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Notation
Notation a aB aT A AB Aeq ATU b b1 b2 B c ca CD CDB CDBO CDNT CDW CD(j) CDf (j) CD(0) Cf CFi CLB CLW CMi CMxL Cp Cp1 Cp2 CS Csp Csv Cui CuiB Cuh Cuh 95 Cux0 Cux2 Cm d dB dW
Parameter in Davis equation (N) Ballast acceleration (m/s2) Train deceleration (m/s2) Reference area of train (m2) Ballast area (m2) Equivalent leakage area (m2) Tunnel area (m2) Parameter in Davis equation (Nsm1) Parameter in Davis equation (Nsm1) Parameter in Davis equation (Nsm1) Train cross-sectional area to tunnel cross-sectional blockage ratio Parameter in Davis equation (Ns2m2) Speed of sound in air (ms1) Drag coefficient Ballast drag coefficient Drag coefficient of bogies Drag coefficient of train nose and tail Contact wire drag coefficient Drag coefficient at yaw angle j Drag coefficient increment at yaw angle j due to increased wheel/rail friction Drag coefficient at j ¼ 0 Friction coefficient Force coefficient in direction i Ballast lift force coefficient Overhead wire lift coefficient Moment coefficient about axis i Crosswind lee rail rolling moment coefficient ppr Pressure coefficient 0:5 9v2 Pressure coefficient on vertical surface Pressure coefficient on horizontal surface Smagorinsky coefficient Specific heat at constant pressure (Jkg1K1) Specific heat at constant volume (Jkg1K1) Air velocity coefficient ui/v Ballast velocity coefficient uiB/v Horizontal air velocity coefficient uh/v 95th percentile of horizontal gust velocity coefficient uh95/v Coefficient of velocity close to ballast bed ux0/v Square of air velocity coefficient (ux/v)2 Constant in k e ε model Dispersion of extreme value distribution (m/s) Ballast size (m) Contact wire diameter (m)
xix
xx
Notation
E fa fc fr fs1 fs2 fs3 FðuÞ Fðb uÞ FCWP FHAB FHMB Fi FR FRC FRG FVAB FVMB FVAWP FVIWP FVSWP FW g gi G Gð! x ; rÞ h hFi hu H HFy HFz i Ii IR k ki kloss knose kR ksim ks1 ks2 kVK ki K KB
Internal energy (J) Admittance factor Curvature factor Track roughness factor Suspension factor e body roll Suspension factor e suspended mass movement Suspension factor e other effects Cumulative distribution function of mean speed Cumulative distribution function of wind gust speed Total contact force between a pantograph and the contact wire (N) Horizontal aerodynamic force on ballast (N) Horizontal mechanical force on ballast (N) Crosswind aerodynamic force in direction i (i ¼ x,y,z) (N) Total train resistance (N) Train resistance due to track curvature (N) Train resistance due to gravity (N) Vertical aerodynamic force on ballast (N) Vertical mechanical force on ballast (N) Vertical aerodynamic force between pantograph and contact wire (N) Dynamic inertial force between pantograph and contact wire (N) Static vertical force between pantograph and contact wire (N) Contact wire drag or lift force (N) Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) Body force per unit mass in NaviereStokes equations (m/s2) Gust factor Large eddy simulation filter function Reference height (m) Weighting function for crosswind force component i(i ¼ x,y,z) Under body gap height (m) Boundary layer form parameter Longitudinal point of action of side force Longitudinal point of action of lift force (m) Track gradient . ith component of turbulence intensity sui ux (i ¼ x,y,z) Turbulence intensity relative to the train Turbulent kinetic energy Factor in resistance equations Pressure loss coefficient Coefficient showing the effect of the train nose Factor on mass for rotating masses Factor used to correct Dpsim Sand grain roughness of track (m) Sand grain roughness of train under body (m) Von Kármán constant Factors used in drag coefficient equations in Chapter 7 (k ¼ 1e7) Constant in Eq. (2.13) Bulk modulus of air (Pa)
Notation
K1 K2 KW1 KW2 li lK lmix lS L L’ Lc Lg Li LW Lui 0 Lux m mW M MB Mi Mp Ms MxL Ma n nf ng nW n1 n2 NB NP Np NT P pext pint ploss pmax pmin pMPW po pr p1 p2
xxi
Factor in Eq. (7.14) Factor in Eq. (7.14) Factor in Eq. (7.8) Factor in Eq. (7.8) Integral turbulence length scale (m) Kolmogorov dissipation length scale (m) Mixing length (m) Smagorinsky length scale Train length (m) Adjusted train length (m) Length of container (m) Length of gaps between containers (m) Length of intercar gap (m) Overhead wire length (m) Integral length scale of velocity fluctuations (i ¼ x,y,z) (m) Integral length scale relative to train (m) Mode of extreme value distribution (ms1) Mass per unit length of catenary wire (kgm1) Train mass (kg) Ballast stone mass (kg) Crosswind aerodynamic moments about axis i (i ¼ x,y,z) (Nm) Primary suspended mass (kg) Secondary suspended mass (kg) Crosswind rolling moment about leeward rail (Nm) Mach number Frequency (Hz) Reynolds number friction exponent Characteristic gust frequency in Eq. (11.7) (Hz) Natural frequency of catenary wire (Hz) Crosswind force coefficient parameterisation constant Crosswind force coefficient parameterisation constant Number of bogies Number of power cars Number of pantographs Number of trailing cars Pressure (Pa) Train external pressure (Pa) Train internal pressure (Pa) Stagnation pressure loss (Pa) Maximum pressure (Pa) Minimum pressure (Pa) Peak value of the micropressure wave at a distance rMPW from the tunnel portal (Pa) Reference pressure outside tunnel portal (Pa) Reference pressure (Pa) Pressure on vertical structure (Pa) Pressure on horizontal structure (Pa)
xxii
Notation
PðuÞ q Q Qij r rMPW rTR Rg RB RS RT RTU Rui(s) RMxL Re Reli s S Sc Sij SFi(n) Sui(n) SV (n) Sm Sx Sx0 Sz SSE SSR SST t Ta Tabs Tui TW u(x,t) u(z,t) u(h) b u uc ui uiB uh uh 95 uh average uh gust uh sd
Extreme value probability of mean wind speed Centre of gravity height (m) Heat transfer per unit length of tunnel ( Js1m1) Residual stresses Radial coordinate (m) Distance between exit portal and point where micropressure wave is measured (m) Track curve radius (m) Gas constant ( J mole1K1) Ballast vertical reaction force (N) Velocity shear relative to the train Track radius of curvature (m) Hydraulic radius of tunnel (m) Autocorrelation function of velocity component i Ratio of rolling moment coefficients at 90 and 30 yaw Reynolds number Reynolds number based on integral length scale Streamline coordinate Suspension coefficient Scruton number Mean strain rate tensor Spectral density for force component i (N2s) (i ¼ x,y,z) Spectral density of air velocity in i direction (m2s1) Spectral density for V (m2s1) Shields parameter for ballast roll Shields parameter for ballast slide Shields parameter using friction velocity Shields parameter for ballast lift Sum of the squared approximation errors (Eq. 4.25) Sum of the squared approximation variation from mean (Eq. 4.27) Sum of the squared true response variation from mean (Eq. 4.26) Time (s) Tachikawa number Absolute temperature (K) Integral timescale of velocity component I (s) Wire tension (N) Wind velocity at point x and time t (ms1) Wind velocity at height z and time t (ms1) Wind velocity at height h above ground (ms1) Wind gust velocity (ms1) Characteristic wind speed (ms1) ith component of air velocity (i ¼ x,y,z) (ms1) ith component of ballast velocity (i ¼ x,y,z) (ms1) Horizontal component of velocity (ms1) 95% confidence limit of ensemble of one-second gust values of uh (ms1) Average value of ensemble of one-second gust values of uh (ms1) One-second gust value of uh (ms1) Standard deviation of ensemble of one-second gust values of uh (ms1)
Notation
xxiii
ur ux0 uxr ux, z[d uq us uD u1 u2 b u 50 u(ε) u(90) v vb V V(t) V(x,t) V(h) VN VN VFY w x xi xr XW 2 XFi y yi yp ys yTR Y YW z Z ZW zd z1 z2 z0 z01 z02
Velocity in radial direction (ms1) Velocity close to ballast bed (ms1) Representative air speed inside tunnel portal (ms1) Velocity at edge of boundary layer (ms1) Velocity in angular direction (ms1) pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi 1 Shear velocity sw =r (ms ) ux/us Lower velocity limit in cumulative probability distribution for human stability (ms1) Upper velocity limit in cumulative probability distribution for human stability (ms1) Once in 50-year gust speed (ms1) Wind speed at an incident angle ε to contact wire (ms1) Wind speed at 90 to contact wire (ms1) Train speed (ms1) Balancing train speed (ms1) Wind velocity relative to train (ms1) Wind velocity relative to train at time t (ms1) Wind velocity relative to train at point x and time t (ms1) Wind velocity relative to train at height h above ground (ms1) Velocity normal to train surface in panel method calculation (ms1) Free stream velocity relative to train in panel method calculation (ms1) Vertical point of action of side force (m) Contact wire weight/unit length (kg/m) Distance in train direction of travel, measured from train nose (m) x coordinate of panel i x coordinate of end of train Longitudinal distance along contact wire span, measured from span centre (m) Aerodynamic admittance for force component i Lateral distance from the centre of the track (m) y coordinate of panel i Primary bump stop displacement distance (m) Secondary bump stop displacement distance (m) Semitrack width (m) Lateral distance of vertical structure from the centre of the track (m) Maximum contact wire lateral displacement under wind loading (m) Vertical distance from the top of the rail (m) Vertical distance of horizontal structure from the top of the rail (m) Vertical distance of contact wire from support points (m) Velocity profile displacement height (m) z at the bottom of train (m) z at the top of train (m) Surface roughness length (m) Surface roughness of sleepers and ballast (m) Surface roughness of train under body (m)
zD a a0 b
zus/n Parameter in definition of characteristic velocity Wheel unloading factor Wind direction relative to track (degrees or radians)
xxiv
Notation
bi g d dd dm D DCp DCpB Dp Dp95 Dpaverage Dpsd Dpsim Dpfr DpHP DpN DpT Dt Dtp Dx ε z h q w k 0 k l 0 l m m0 mB mt n nt xW p1 p2 9 9B 90 sui s sK sdyn sw
Angle of panel i to the flow direction (degrees or radians) Ratio of specific heats Boundary layer thickness (m) Boundary layer displacement thickness (m) Boundary layer momentum thickness (m) Size of computation cell Peak-to-peak pressure coefficient Pressure coefficient across ballast particle Peak-to-peak pressure (Pa) 95% confidence limit of Dp (Pa) Ensemble average of Dp (Pa) Ensemble standard deviation of Dp (Pa) Numerically simulated value of Dp (Pa) Pressure change due to friction effects due to the entry of the main part of the train into the tunnel (Pa) Pressure change in a tunnel due to the passing of a train nose (Pa) Pressure change due to the passing of the train nose, also initial pressure rise (Pa) Pressure change due to the entry of the train tail (Pa) Computational time step (s) Characteristic time interval for the initial pressure rise ¼ 2knosevRTU Distance between computational nodes (m) Turbulence dissipation rate or overhead wire incident angle Train wetted perimeter (m) Wheel/rail friction coefficient Angular coordinate Parameter in Eqs. (3.5) and (3.6) Weibull distribution shape factor Modified Weibull distribution shape factor Weibull distribution scale factor (ms1) Modified Weibull distribution scale factor (ms1) Dynamic viscosity of air (kgm1s1) Second viscosity of air (kgm1s1) Ballast friction coefficient Turbulent eddy dynamic viscosity (kgm1s1) Kinematic viscosity of air (m2s1) Turbulent eddy kinematic viscosity (m2s1) Mechanical damping ratio of catenary wire Parameter in cumulative distribution function in Eq. (8.14) Parameter in cumulative distribution function in Eq. (8.14) Density of air (kgm3) Density of ballast (kgm3) Reference density of air outside tunnel portal (kgm3) Component of turbulence in direction i (i ¼ x,y,z) (m/s) Time (s) Kolmogorov time scale (s) Pressure tightness time (s) Boundary shear stress (Pa)
Notation
f 4 j u Ur Us U L 0 L e ki ℝ2 ℝ2ad xi yi
Velocity potential (s1) Stream function (s1) Yaw angle (degrees or radians) Vorticity (s1) Accident risk cumulative density function in Eq. (8.9) Pedestrian stability CDF in Eq. (8.12) Solid angle associated with micropressure wave emission Source volume flow rate per unit length from point source Source volume flow rate per unit length from panel Error in optimisation regression analysis Regression coefficients in optimisation regression analysis Coefficient of determination in optimisation regression analysis Adjusted coefficient of determination in optimisation regression analysis Function variable in optimisation regression analysis Function variable in optimisation regression analysis
Time average, mean or filtered value Fluctuating value Subgrid component Extreme or gust value Normalisation of velocities with characteristic wind speed Vector
0
00
^ e /
xxv
Parameter in Davis equation (N) Ballast acceleration (m/s2) Train deceleration (m/s2) Reference area of train (m2) Ballast area (m2) Equivalent leakage area (m2) Tunnel area (m2) Parameter in Davis equation (Nsm1) Parameter in Davis equation (Nsm1) Parameter in Davis equation (Nsm1) Train cross-sectional area to tunnel cross-sectional blockage ratio Parameter in Davis equation (Ns2m2) Speed of sound in air (ms1) Drag coefficient Ballast drag coefficient Drag coefficient of bogies Drag coefficient of train nose and tail Contact wire drag coefficient Drag coefficient at yaw angle j Drag coefficient increment at yaw angle j due to increased wheel/rail friction Drag coefficient at j ¼ 0 Friction coefficient Force coefficient in direction i Ballast lift force coefficient Overhead wire lift coefficient Moment coefficient about axis i Crosswind lee rail rolling moment coefficient ppr Pressure coefficient 0:5 9v2 Pressure coefficient on vertical surface Pressure coefficient on horizontal surface Smagorinsky coefficient Specific heat at constant pressure (Jkg1K1) Specific heat at constant volume (Jkg1K1) Air velocity coefficient ui/v Ballast velocity coefficient uiB/v Horizontal air velocity coefficient uh/v 95th percentile of horizontal gust velocity coefficient uh95/v Coefficient of velocity close to ballast bed ux0/v Square of air velocity coefficient (ux/v)2 Constant in k e ε model Dispersion of extreme value distribution (m/s) Ballast size (m) Contact wire diameter (m)
xix
xx
Notation
E fa fc fr fs1 fs2 fs3 FðuÞ Fðb uÞ FCWP FHAB FHMB Fi FR FRC FRG FVAB FVMB FVAWP FVIWP FVSWP FW g gi G Gð! x ; rÞ h hFi hu H HFy HFz i Ii IR k ki kloss knose kR ksim ks1 ks2 kVK ki K KB
Internal energy (J) Admittance factor Curvature factor Track roughness factor Suspension factor e body roll Suspension factor e suspended mass movement Suspension factor e other effects Cumulative distribution function of mean speed Cumulative distribution function of wind gust speed Total contact force between a pantograph and the contact wire (N) Horizontal aerodynamic force on ballast (N) Horizontal mechanical force on ballast (N) Crosswind aerodynamic force in direction i (i ¼ x,y,z) (N) Total train resistance (N) Train resistance due to track curvature (N) Train resistance due to gravity (N) Vertical aerodynamic force on ballast (N) Vertical mechanical force on ballast (N) Vertical aerodynamic force between pantograph and contact wire (N) Dynamic inertial force between pantograph and contact wire (N) Static vertical force between pantograph and contact wire (N) Contact wire drag or lift force (N) Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) Body force per unit mass in NaviereStokes equations (m/s2) Gust factor Large eddy simulation filter function Reference height (m) Weighting function for crosswind force component i(i ¼ x,y,z) Under body gap height (m) Boundary layer form parameter Longitudinal point of action of side force Longitudinal point of action of lift force (m) Track gradient . ith component of turbulence intensity sui ux (i ¼ x,y,z) Turbulence intensity relative to the train Turbulent kinetic energy Factor in resistance equations Pressure loss coefficient Coefficient showing the effect of the train nose Factor on mass for rotating masses Factor used to correct Dpsim Sand grain roughness of track (m) Sand grain roughness of train under body (m) Von Kármán constant Factors used in drag coefficient equations in Chapter 7 (k ¼ 1e7) Constant in Eq. (2.13) Bulk modulus of air (Pa)
Notation
K1 K2 KW1 KW2 li lK lmix lS L L’ Lc Lg Li LW Lui 0 Lux m mW M MB Mi Mp Ms MxL Ma n nf ng nW n1 n2 NB NP Np NT P pext pint ploss pmax pmin pMPW po pr p1 p2
xxi
Factor in Eq. (7.14) Factor in Eq. (7.14) Factor in Eq. (7.8) Factor in Eq. (7.8) Integral turbulence length scale (m) Kolmogorov dissipation length scale (m) Mixing length (m) Smagorinsky length scale Train length (m) Adjusted train length (m) Length of container (m) Length of gaps between containers (m) Length of intercar gap (m) Overhead wire length (m) Integral length scale of velocity fluctuations (i ¼ x,y,z) (m) Integral length scale relative to train (m) Mode of extreme value distribution (ms1) Mass per unit length of catenary wire (kgm1) Train mass (kg) Ballast stone mass (kg) Crosswind aerodynamic moments about axis i (i ¼ x,y,z) (Nm) Primary suspended mass (kg) Secondary suspended mass (kg) Crosswind rolling moment about leeward rail (Nm) Mach number Frequency (Hz) Reynolds number friction exponent Characteristic gust frequency in Eq. (11.7) (Hz) Natural frequency of catenary wire (Hz) Crosswind force coefficient parameterisation constant Crosswind force coefficient parameterisation constant Number of bogies Number of power cars Number of pantographs Number of trailing cars Pressure (Pa) Train external pressure (Pa) Train internal pressure (Pa) Stagnation pressure loss (Pa) Maximum pressure (Pa) Minimum pressure (Pa) Peak value of the micropressure wave at a distance rMPW from the tunnel portal (Pa) Reference pressure outside tunnel portal (Pa) Reference pressure (Pa) Pressure on vertical structure (Pa) Pressure on horizontal structure (Pa)
xxii
Notation
PðuÞ q Q Qij r rMPW rTR Rg RB RS RT RTU Rui(s) RMxL Re Reli s S Sc Sij SFi(n) Sui(n) SV (n) Sm Sx Sx0 Sz SSE SSR SST t Ta Tabs Tui TW u(x,t) u(z,t) u(h) b u uc ui uiB uh uh 95 uh average uh gust uh sd
Extreme value probability of mean wind speed Centre of gravity height (m) Heat transfer per unit length of tunnel ( Js1m1) Residual stresses Radial coordinate (m) Distance between exit portal and point where micropressure wave is measured (m) Track curve radius (m) Gas constant ( J mole1K1) Ballast vertical reaction force (N) Velocity shear relative to the train Track radius of curvature (m) Hydraulic radius of tunnel (m) Autocorrelation function of velocity component i Ratio of rolling moment coefficients at 90 and 30 yaw Reynolds number Reynolds number based on integral length scale Streamline coordinate Suspension coefficient Scruton number Mean strain rate tensor Spectral density for force component i (N2s) (i ¼ x,y,z) Spectral density of air velocity in i direction (m2s1) Spectral density for V (m2s1) Shields parameter for ballast roll Shields parameter for ballast slide Shields parameter using friction velocity Shields parameter for ballast lift Sum of the squared approximation errors (Eq. 4.25) Sum of the squared approximation variation from mean (Eq. 4.27) Sum of the squared true response variation from mean (Eq. 4.26) Time (s) Tachikawa number Absolute temperature (K) Integral timescale of velocity component I (s) Wire tension (N) Wind velocity at point x and time t (ms1) Wind velocity at height z and time t (ms1) Wind velocity at height h above ground (ms1) Wind gust velocity (ms1) Characteristic wind speed (ms1) ith component of air velocity (i ¼ x,y,z) (ms1) ith component of ballast velocity (i ¼ x,y,z) (ms1) Horizontal component of velocity (ms1) 95% confidence limit of ensemble of one-second gust values of uh (ms1) Average value of ensemble of one-second gust values of uh (ms1) One-second gust value of uh (ms1) Standard deviation of ensemble of one-second gust values of uh (ms1)
Notation
xxiii
ur ux0 uxr ux, z[d uq us uD u1 u2 b u 50 u(ε) u(90) v vb V V(t) V(x,t) V(h) VN VN VFY w x xi xr XW 2 XFi y yi yp ys yTR Y YW z Z ZW zd z1 z2 z0 z01 z02
Velocity in radial direction (ms1) Velocity close to ballast bed (ms1) Representative air speed inside tunnel portal (ms1) Velocity at edge of boundary layer (ms1) Velocity in angular direction (ms1) pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi 1 Shear velocity sw =r (ms ) ux/us Lower velocity limit in cumulative probability distribution for human stability (ms1) Upper velocity limit in cumulative probability distribution for human stability (ms1) Once in 50-year gust speed (ms1) Wind speed at an incident angle ε to contact wire (ms1) Wind speed at 90 to contact wire (ms1) Train speed (ms1) Balancing train speed (ms1) Wind velocity relative to train (ms1) Wind velocity relative to train at time t (ms1) Wind velocity relative to train at point x and time t (ms1) Wind velocity relative to train at height h above ground (ms1) Velocity normal to train surface in panel method calculation (ms1) Free stream velocity relative to train in panel method calculation (ms1) Vertical point of action of side force (m) Contact wire weight/unit length (kg/m) Distance in train direction of travel, measured from train nose (m) x coordinate of panel i x coordinate of end of train Longitudinal distance along contact wire span, measured from span centre (m) Aerodynamic admittance for force component i Lateral distance from the centre of the track (m) y coordinate of panel i Primary bump stop displacement distance (m) Secondary bump stop displacement distance (m) Semitrack width (m) Lateral distance of vertical structure from the centre of the track (m) Maximum contact wire lateral displacement under wind loading (m) Vertical distance from the top of the rail (m) Vertical distance of horizontal structure from the top of the rail (m) Vertical distance of contact wire from support points (m) Velocity profile displacement height (m) z at the bottom of train (m) z at the top of train (m) Surface roughness length (m) Surface roughness of sleepers and ballast (m) Surface roughness of train under body (m)
zD a a0 b
zus/n Parameter in definition of characteristic velocity Wheel unloading factor Wind direction relative to track (degrees or radians)
xxiv
Notation
bi g d dd dm D DCp DCpB Dp Dp95 Dpaverage Dpsd Dpsim Dpfr DpHP DpN DpT Dt Dtp Dx ε z h q w k 0 k l 0 l m m0 mB mt n nt xW p1 p2 9 9B 90 sui s sK sdyn sw
Angle of panel i to the flow direction (degrees or radians) Ratio of specific heats Boundary layer thickness (m) Boundary layer displacement thickness (m) Boundary layer momentum thickness (m) Size of computation cell Peak-to-peak pressure coefficient Pressure coefficient across ballast particle Peak-to-peak pressure (Pa) 95% confidence limit of Dp (Pa) Ensemble average of Dp (Pa) Ensemble standard deviation of Dp (Pa) Numerically simulated value of Dp (Pa) Pressure change due to friction effects due to the entry of the main part of the train into the tunnel (Pa) Pressure change in a tunnel due to the passing of a train nose (Pa) Pressure change due to the passing of the train nose, also initial pressure rise (Pa) Pressure change due to the entry of the train tail (Pa) Computational time step (s) Characteristic time interval for the initial pressure rise ¼ 2knosevRTU Distance between computational nodes (m) Turbulence dissipation rate or overhead wire incident angle Train wetted perimeter (m) Wheel/rail friction coefficient Angular coordinate Parameter in Eqs. (3.5) and (3.6) Weibull distribution shape factor Modified Weibull distribution shape factor Weibull distribution scale factor (ms1) Modified Weibull distribution scale factor (ms1) Dynamic viscosity of air (kgm1s1) Second viscosity of air (kgm1s1) Ballast friction coefficient Turbulent eddy dynamic viscosity (kgm1s1) Kinematic viscosity of air (m2s1) Turbulent eddy kinematic viscosity (m2s1) Mechanical damping ratio of catenary wire Parameter in cumulative distribution function in Eq. (8.14) Parameter in cumulative distribution function in Eq. (8.14) Density of air (kgm3) Density of ballast (kgm3) Reference density of air outside tunnel portal (kgm3) Component of turbulence in direction i (i ¼ x,y,z) (m/s) Time (s) Kolmogorov time scale (s) Pressure tightness time (s) Boundary shear stress (Pa)
Notation
f 4 j u Ur Us U L 0 L e ki ℝ2 ℝ2ad xi yi
Velocity potential (s1) Stream function (s1) Yaw angle (degrees or radians) Vorticity (s1) Accident risk cumulative density function in Eq. (8.9) Pedestrian stability CDF in Eq. (8.12) Solid angle associated with micropressure wave emission Source volume flow rate per unit length from point source Source volume flow rate per unit length from panel Error in optimisation regression analysis Regression coefficients in optimisation regression analysis Coefficient of determination in optimisation regression analysis Adjusted coefficient of determination in optimisation regression analysis Function variable in optimisation regression analysis Function variable in optimisation regression analysis
Time average, mean or filtered value Fluctuating value Subgrid component Extreme or gust value Normalisation of velocities with characteristic wind speed Vector
0
00
^ e /
xxv