESSURE Mean
79–88.4 mmHg
Hilzenrat et al., 1996
Cardiac output
84–100 ml/min
Hilzenrat et al., 1996
Blood pH
7.362–7.430
Frenkel et al., 1972
CO2 pressure
27.6–33.4 mmHg
Frenkel et al., 1972
PLASMA
References Adler, J.H., Lazarovici, G., Marton, M., Saleternik-Vardi, R., 1985. Nutrition of the sand rat (Psammomys obesus) in relation to reproduction and diabetes. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 21, 769–771. Aeromedical Review Selected Topics in Laboratory Animal Medicine, vol. 24 The Hamster. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, 1975. Allen, J.A., 2010. Ord’s Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys ordii richardsoni. http://www.ksr.ku.edu/libres/Mammals_of_Kansas/dipodomys.html/ (acessed 21.06.10). Altmann, D., Schwendenwein, I., Wagner, K., 1994. Zu Biologies, Haltung, Ernahnung und Erkrankungen des Degus (Octodon degus). Erkrank. Zoot. 36, 277–292. Anonymous, 1998. Telemetry research: 1998 issue 1. http://www .datasci.com/information/ttimes/uda/1998-1a.asp/ (accessed 15.06.10). Anonymous, 2010a. Hamsters: biology, care, diseases and models. Retrieved on April 16, 2010, from http://netvet.wustl.edu/species/hamsters/hamstbio.txt/ . Anonymous, 2010b. Animal fact sheet – Merriam’s kangaroo rat http://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/ krat.php/ (accessed 21.06.10). Anonymous, 2010c. Fat sand rat. Thewebsite of everything.com. Retrieved on July 07, 2010, from http://thewebsiteofeverything.com/animals/mammals/Rodentia/Muridae/Psammomys/ Psammomys-obesus.html/ . Arakaki, D.T., Veomett, I., Sparkes, R.S., 1970. Chromosome polymorphism in deer mouse siblings (Peromyscus maniculatus). Experentia 26, 425–426. Baker, R.H., 1983. Michigan Mammals. Wayne State Univerisity, Detroit. Ben-Porat, G., Adler, J.H., Samueloff, S., 1976. On thermoregulation in Psammomys obesus, Meriones crassus and Meriones tristrami. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 12, 897–901.
Bernfield, P., Homburger, F., Adams, R.A., Soto, E., Van Donger, C., 1986. Base-line data in a carcinogen-susceptible first generation hybrid strain of Syrian golden hamsters: FID Alexander. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77, 165–171. Biagi, T., Myers, P., 2004. Psammomys obesus. Animal diversity web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/ information/Psammomys_obesus.html/ (accessed 23.06.10). Botten, J., Ricci, R., Hjelle, B., 2001. Establishment of a deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus) breeding colony from wild-caught founders: comparison of reproductive performance of wild-caught and laboratory-reared pairs. Comp. Med. 51, 314–318. Brewer, N.R., 2006. Biology of the rabbit. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 45, 8–24. Bunker, A., 2001. Peromyscus maniculatus – Animal diversity web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Peromyscus_maniculatus.html/ (accessed 22. 02.10). Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., 1992. Survival and reproduction in Peromyscus leucopus in the laboratory: viable model for aging studies. Growth Dev. Aging 56, 17–22. Cabrera, K.A. Deer mouse – Peromyscus maniculatus. http://www. bear-tracker.com/deermous.html/ (accessed 16.06.10). Cadillac, J.M., Rush, H.G., Sigler, R.E., 2003. Polycystic and chronic kidney disease in a young degu (Octodon degus). Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 42, 43–45. Carpenter, J.W., Mashima, T.Y., Rupiper, D.J., 2001. Exotic Animal Formulary, second ed.. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Cope, E. eGerbil – the fat sand rat. Retrieved on June 26, 2010, from http://www.egerbil.com/fatsandrat.html/ . Deuve, J.L., Bennett, N.C., Britton-Davidian, J., Robinson, T.J., 2008. Chromosomal phylogeny and evolution of the African mole-rats (Bathyergidae). Chromosome Res. 16, 57–74. Donnelly, T.M., Quimby, F.W., 2002. Biology and diseases of other rodents. In: Fox, J.G., Anderson, L.C., Loew, F.M., Quimby, F.W. (Eds.), Laboratory Animal Medicine (second ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 248–307.
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1244
56. Normative Values
Edwards, M.S., 2009 2009. Nutrition and behavior of degus (Octodon degus) 12, 237–253. Vet. Clin. North Am. Exot. Anim. Pract. 12, 237–253. Eichelberger, M.C., Prince, G.A., Ottolini, M.G., 2004. Influenzainduced tachypnea is prevented in immune cotton rats, but cannot be treated with an anti-inflammatory steroid or a neuraminidase inhibitor. Virology 322, 300–307. Eisenberg, J.F., Issac, D.E., 1963. The reproduction of hereromyid rodents in captivity. J. Mammal. 44, 61–67. Evans, A.M., 1981. Intraspecific social environmentla effects on several parameters of reproduction among cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidis). A dissertation submitted to the Department of Biology of Indiana University in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. degree. Faith, R.E., Montgomery, CA, Durfee, W.J., Aguilar-Cordovy, E., Wyde, P.R., 1997. The cotton rat in biomedical research. Lab. Anim. Sci. 47, 337–345. Festing, M., 1972. Hamsters. In: The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 242–256. Field, K.J.A.S., A.L., 1999. The laboratory hamster and gerbil. In: Suckow, M.A. (Ed.), The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton Forrester, D.J., 1975. Reproductive performance of a laboratory colony of the deermouse, Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii. Lab. Anim. Sci. 25, 446–449. French, R.L., 1965. Eating, drinking, and activity patterns in Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis. J. Mammal. 37, 74–79. Frenkel, G., Shaham, Y., Kraicer, P.F., 1972. Establishment of conditions for colony-breeding of the sand-rat Psammomys obesus. Lab. Anim. Sci. 22, 40–47. Gardner, V. CO2 Tolerance in burrowing desert rodents of the family Heteromyidae. http://www.gentoo.net/vivian/wmrs/ (accessed 21.06.10). Goldman, B.D., Goldman, S.L., Lanz, T., Magaurin, A., Maurice, A., 1999. Factors influencing metabolic rate in naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber). Physiol. Behav. 66, 447–459. Goy, R.W., Hoar, R.M., Young, W.C., 1957. Length of gestation in the guinea pig with data on the frequency and time of abortion and stillbirth. Anat. Rec. 128, 747–757. Hafez, E.S.E., 1970. Reproduction and Breeding Techniques for Laboratory Animals. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. Hamilton Jr., W.J., 1928. Heterocephalus, the remarkable African burrowing rodent. Brooklyn Museum Sci. Bull. 3, 173–184. Hankenson, F.C., Van Hoosier, G.L., 2002. Biology and diseases of hamsters. In: Fox, J.G., Anderson, L.C., Loew, F.M., Quimby, F.W. (Eds.), Laboratory Animal Medicine (second ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 167–202. Harkness, J.E., Wagner, J.E., 1995. The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. Harkness, J.E., Murray, K.A., Wagner, J.E., 2002. Biology and diseases of guinea pigs. In: Fox, J.G., Anderson, L.C., Loew, F.M., Quimby, F.W. (Eds.), Laboratory Animal Medicine (second ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 203–246. Hayssen, V., 2001. Body and organ mass in agouti and non-agouti deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 130, 311–321. Hilzenrat, N., Sikuler, E., Yaari, A., Maislos, M., 1996. Hemodynamic characterization of the diabetic Psammomys obesus – an animal model of type II diabetes mellitus. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 32, 1074–1078. Horowitz, M., Meiri, U., 1993. Mechanism of heat acclimation induced bradycardia in the sand rat. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 4, 37–46. Hrapkiewicz, K., Medina, L., 2007. Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine, third ed.. Blackwell Publishing, Ames. Hygnstrom, S.E., Timm, R.E., Larson, G.E. Cotton rats. Internet center for wildlife damage management. Retrieved on June 22, 2010, from http://icwdm.org/handbook/rodents/CottonRat.asp/ .
Hygnstrom, S.E., Timm, R.M., Larson, G.E. Internet center for wildlife damage management – white-footed mice. http://icwdm.org/ handbook/rodents/WhiteFootedDeerMouse.asp/ (accessed 17.06.10). Jackson, R.K., 1997. Unusual laboratory rodent species: research uses, care, and associated biohazards. ILAR J. 38, 13–21. Jarvis, J.U.M., Bennett, N.C., 1991. Ecology and behavior of the family Bathyergidae. In: Sherman, P.W., Jarvis, J.U.M., Alexander, R.D. (Eds.), The Biology of The Naked Mole-Rat. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 66–96. Jarvis, J.U.M., Sherman, P.H., 2002. Heterocephalus glaber. Mamm. Spec. 706, 1–9. Jarvis, J.U.M., 1991. Reproduction of naked mole-rats. In: Sherman, H., Jarvis, J., Alexander, D.J. (Eds.), The Biology of The Naked Mole-Rat. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 384–425. Jimenz, J.V.J., 1969. Comparative post-natal growth in cotton rats (Genus Sigmodon) A dissertation submitted to the Department of Zoology of Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. degree. Johansen, K., Lykkeboe, G., Weber, R.E., Maloiy, G.M., 1976. Blood respiratory properties in the naked mole rat Heterocephalus glaber, a mammal of low body temperature. Respir. Physiol. 28, 303–314. Johnson-Delaney, C.A., 1996. Small rodents. In: Exotic Companion Medicine Handbook for Veterinarians., Wingers Publishing, Inc., Lake Worth. Kalman, R., Lazarovici, G., Bar-On, H., Ziv, E., 1996. The sand rat (Psammomys obesus): morphologic, physiologic, and biochemical characteristics of a model for type-II diabetes mellitus. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 35, 67–70. King, J.A., 1968. Biology of Peromyscus (Rodentia), first ed. The American Society of Mammalogists, Stillwater. Kirkland, G.L., Layne, J.N., 1989. Advances in the Study of Peromyscus (Rodentia). Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock. Kirksey, E.R., Pagels, J.F., Blem, C.R., 1975. The role of the tail in temperature regulation of the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Comp. Physiol. 52, 707–711. Kobayashi, I., Kajisa, M., Farid, A.S., Yamanaka, A., Horii, Y., 2009. Paralytic ileus and subsequent death caused by enteric parasite, Strongyloides papillosus, in Mongolian gerbils. Vet. Parasitol. 162, 100–105. Kraft, H., 1987. Diseases of Chinchillas. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Laas, R., 1984. Common carotid artery stump pressure in the gerbil stroke model. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 47, 365–371. Lancaster, E., 2000. Dipodomys merriami (On-line). In: Animal diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/ information/Dipodomys_merriami.html/ (accessed 16.06.10). Lawrie, A.M., Megahy, I.W., 1991. Tumours in Russian hamsters. Vet. Rec. 128, 411–412. Lee, T.M., 2004. Octodon degus: a diurnal, social, and long-lived rodent. ILAR J. 45, 14–24. Lester, P.A., Rush, H.G., Sigler, R.E., 2005. Renal transitional cell carcinoma and choristoma in a degu (Octodon degus). Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 44, 41–44. Liu, C.T., 1988. Body surface area and K values in strain 13 guinea pigs with different body weights and ages. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med 189, 285–290. Linzey, D.W., 1998. The Mammals of Virginia. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Inc., Blacksburg. Long, C.A., 2007. Degu cardio-pulmonary values. In: Judah, V., Nuttall, K. (Eds.), Exotic Animal Care and Management. Thomson Delmar Learning, New York, pp. 85. Mabry, J., Choi, G., Slimp, T., 1988. 39th AALAS Annual Meeting, Detroit, MI. Makino, S., 1948. Notes on the chromosomes of four species of small mammals (chromosome studies in domestic mammals,Ⅴ). J. Faculty Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Series VI. Zool. 9, 345–357.
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
REFERENCES
Maree, S., Faulkes, C., 2008. Heterocephalus glaber. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. http:// www.iuncredlist.org/ (accessed 07.06.10). Marston, J.H., Chang, M.C., 1965. The Breeding, management and reproductive physiology of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones Unguiculatus). Lab. Anim. Care 15, 34–48. Mohr, U., Schuller, H., Reznik, G., Althoff, J., Page, N., 1973. Breeding of European hamsters. Lab. Anim. Sci. 23, 799–802. Mostafa, B.H., Abderrazak Souha, B., Sabeh, F., Noureddine, C., Riadh, B.I., 2006. Evidence for the existence of two distinct species: Psammomys obesus and Psammomys vexillaris within the sand rats (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), reservoirs of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. Infect. Genet. Evol. 6, 301–308. Najecki, D., Tate, B., 1999. Husbandry and management of the degu. Lab. Anim. 28, 54–62. Niewiesk, S., Prince, G., 2002. Diversifying animal models: the use of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in infectious diseases. Lab. Anim. 36, 357–372. Nowak, R.M., Paradico, J.L., 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World, fourth ed.. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Nowak, R.M., 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, sixth ed.. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. O'Connor, T.P., Lee, A., Jarvis, J.U., Buffenstein, R., 2002. Prolonged longevity in naked mole-rats: age-related changes in metabolism, body composition and gastrointestinal function. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 133, 835–842. Ohwada, K., Katahira, K., 1993. Indirect measurement for body surface area of cotton rats. Jikken Dobutsu 42, 635–637. Patlas, N., Avgil, M., Ziv, E., Ornoy, A., Shafrir, E., 2006. Pregnancy outcome in the Psammomys obesus gerbil on low- and high-energy diets. Biol. Neonate 90, 58–65. Pogosianz, H.E., 1975. Djungarian hamster – a suitable tool for cancer research and cytogenetic studies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 54, 659–664. Prince, G.A., 1994. The cotton rat in biomedical research. AWIC Newsl. 5, 3–5. Quesenberry, K.E., Carpenter, J.W., 2004. Ferrets, Rabbits and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery. Saunders, St. Louis, Missouri. Reynolds, T.J., Wright, J.W., 1979. Early postnatal physical and behavioural development of degus (Octodon degus). Lab. Anim. 13, 93–99. Reznick-Schuller, H., Reznik, G., Mofr, U., 1974. The European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) as an experimental animal: breeding methods and observation of their behavior in the laboratory. Z. Versuchstierkunde 16, S48–S58. Richardson, V., 2000. Rabbits: Health, Husbandry and Diseases. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Rojas, M.A., Montenegro, M.A., Morales, B., 1982. Embryonic development of the degu, Octodon degus. J. Reprod. Fertil. 66, 31–38. Rosenmann, M., Morrison, P., 1974. Physiological characteristics of the alarm reaction in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi. Physiol. Zool. 47, 230–241. Sanigorski, A., Fahey, R., Cameron-Smith, D., Collier, G.R., 2002. Nicotine treatment decreases food intake and body weight via a leptin-independent pathway in Psammomys obesus. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 4, 346–350. Savabieasfahani, M., Lochmiller, R.L., Rafferty, D.P., Sinclair, J.A., 1998. Sensitivity of wild cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) to the immunotoxic effects of low-level arsenic exposure. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34, 289–296.
1245
Segelken, R., 1999. Counting mole-rat mammaries and hungry pups, biologists explain why naked rodents break the rules. Cornell News –rats. Retrieved on March 23, 2010, from http://www. news.cornell.edu/releases/Aug99/rat_mamm.hrs.html/ Sherman, P.W., Braude, S., Jarvis, J.U.M., 1999. Litter sizes and mammary numbers of naked mole-rats: breaking the one-half rule. J. Mamm. 80, 720–733. Soholt, L.F., 1975. Water balance of Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami, during cold exposure. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Comp. Physiol. 51, 369–372. Soholt, L.F., Yousef, M.K., Dill, D.B., 1973. Responses of Merriam’s kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami, to various levels of carbon dioxide concentration. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Comp. Physiol. 45, 455–462. Suckow, M.A., Brammer, D.W., Rush, H.G., Chrisp, C.E., 2002. Biology and diseases of rabbits. In: Fox, J.G., Anderson, L.C., Loew, F.M., Quimby, F.W. (Eds.), Laboratory Animal Medicine (second ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 329–364. Thompson, R., 1971. The water consumption and drinking habits of a few species and strains of laboratory animals. J. Inst. Anim. Tech. 22, 29–36. Tomasco, I.H., Del Rio, R., Iturriaga, R., Bozinovic, F., 2010. Comparative respiratory strategies of subterranean and fossorial octodontid rodents to cope with hypoxic and hypercapnic atmospheres. J. Comp. Physiol. B 180, 877–884. Trias, E.L., Hassantoufighi, A., Prince, G.A., Eichelberger, M.C., 2009. Comparison of airway measurements during influenza-induced tachypnea in infant and adult cotton rats. BMC Pulm. Med. 9, 28–34. Turney, T.H., Lockwood, J.A., 1986. Systolic blood-pressure in peromyscus species – considerations for the murine hypertension model. J. Zool. 209, 149–154. Ulmansky, M., Ungar, H., Adler, J.H., 1984. Dental abnormalities in aging sand rats (Psammomys obesus). J. Oral Pathol. 13, 366–372. Urison, N.T., Buffenstein, R., 1994. Kidney concentrating ability of a subterranean xeric rodent, the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber). J. Comp. Physiol. B 163, 676–681. Vaughan, T., Ryan, J., Czaplewski, N., June, 1999. Mammalogy. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, PA. Weigl, R., 2005. Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe, Stuttgart. Weir, B.J., 1970. The management and breeding of some more hystricomorph rodents. Lab. Anim. 4, 83–97. West, C., 2010. Rodent Clinician. Department of Comparative Medicine, Saint Louis University, Windmill, K., Tenne-Brown, J., Bayles, R., Trevaskis, J., Gao, Y., Walder, K., et al. 2007. Localization and expression of selenoprotein S in the testis of Psammomys obesus. J. Mol. Histol. 38, 97–101. Wood, D., Mendez, R., Website accessed February 2010. Husbandry standards for keeping naked mole rats in captivity. Retrieved on February, 2010, from http://www.glenoakzoo.org/ NAKEDMole%20Rat%20Standards.pdf/. Woods, C.A., Boraker, D., 1975. Octodon degus. Mamm. Spec. 67, 1–5. Wunder, B.A., 1974. The effect of activity on body temperature of ord’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii). Physiol. Zool. 47, 29–36. Yerganian, G., 1958. The striped-back or Chinese hamster. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 20, 705–727.
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
56 Normative Values Jolaine M. Wilson1, Diane J. Gaertner2, James O. Marx2, and F. Claire Hankenson2 1
Laboratory Animal Services, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
2
O U T L I N E
1234 1234 1235 1235 1236
Other rodents Degu (Octodon degus) Naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) Dormice (Graphiurus spp.) Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spp.) Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) Sand rat (Psammomys obesus)
1238 1238 1239 1239 1240 1241 1241 1242
Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)
1236
References
1243
Chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger)
1237
Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
1232
Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
1233
Hamsters Syrian (Mesocricetus auratus) Chinese (Cricetulus griseus) European (Cricetus cricetus) Djungarian (Phodopus spp.)
The purpose of this chapter is to provide supplemental normative values and references for a number of the species which are covered in detail earlier in this book. Basic hematology and many other values are provided in the individual chapters for these species. In providing the tables below, we have used discretion to select values which are most likely to be useful for the laboratory animal veterinarian or research scientist. However, for many species, some values may not be widely applicable to contemporary housing and husbandry conditions. When possible, peer-reviewed publications were used as the source of the values unless such references were not found. When values for some animals were unavailable in the published literature direct communications from individuals utilizing those species or various websites
The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-380920-9.00056-0
were used as the source of information. In those cases, reference values may be presented here which have limited documentation or are anecdotal in source, such as those values found in an unreferenced website. The normative values presented here, like all published values, may have been influenced by the laboratory test, animal source, animal genotype, age, gender, blood sampling method, use of anesthesia, or feed or housing conditions of the animals tested. Some normative values may have been derived from feral or newly confined animals. For this reason, it is always recommended that control tests be run concurrently with tests for animals which are suspected to be ill, prior to making final diagnostic conclusions or selecting treatment regimens.
1231
© 2012 Elsevier Inc.
1232
56. Normative Values
RABBITS (ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS) Value
Reference
Male
4.5 kg
Suckow et al., 2002
Female
4.5 kg
Suckow et al., 2002
5–6 years
Carpenter et al., 2001
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual Maximum Reported 2
15 years
Harkness and Wagner, 1995 2/3
Surface area (cm )
9.5 BW (in g)
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Chromosome number
44
Water consumption
120 ml/kg/day
Food consumption
33–60 g pelleted diet/kg BW
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Body temperature
38.5–39.5°C
Suckow et al., 2002
Dental formula
2(I 2/1, C 0/0, PM 3/2, M 2–3/3) 26–28
Suckow et al., 2002
Vitamin C requirement
High levels can lead to renal disease
Suckow et al., 2002
Digits
5 front, 4 rear
Richardson, 2000
GI transit time
4–5 hours
Suckow et al., 2002
Male
6–7 months
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Female
4–9 months
Hrapkiewicz and Medina, 2007
Breeding season
Spring (longer days, warmer temperatures)
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Gestation
31–32 days
Brewer, 2006
Litter size
7–9 per litter
Suckow et al., 2002
Birth weight
65 g
Brewer, 2006
Eyes open
10 days
Brewer, 2006
Weaning
8 weeks
Brewer, 2006
Number of mammary glands
8 or 10
Heart rate
200–300 beats/min
Suckow et al., 2002
Systolic
90–130 mmHg
Suckow et al., 2002
Diastolic
80–90 mmHg
Suckow et al., 2002
Respiration frequency
32–60/min
Suckow et al., 2002
Tidal volume
4–6 ml/kg body weight
Suckow et al., 2002
Minute volume
0.6 liter/min
Suckow et al., 2002
Stroke volume
0.49 0.16 ml
Suckow et al., 2002
PUBERTY
BLOOD PRESSURE
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1233
Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
GUINEA PIGS (CAVIA PORCELLUS) Value
Reference
Male
900–1000 g
Harkness et al., 2002
Female
700–900 g
Harkness et al., 2002
4–5 years
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual Maximum reported 2
Surface area (cm )
6–7 years
Harkness et al., 2002 2/3
200–680 g—9.2 (BW in g)
Liu, 1988
2/3
700–830 g—10.1 (BW in g) Chromosome number
64
Makino, 1948
Water consumption
10 ml/100 g BW/day
Harkness et al., 2002
Food consumption
6 g/100 g BW/day
Harkness et al., 2002
Body temperature
37.2–39.8°C
Harkness et al., 2002
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 1/1 M 3/3) 20
Vitamin C requirement
10 mg/kg/day, pregnant 30 mg/kg/day
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Digits
4 front, 3 rear
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
GI transit time
13–30 hours
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Male
3–4 months
Harkness et al., 2002
Female
2–3 months
Harkness et al., 2002
Breeding season
Non-seasonally polyestrus
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Gestation
68.8 days
Goy et al., 1957
Litter size
2–5
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Birth weight
45–115 g (pups less than 60 g rarely survive)
Harkness et al., 2002
Weaning
21 days
Harkness et al., 2002
Heart rate
230–380 beats/minute
Harkness et al., 2002
Systolic
80–94 mmHg
Harkness et al., 2002
Diastolic
55–58 mmHg
Harkness et al., 2002
Respiration frequency
42–104/min
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Tidal volume
2.3–5.3 ml
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
pH
7.17–7.53
Harkness et al., 2002
CO2
18–26 mM/L
Harkness et al., 2002
CO2 pressure
21–59 mmHg
Harkness et al., 2002
PUBERTY
Eyes open
BLOOD PRESSURE
Cardiac output
Plasma
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1234
56. Normative Values
HAMSTERS There are over 20 hamster species worldwide; however the majority used in research are Syrian and
Chinese. Focus in this section will be on these two species, as well as the European and Djungarian, for which some aspects of normative biology have been investigated.
Syrian (Mesocricetus auratus) Value
Reference
Male
110–140 g
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002
Female
110–140 g; females larger than males
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual
1.5–2 years
Maximum reported
3 years; female may be markedly shorter
Chromosome number
44
Water consumption
30 ml/day
Food consumption
10–15 g/day
Body temperature
36.2–37.5°C
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 0/0 M 3/3) 16; erupted at birth
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002; Bernfield et al., 1986
PUBERTY Male
6–8 weeks (85–110 g)
Female
8–12 weeks (95–120 g)
Gestation
15–18 days
Litter size
4–12
Birth weight
2–3 g
Eyes open
15 days
Weaning
21 days (35–40 g)
Bernfield et al., 1986
Heart rate
280–412 beats/min
Bernfield et al., 1986
Systolic
150 mmHg
Johnson-Delaney, 1996
Diastolic
100 mmHg
Johnson-Delaney, 1996
Repiration frequency
33–127/min (average 74/min)
Bernfield et al., 1986
Tidal volume
0.6–1.4 ml
Field, 1999
7.45–7.51
Field, 1999
Field, 1999
BLOOD PRESSURE
Plasma pH
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1235
Hamsters
Chinese (Cricetulus griseus) Value
Reference
Male
39.3–45.7 g
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002
Female
39.3–45.7 g
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFESPAN Usual
2.5–3.0 years
Chromosome number
22
Water consumption
11.4 ml/100 g BW/day (M); 12.9 ml/100 g BW/day (F)
Thompson, 1971
Male/female
8–12 weeks
Yerganian, 1958
Gestation
20.5 days
Yerganian, 1958
Litter size
4.5–5.2
Festing, 1972
Birth weight
1.5–2.5 g
Weaning
21–25 days
PUBERTY
Yerganian, 1958
European (Cricetus cricetus) Value
Reference
Male
300–400 g
Anonymous, 2010a
Female
300–400 g
Anonymous, 2010a
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual
2.6 years (M); 2.8 years (F)
Chromosome number
22
Water consumption
5 ml/100 g BW
Food consumption
2.9 g/BW (summer); 1.8 g/100 g BW (winter)
PUBERTY Male
60 days
Mohr et al., 1973
Female
80–90 days
Mohr et al., 1973
Breeding season
Summer
Gestation
18–21 days
Litter size
6–9
Weaning
25 days (75 g)
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
Reznick-Schuller et al., 1974
1236
56. Normative Values
Djungarian (Phodopus spp.) Value
Reference
Male
18–25 g
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002
Female
18–25 g
Hankenson and Van Hoosier, 2002
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual
0.75–1.25 years
Maximum reported
2 years
Chromosome number
28
Breeding season
Photoperiod critical
Gestation
18 days
Litter size
1–9
Weaning
21 days
Lawrie and Megahy, 1991
Pogosianz, 1975
GERBILS (MERIONES UNGUICULATUS) Value
Reference
Male
65–100 g
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Female
55–85 g
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual
3–4 years 2
Harkness and Wagner, 1995 2/3
Surface area (cm )
10.5 (BW in g)
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Chromosome number
44
Water consumption
4–7 ml/100 g/day
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Food consumption
5–8 g/100 g/day
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Body temperature
37.0–38.5°C
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 P 0/0 M 3/3) 16
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Digits
5 front, 4 rear
GI transit time
5.8 hours
Kobayashi et al., 2009
Male
10–12 weeks
Hafez, 1970
Female
9–12 weeks
Hafez, 1970
Breeding season
Non-seasonal polyestrus
Hafez, 1970
Gestation
24–26 days
Hafez, 1970
Litter size
4.5 (1–12)
Marston and Chang, 1965
Birth weight
2.5–3.5 g
Hafez, 1970
Eyes open
16–20 days
Hafez, 1970
PUBERTY
(Continued) VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1237
Chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger)
GERBILS (MERIONES UNGUICULATUS) (Continued) Value
Reference
Weaning
21 days
Hafez, 1970
Heart rate
Average 360 beats/min (range 260–600)
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
Mean
78–100 mmHg
Laas, 1984
Respiration frequency
Average 90/min (range 70–120)
Harkness and Wagner, 1995
pH
7.249–7.405
Laas, 1984
CO2 pressure
30–44 mmHg
Laas, 1984
BLOOD PRESSURE
Plasma
CHINCHILLAS (CHINCHILLA LANIGER) Value
Reference
Male
400–500 g
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Female
400–600 g
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Usual
10 years
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Maximum reported
20 years
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Chromosome number
64
Hrapkiewicz and Medina, 2007
Food consumption
21 g/day
Hrapkiewicz and Medina, 2007
Body temperature
37–38°C
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 1/ 1 M 3/3) 20
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Digits
4 front, 3 rear
Kraft, 1987
Male
8 months
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Female
8 months
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Breeding season
Seasonally polyestrus (November–May)
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Gestation
105–118 days
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Litter size
1–6 (2 is usual)
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Birth weight
30–50 g
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Eyes open
At birth
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Weaning
6–8 weeks
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Heart rate
100–150 beats/min
Quesenberry and Carpenter, 2004
Respiration frequency
45–65/min
Hrapkiewicz and Medina, 2007
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN
PUBERTY
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1238
56. Normative Values
OTHER RODENTS Degu (Octodon degus) Value
Reference
ADULT WEIGHT Male
180–250 g 170–300 g
Female
180–250 g
Lester et al., 2005; Donnelly and Quimby, 2002; Cadillac et al., 2003; Najecki and Tate, 1999
170–300 g 250 g for breeders LIFE SPAN Usual
3–5 years
Lester et al., 2005; Edwards, 2009
7–10 years Maximum reported
9 years
Lee, 2004
Chromosome number
58
Woods and Boraker, 1975
Water consumption
10–40 ml/day
Edwards, 2009
Food consumption
57.8–94.2 g/kg BW/day
Edwards, 2009
Body temperature
36.0–37.9°C
Woods and Boraker, 1975
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 1/1 M 3/3) 20
Woods and Boraker, 1975
Digits
5 front, 5 rear
Woods and Boraker, 1975
GI transit time
5.1–5.2 hours
Edwards, 2009
Male
6 months
Altmann et al., 1994; Weir, 1970
Female
6 months
Altmann et al., 1994; Weir, 1970
Breeding season
Seasonal induced ovulators
Gestation
84–90 days
PUBERTY
Weir, 1970; Rojas et al., 1982
90 days Litter size
1–10, average 5–7
Mabry et al., 1988; Reynolds and Wright, 1979
Birth weight
14 g
Reynolds and Wright, 1979
Eyes open
At birth
Mabry et al., 1988
Weaning
14–28 days
Donnelly and Quimby, 2002; Edwards, 2009
4–6 weeks Heart rate
274 beats/min
Long, 2007
Respiration frequency
123/min
Long, 2007; Tomasco et al., 2010
196–264/min Tidal volume
0.14–0.22 ml/g
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
Tomasco et al., 2010
1239
Other rodents
Naked Mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) Value
Reference
Male
29–38.8 g
Jarvisand Sherman, 2002
Female
35–80 g
Jarvis and Bennett, 1991
Usual
22 years
O’Connor et al., (2002)
Maximum Reported
28
O’Connor et al., (2002)
Chromosome number
60
Deuve et al., 2008
Water consumption
Acquired from food
Urison and Buffenstein, 1994
Food consumption
5–8 g/40 g BW
Goldman et al., 1999
Body temperature
30.0–32.0°C
Johansen et al., 1976
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 0/0 M 3/3) 16
Hamilton, 1928
Digits
5 front, 5 rear
Mabry et al., 1988
Male
1 year
O’Connor et al., 2002
Female
1 year
O’Connor et al., 2002
Breeding season
Year round
Jarvis and Sherman, 2002
Gestation
76–84 days
Wood and Mendez, 2010; Maree and Faulkes, 2008
Litter size
1–24 pups, average of 10–19; 5.1–17.5
Wood and Mendez, 2010; Jarvis and Sherman, 2002
Birth weight
1–2 g
Jarvis, 1991
Weaning
5 weeks
Jarvis and Sherman, 2002
Number of mammary glands
9–15, 11–12
Sherman et al., 1999; Segelken, 1999
Heart rate
60–100 beats/min
Anonymous, 1998
Systolic
140–155 mmHg
Anonymous, 1998
Diastolic
100–145 mmHg
Anonymous, 1998
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN
PUBERTY
BLOOD PRESSURE
Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) Value
Reference
Male
20.15–20.85 g
Hayssen, 2001
Female
20.15–20.85 g
Hayssen, 2001
Usual
5.5 years (P. leukopus)
Burger and Gochfeld, 1992
Maximum reported
8 years
Linzey, 1998
Chromosome number
48
Arakaki et al., 1970
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN
(Continued) VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1240
56. Normative Values
Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) (Continued) Value
Reference
Water consumption
2.65 g
French, 1962
Food consumption
2.54 g
French, 1962
Body temperature
36.6°C
Nowak and Paradico, 1983
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 0/0 M 3/3) 16
Bunker, 2001
Digits
4 front, 5 rear
Cabrera, 2010
Male
7–8 weeks
Hygnstrom et al., 2010
Female
35–49 days
Nowak and Paradico, 1983; King, 1968
Breeding season
Year round indoors
Hygnstrom et al., 2010
PUBERTY
Spring through fall in cooler climates Gestation
22.4–25.5 days
Kirkland and Layne, 1989
Litter size
4–4.3
Botten et al., 2001; Forrester, 1975; Baker, 1983
1–11; average 4–6 Birth weight
2 g
Bunker, 2001
Eyes open
15 days
Bunker, 2001
Weaning
25–35 days
Bunker, 2001
Heart rate
650–900 beats/min
Rosenmann and Morrison, 1974
Males 114–162 mmHg
Turney and Lockwood, 1986
BLOOD PRESSURE Systolic
Females 103–123 mmHg
Dormice (Graphiurus spp.) Value
Reference
Male
18–20 g
West, 2010
Female
18–20 g
West, 2010
Usual
3 years
West, 2010
Maximum reported
4 years
West, 2010
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 0-1/0-1 M 3/3) 16-20
West, 2010
Female
6–8 weeks
West, 2010
Breeding Season
Year round in captivity
West, 2010
Gestation
Approximately 4 weeks
West, 2010
Litter size
4 Average
West, 2010
Weaning
4–6 weeks
West, 2010
Heart rate
180–200 beats/min
West, 2010
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN
PUBERTY
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1241
Other rodents
Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spp.) Value
Reference
Male
40–50 g
Lancaster, 2000
Female
40–50 g
Lancaster, 2000
Usual
2–5 years
Anonymous, 2010b
Maximum Reported
9.8 years
Lancaster, 2000
Water consumption
Liquid water not required on seed diet
Anonymous, 2010b; Soholt, 1975
Food consumption
2–5 g/day (temperature-dependent)
Soholt, 1975
Body temperature
37°C
Wunder, 1974
Dental formula
2( I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 1/1 M 3/3) 20
Vaughan et al., 1999
Digits
4 rear
West, 2010
60–84 days
West, 2010
Breeding season
January–August
West, 2010
Gestation
28–32 days
West, 2010; Eisenberg and Issac, 1963
Litter size
1–6; average of 3
West, 2010; Eisenberg and Issac, 1963
Birth weight
3–8 g
West, 2010
Eyes open
2 weeks
Allen, 2010
Weaning
21–29 days
West, 2010; Eisenberg and Issac, 1963
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN
PUBERTY
15–25 days Heart rate
417 beats/min
Soholt et al., 1973
Respiration frequency
90–125/min
Gardner, 2010
Tidal volume
150–170 ml
Gardner, 2010
Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) Value
Reference
70–200 g
Niewiesk and Prince
80–310 g
Faith et al., 1997
23 months
Jimenz, 1969
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN Usual Maximum reported 2
3 years
Jimenz, 1969 2
Surface area (cm )
47.66 2.476 BW (g) 0.006 BW (g)
Ohwada and Katahira, 1993
Chromosome number
52
Prince, 1994
Water consumption
16.6–16.8 ml/day
Savabieasfahani et al., 1998
Food consumption
11.24–11.32 g/day
Savabieasfahani et al., 1998
(Continued) VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1242
56. Normative Values
Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) (Continued) Value
Reference
Body temperature
36.4–36.6°C
Kirksey et al., 1975
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 0/0 M 3/3) 16
Faith et al., 1997
Digits
5 front, 5 rear
Hygnstrom et al., 2010
40–60 days
Nowak, 1999
Male
8 weeks
Jackson, 1997
Female
30–50 days
Evans, 1981
Breeding season
Year round in captivity
Faith et al., 1997
Gestation
27 days
Donnelly and Quimby, 2002
Litter size
1–12
Donnelly and Quimby, 2002
PUBERTY
mean 5–7 Birth weight
6.5–8 g
Donnelly and Quimby, 2002
Eyes open
24 hours
Donnelly and Quimby, 2002
Weaning
5 weeks
Faith et al., 1987
Respiration frequency
256–300/min
Eichelberger et al., 2004
Tidal volume
0.8 ml/g BW
Trias et al., 2009
Sand rat (Psammomys obesus) Value
Reference
Male
190–260 g
Adler et al., 1985; Kalman et al., 1996
Female
157–200 g
Adler et al., 1985; Kalman et al., 1996
Usual
3 years
Biagi and Myers, 2004
Maximum reported
3.2 years
Weigl, 2005
Chromosome number
46
Mostafa et al., 2006
Water consumption
22–28 ml/day
Kalman et al., 1996
Food consumption
Various custom diets, including 12–16 g/day of pellets
Adler et al., 1985; Kalman et al., 1996; Sanigorski et al., 2002; Cope, 2010
ADULT WEIGHT
LIFE SPAN
6.4 g of Altriplexhalimus (salt bush) or 7.0 g of Alfalfa pellets Body temperature
37.3–38.8°C
Ben-Porat et al., 1976
Dental formula
2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 0/0 M 3/3) 16
Ulmansky et al., 1984
Male
28–56 days
Windmill et al., 2007
Female
100 days
Anonymous, 2010c
Breeding season
January–April in wild
Cope, 2010
PUBERTY
(Continued) VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1243
REFERENCES
Sand rat (Psammomys obesus) (Continued) Value
Reference
Gestation
26 days
Patlas et al., 2006
Litter size
3
Kalman et al.,; 1996; Patlas et al., 2006
Birth weight
7.2 g
Patlas et al., 2006
Eyes open
1 week
Biagi and Myers, 2004
Weaning
19–26 days
Kalman et al., 1996
Heart rate
Average 310 beats/min
Horowitz and Meiri, 1993; Hilzenrat et al., 1996
276–292 beats/min BLOOD PRESSURE Mean
79–88.4 mmHg
Hilzenrat et al., 1996
Cardiac output
84–100 ml/min
Hilzenrat et al., 1996
Blood pH
7.362–7.430
Frenkel et al., 1972
CO2 pressure
27.6–33.4 mmHg
Frenkel et al., 1972
PLASMA
References Adler, J.H., Lazarovici, G., Marton, M., Saleternik-Vardi, R., 1985. Nutrition of the sand rat (Psammomys obesus) in relation to reproduction and diabetes. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 21, 769–771. Aeromedical Review Selected Topics in Laboratory Animal Medicine, vol. 24 The Hamster. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, 1975. Allen, J.A., 2010. Ord’s Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys ordii richardsoni. http://www.ksr.ku.edu/libres/Mammals_of_Kansas/dipodomys.html/ (acessed 21.06.10). Altmann, D., Schwendenwein, I., Wagner, K., 1994. Zu Biologies, Haltung, Ernahnung und Erkrankungen des Degus (Octodon degus). Erkrank. Zoot. 36, 277–292. Anonymous, 1998. Telemetry research: 1998 issue 1. http://www .datasci.com/information/ttimes/uda/1998-1a.asp/ (accessed 15.06.10). Anonymous, 2010a. Hamsters: biology, care, diseases and models. Retrieved on April 16, 2010, from http://netvet.wustl.edu/species/hamsters/hamstbio.txt/ . Anonymous, 2010b. Animal fact sheet – Merriam’s kangaroo rat http://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/ krat.php/ (accessed 21.06.10). Anonymous, 2010c. Fat sand rat. Thewebsite of everything.com. Retrieved on July 07, 2010, from http://thewebsiteofeverything.com/animals/mammals/Rodentia/Muridae/Psammomys/ Psammomys-obesus.html/ . Arakaki, D.T., Veomett, I., Sparkes, R.S., 1970. Chromosome polymorphism in deer mouse siblings (Peromyscus maniculatus). Experentia 26, 425–426. Baker, R.H., 1983. Michigan Mammals. Wayne State Univerisity, Detroit. Ben-Porat, G., Adler, J.H., Samueloff, S., 1976. On thermoregulation in Psammomys obesus, Meriones crassus and Meriones tristrami. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 12, 897–901.
Bernfield, P., Homburger, F., Adams, R.A., Soto, E., Van Donger, C., 1986. Base-line data in a carcinogen-susceptible first generation hybrid strain of Syrian golden hamsters: FID Alexander. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77, 165–171. Biagi, T., Myers, P., 2004. Psammomys obesus. Animal diversity web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/ information/Psammomys_obesus.html/ (accessed 23.06.10). Botten, J., Ricci, R., Hjelle, B., 2001. Establishment of a deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus) breeding colony from wild-caught founders: comparison of reproductive performance of wild-caught and laboratory-reared pairs. Comp. Med. 51, 314–318. Brewer, N.R., 2006. Biology of the rabbit. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 45, 8–24. Bunker, A., 2001. Peromyscus maniculatus – Animal diversity web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Peromyscus_maniculatus.html/ (accessed 22. 02.10). Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., 1992. Survival and reproduction in Peromyscus leucopus in the laboratory: viable model for aging studies. Growth Dev. Aging 56, 17–22. Cabrera, K.A. Deer mouse – Peromyscus maniculatus. http://www. bear-tracker.com/deermous.html/ (accessed 16.06.10). Cadillac, J.M., Rush, H.G., Sigler, R.E., 2003. Polycystic and chronic kidney disease in a young degu (Octodon degus). Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 42, 43–45. Carpenter, J.W., Mashima, T.Y., Rupiper, D.J., 2001. Exotic Animal Formulary, second ed.. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Cope, E. eGerbil – the fat sand rat. Retrieved on June 26, 2010, from http://www.egerbil.com/fatsandrat.html/ . Deuve, J.L., Bennett, N.C., Britton-Davidian, J., Robinson, T.J., 2008. Chromosomal phylogeny and evolution of the African mole-rats (Bathyergidae). Chromosome Res. 16, 57–74. Donnelly, T.M., Quimby, F.W., 2002. Biology and diseases of other rodents. In: Fox, J.G., Anderson, L.C., Loew, F.M., Quimby, F.W. (Eds.), Laboratory Animal Medicine (second ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 248–307.
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
1244
56. Normative Values
Edwards, M.S., 2009 2009. Nutrition and behavior of degus (Octodon degus) 12, 237–253. Vet. Clin. North Am. Exot. Anim. Pract. 12, 237–253. Eichelberger, M.C., Prince, G.A., Ottolini, M.G., 2004. Influenzainduced tachypnea is prevented in immune cotton rats, but cannot be treated with an anti-inflammatory steroid or a neuraminidase inhibitor. Virology 322, 300–307. Eisenberg, J.F., Issac, D.E., 1963. The reproduction of hereromyid rodents in captivity. J. Mammal. 44, 61–67. Evans, A.M., 1981. Intraspecific social environmentla effects on several parameters of reproduction among cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidis). A dissertation submitted to the Department of Biology of Indiana University in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. degree. Faith, R.E., Montgomery, CA, Durfee, W.J., Aguilar-Cordovy, E., Wyde, P.R., 1997. The cotton rat in biomedical research. Lab. Anim. Sci. 47, 337–345. Festing, M., 1972. Hamsters. In: The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 242–256. Field, K.J.A.S., A.L., 1999. The laboratory hamster and gerbil. In: Suckow, M.A. (Ed.), The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton Forrester, D.J., 1975. Reproductive performance of a laboratory colony of the deermouse, Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii. Lab. Anim. Sci. 25, 446–449. French, R.L., 1965. Eating, drinking, and activity patterns in Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis. J. Mammal. 37, 74–79. Frenkel, G., Shaham, Y., Kraicer, P.F., 1972. Establishment of conditions for colony-breeding of the sand-rat Psammomys obesus. Lab. Anim. Sci. 22, 40–47. Gardner, V. CO2 Tolerance in burrowing desert rodents of the family Heteromyidae. http://www.gentoo.net/vivian/wmrs/ (accessed 21.06.10). Goldman, B.D., Goldman, S.L., Lanz, T., Magaurin, A., Maurice, A., 1999. Factors influencing metabolic rate in naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber). Physiol. Behav. 66, 447–459. Goy, R.W., Hoar, R.M., Young, W.C., 1957. Length of gestation in the guinea pig with data on the frequency and time of abortion and stillbirth. Anat. Rec. 128, 747–757. Hafez, E.S.E., 1970. Reproduction and Breeding Techniques for Laboratory Animals. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. Hamilton Jr., W.J., 1928. Heterocephalus, the remarkable African burrowing rodent. Brooklyn Museum Sci. Bull. 3, 173–184. Hankenson, F.C., Van Hoosier, G.L., 2002. Biology and diseases of hamsters. In: Fox, J.G., Anderson, L.C., Loew, F.M., Quimby, F.W. (Eds.), Laboratory Animal Medicine (second ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 167–202. Harkness, J.E., Wagner, J.E., 1995. The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. Harkness, J.E., Murray, K.A., Wagner, J.E., 2002. Biology and diseases of guinea pigs. In: Fox, J.G., Anderson, L.C., Loew, F.M., Quimby, F.W. (Eds.), Laboratory Animal Medicine (second ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 203–246. Hayssen, V., 2001. Body and organ mass in agouti and non-agouti deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 130, 311–321. Hilzenrat, N., Sikuler, E., Yaari, A., Maislos, M., 1996. Hemodynamic characterization of the diabetic Psammomys obesus – an animal model of type II diabetes mellitus. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 32, 1074–1078. Horowitz, M., Meiri, U., 1993. Mechanism of heat acclimation induced bradycardia in the sand rat. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 4, 37–46. Hrapkiewicz, K., Medina, L., 2007. Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine, third ed.. Blackwell Publishing, Ames. Hygnstrom, S.E., Timm, R.E., Larson, G.E. Cotton rats. Internet center for wildlife damage management. Retrieved on June 22, 2010, from http://icwdm.org/handbook/rodents/CottonRat.asp/ .
Hygnstrom, S.E., Timm, R.M., Larson, G.E. Internet center for wildlife damage management – white-footed mice. http://icwdm.org/ handbook/rodents/WhiteFootedDeerMouse.asp/ (accessed 17.06.10). Jackson, R.K., 1997. Unusual laboratory rodent species: research uses, care, and associated biohazards. ILAR J. 38, 13–21. Jarvis, J.U.M., Bennett, N.C., 1991. Ecology and behavior of the family Bathyergidae. In: Sherman, P.W., Jarvis, J.U.M., Alexander, R.D. (Eds.), The Biology of The Naked Mole-Rat. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 66–96. Jarvis, J.U.M., Sherman, P.H., 2002. Heterocephalus glaber. Mamm. Spec. 706, 1–9. Jarvis, J.U.M., 1991. Reproduction of naked mole-rats. In: Sherman, H., Jarvis, J., Alexander, D.J. (Eds.), The Biology of The Naked Mole-Rat. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 384–425. Jimenz, J.V.J., 1969. Comparative post-natal growth in cotton rats (Genus Sigmodon) A dissertation submitted to the Department of Zoology of Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. degree. Johansen, K., Lykkeboe, G., Weber, R.E., Maloiy, G.M., 1976. Blood respiratory properties in the naked mole rat Heterocephalus glaber, a mammal of low body temperature. Respir. Physiol. 28, 303–314. Johnson-Delaney, C.A., 1996. Small rodents. In: Exotic Companion Medicine Handbook for Veterinarians., Wingers Publishing, Inc., Lake Worth. Kalman, R., Lazarovici, G., Bar-On, H., Ziv, E., 1996. The sand rat (Psammomys obesus): morphologic, physiologic, and biochemical characteristics of a model for type-II diabetes mellitus. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 35, 67–70. King, J.A., 1968. Biology of Peromyscus (Rodentia), first ed. The American Society of Mammalogists, Stillwater. Kirkland, G.L., Layne, J.N., 1989. Advances in the Study of Peromyscus (Rodentia). Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock. Kirksey, E.R., Pagels, J.F., Blem, C.R., 1975. The role of the tail in temperature regulation of the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Comp. Physiol. 52, 707–711. Kobayashi, I., Kajisa, M., Farid, A.S., Yamanaka, A., Horii, Y., 2009. Paralytic ileus and subsequent death caused by enteric parasite, Strongyloides papillosus, in Mongolian gerbils. Vet. Parasitol. 162, 100–105. Kraft, H., 1987. Diseases of Chinchillas. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Laas, R., 1984. Common carotid artery stump pressure in the gerbil stroke model. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 47, 365–371. Lancaster, E., 2000. Dipodomys merriami (On-line). In: Animal diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/ information/Dipodomys_merriami.html/ (accessed 16.06.10). Lawrie, A.M., Megahy, I.W., 1991. Tumours in Russian hamsters. Vet. Rec. 128, 411–412. Lee, T.M., 2004. Octodon degus: a diurnal, social, and long-lived rodent. ILAR J. 45, 14–24. Lester, P.A., Rush, H.G., Sigler, R.E., 2005. Renal transitional cell carcinoma and choristoma in a degu (Octodon degus). Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 44, 41–44. Liu, C.T., 1988. Body surface area and K values in strain 13 guinea pigs with different body weights and ages. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med 189, 285–290. Linzey, D.W., 1998. The Mammals of Virginia. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Inc., Blacksburg. Long, C.A., 2007. Degu cardio-pulmonary values. In: Judah, V., Nuttall, K. (Eds.), Exotic Animal Care and Management. Thomson Delmar Learning, New York, pp. 85. Mabry, J., Choi, G., Slimp, T., 1988. 39th AALAS Annual Meeting, Detroit, MI. Makino, S., 1948. Notes on the chromosomes of four species of small mammals (chromosome studies in domestic mammals,Ⅴ). J. Faculty Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Series VI. Zool. 9, 345–357.
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES
REFERENCES
Maree, S., Faulkes, C., 2008. Heterocephalus glaber. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. http:// www.iuncredlist.org/ (accessed 07.06.10). Marston, J.H., Chang, M.C., 1965. The Breeding, management and reproductive physiology of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones Unguiculatus). Lab. Anim. Care 15, 34–48. Mohr, U., Schuller, H., Reznik, G., Althoff, J., Page, N., 1973. Breeding of European hamsters. Lab. Anim. Sci. 23, 799–802. Mostafa, B.H., Abderrazak Souha, B., Sabeh, F., Noureddine, C., Riadh, B.I., 2006. Evidence for the existence of two distinct species: Psammomys obesus and Psammomys vexillaris within the sand rats (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), reservoirs of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. Infect. Genet. Evol. 6, 301–308. Najecki, D., Tate, B., 1999. Husbandry and management of the degu. Lab. Anim. 28, 54–62. Niewiesk, S., Prince, G., 2002. Diversifying animal models: the use of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in infectious diseases. Lab. Anim. 36, 357–372. Nowak, R.M., Paradico, J.L., 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World, fourth ed.. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Nowak, R.M., 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, sixth ed.. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. O'Connor, T.P., Lee, A., Jarvis, J.U., Buffenstein, R., 2002. Prolonged longevity in naked mole-rats: age-related changes in metabolism, body composition and gastrointestinal function. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 133, 835–842. Ohwada, K., Katahira, K., 1993. Indirect measurement for body surface area of cotton rats. Jikken Dobutsu 42, 635–637. Patlas, N., Avgil, M., Ziv, E., Ornoy, A., Shafrir, E., 2006. Pregnancy outcome in the Psammomys obesus gerbil on low- and high-energy diets. Biol. Neonate 90, 58–65. Pogosianz, H.E., 1975. Djungarian hamster – a suitable tool for cancer research and cytogenetic studies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 54, 659–664. Prince, G.A., 1994. The cotton rat in biomedical research. AWIC Newsl. 5, 3–5. Quesenberry, K.E., Carpenter, J.W., 2004. Ferrets, Rabbits and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery. Saunders, St. Louis, Missouri. Reynolds, T.J., Wright, J.W., 1979. Early postnatal physical and behavioural development of degus (Octodon degus). Lab. Anim. 13, 93–99. Reznick-Schuller, H., Reznik, G., Mofr, U., 1974. The European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) as an experimental animal: breeding methods and observation of their behavior in the laboratory. Z. Versuchstierkunde 16, S48–S58. Richardson, V., 2000. Rabbits: Health, Husbandry and Diseases. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Rojas, M.A., Montenegro, M.A., Morales, B., 1982. Embryonic development of the degu, Octodon degus. J. Reprod. Fertil. 66, 31–38. Rosenmann, M., Morrison, P., 1974. Physiological characteristics of the alarm reaction in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi. Physiol. Zool. 47, 230–241. Sanigorski, A., Fahey, R., Cameron-Smith, D., Collier, G.R., 2002. Nicotine treatment decreases food intake and body weight via a leptin-independent pathway in Psammomys obesus. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 4, 346–350. Savabieasfahani, M., Lochmiller, R.L., Rafferty, D.P., Sinclair, J.A., 1998. Sensitivity of wild cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) to the immunotoxic effects of low-level arsenic exposure. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34, 289–296.
1245
Segelken, R., 1999. Counting mole-rat mammaries and hungry pups, biologists explain why naked rodents break the rules. Cornell News –rats. Retrieved on March 23, 2010, from http://www. news.cornell.edu/releases/Aug99/rat_mamm.hrs.html/ Sherman, P.W., Braude, S., Jarvis, J.U.M., 1999. Litter sizes and mammary numbers of naked mole-rats: breaking the one-half rule. J. Mamm. 80, 720–733. Soholt, L.F., 1975. Water balance of Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami, during cold exposure. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Comp. Physiol. 51, 369–372. Soholt, L.F., Yousef, M.K., Dill, D.B., 1973. Responses of Merriam’s kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami, to various levels of carbon dioxide concentration. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Comp. Physiol. 45, 455–462. Suckow, M.A., Brammer, D.W., Rush, H.G., Chrisp, C.E., 2002. Biology and diseases of rabbits. In: Fox, J.G., Anderson, L.C., Loew, F.M., Quimby, F.W. (Eds.), Laboratory Animal Medicine (second ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 329–364. Thompson, R., 1971. The water consumption and drinking habits of a few species and strains of laboratory animals. J. Inst. Anim. Tech. 22, 29–36. Tomasco, I.H., Del Rio, R., Iturriaga, R., Bozinovic, F., 2010. Comparative respiratory strategies of subterranean and fossorial octodontid rodents to cope with hypoxic and hypercapnic atmospheres. J. Comp. Physiol. B 180, 877–884. Trias, E.L., Hassantoufighi, A., Prince, G.A., Eichelberger, M.C., 2009. Comparison of airway measurements during influenza-induced tachypnea in infant and adult cotton rats. BMC Pulm. Med. 9, 28–34. Turney, T.H., Lockwood, J.A., 1986. Systolic blood-pressure in peromyscus species – considerations for the murine hypertension model. J. Zool. 209, 149–154. Ulmansky, M., Ungar, H., Adler, J.H., 1984. Dental abnormalities in aging sand rats (Psammomys obesus). J. Oral Pathol. 13, 366–372. Urison, N.T., Buffenstein, R., 1994. Kidney concentrating ability of a subterranean xeric rodent, the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber). J. Comp. Physiol. B 163, 676–681. Vaughan, T., Ryan, J., Czaplewski, N., June, 1999. Mammalogy. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, PA. Weigl, R., 2005. Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe, Stuttgart. Weir, B.J., 1970. The management and breeding of some more hystricomorph rodents. Lab. Anim. 4, 83–97. West, C., 2010. Rodent Clinician. Department of Comparative Medicine, Saint Louis University, Windmill, K., Tenne-Brown, J., Bayles, R., Trevaskis, J., Gao, Y., Walder, K., et al. 2007. Localization and expression of selenoprotein S in the testis of Psammomys obesus. J. Mol. Histol. 38, 97–101. Wood, D., Mendez, R., Website accessed February 2010. Husbandry standards for keeping naked mole rats in captivity. Retrieved on February, 2010, from http://www.glenoakzoo.org/ NAKEDMole%20Rat%20Standards.pdf/. Woods, C.A., Boraker, D., 1975. Octodon degus. Mamm. Spec. 67, 1–5. Wunder, B.A., 1974. The effect of activity on body temperature of ord’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii). Physiol. Zool. 47, 29–36. Yerganian, G., 1958. The striped-back or Chinese hamster. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 20, 705–727.
VII. FORMULARY AND NORMATIVE VALUES