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Note on the draft tables of causes of death
Dece~bor,xgo01 Draft Tables of Causes of Death
149
NOTE ON THE DRAFT TABLES OF CAUSES OF DEATH, PRESENTED
TO
THE
SOCIETY OF
OF
MEDICAL
OFFICERS
HEALTH.
:BY DR. JACQUES BERTILLON, Head of the Statistical Department of the Municipality of the City of Paris.
Just now, when the Society of Medical Officers of Health are adapting the British Nomenclature to the needs of the towns, the German statisticians are engaged in a similar work The lamer have felt t h e need of re-arranging their nomenclature so as to make it accord with that of other countries for the purposes of international comparison. At their meeting at KSnigsberg in 1899, they adopted the following resolution : " E i n e Commission wird mit der Untersuchung der Frage beaufbetragt, ob sich nicht gelegentlich der ohnehin beabsich~gten Revision des FlinzerLacknerschea Systems der Todesursachen dieses so umarbeiten liesze, dasz es mit dem Bertitlonsehen oder dem in Christiania etwa abgeander~ten internationalen System thatsachlich iibereinstiinmt, und in diesem Sinne :Bertillon in Aussicht zu stelten, dasz sein System yon den deutschen Stadtestatistikern berttcksichtigt werden wtirde. ''+
Doubtless the Society of Medical Officers of Health really have the same object in view. The mortality of English towns is remarkably low, and, consequently, it would be very interesting to know exactly the diseases by the prevalence or absence of which such result is brought about. To obtain this knowledge, it is necessary that the nomenclature in use should be comparable with those of other countries, a result which can easily be attained, especially in England. As to the Agreement between the Nomenclatures of the t~egistrarGeneral and of the International Commission.--The French Minister of Foreign Affairs, at the expressed wish of the American Public Health Association and of the International Institute of Statistics, invited the @overnments of all nations to appoint representatives on an International Commission, for the purpose of formulating an international nomenclature of causes of death. This Commission, + [Free translation.] l~esolved that a Commission be appointed to consider how far the Flinzer-Laekner Tabulation of Causes of Death, now under revision, can be modified so as to practically agree with that of :Bertillon, or the International System, as modified as Christiania ; and tha~ the system o~ Bertillon be duly considered by the statisticians of German municipalities in the preparation of their returns.
150
Draft Tables
of C a u s e s of D e a t h
~p~b~i~sealth
composed entirely of official delegates, completed its labours in Paris during August of this year. Twenty-six nations were represented, and the delegates signed a convention which will assure the adoption of the nomenclature in a considerable number of countries. "~ The nomenclature at present in use in North and South America, and in certain of the European countries, resembles very closely that el the Registrar-General. This will be evident by a perusal of t h e scheme of comparison appended to this note. Of the 170 headings included in the Registrar-General's Nomenclature, it is requisite to alter 9 only to make comparison possible. The only important difference is that of order, which makes comparison laborious, but not impossible. This result, striking as it is, is not surprising, as the International Nomenclature has been drawn up with a view to harmonizing existing nomenclatures. It may be mentioned that in the Italian Nomenclature only 14 headings require to be split up to make it comparable with the International Nomenclature. The latter is really a compromise between all existing nomenclatures. I~ should be stated that of the 9 headings in the English Nomenclature which require to be split up, 7 are of secondary importance. (Of 552,141 deaths recorded in E n g l a n d in 1897, only 1,709 are scheduled under these headings.) It is remarkable that the draft prepared by the Society of Medical Officers of Health differs more from the Nomenclature of the Registrar-GenerM than the Iat}er does from the International. In the draft, 18 headings have been placed differently, 12 new ones have been adopted, the titles of 16 others have been changed, and, what is more serious, 4 others (perhaps more) have different connotations, although the titles are ~he same, to say nothing of the headings "Other ...... diseases," the sense of which varies enormously with the slightest alteration in the tabulation. The draft ought to be modified to make it harmonize more closely with the Nomenclature of the Registrar-General and that of the International Congress. Three Changes will sauce to make the Draft agree with the "Shorter" International Table.--The first step to be ~aken is to make the draft agree with the " shorter" Interna¢iona] Table. For this purpose it is necessary to split up three headings to be mentioned, which will also make the draft accord more closely with the Nomenclature of the Registrar-General. The International Commission drewup two nomenelatures--a detailed one, comprising 179 headings, which has been reprinted here (see pp. 153 et seq.), and an abridged, comprising 36 headings, which are indicated in the reprint of the detailed nomenclature thus : "FI~v~E TYPHOIDE."
December,~90o~ Draft T a b l e s of C a u s e s o~ D e a t h
151
1. For "Laryngeal and pulmonary phthisis," "Phthisis" should be substituted (as in the table of the Registrar-General), or, better still, "Pulmonary phthisis," as in the International table. This includes a special heading "Tuberculosis of the larynx," because, as has been observed by Professor Brouardel, the larynx in many occupations is the seat of primary infection in phthisis. In the abridged International Nomenclature, "Tuberculosis of the lungs" alone is mentioned, t~ is important thai the ~raft of the Society should agree in this respect with the abridged table. For this purpose it will suffice if "Tuberculosis of the larynx" be either included with "General tuberculosis, etc.," or, better still, be classified apart. 2. "Simple meningitis," as scheduled in the shorter draft, should be substituted for "Inflammation of ~he brain and membranes." The two expressions are no~ synonymous, for the latter includes "Encephalitis," under which heading deaths, the causes of which are incompletely diagnosed, are placed in m a n y countries. " Sunstroke " and "Heat apoplexy" should not be included under either of these headings. It would be possible to adduce arguments on medical grounds for including these deaths here ; but they are not so placed in the International Nomenclature, or any other of the commoner nomenclatures. 3. Infantile diarrhoea is distributed under three headings in the draft of the Society, viz., "Diarrhoea, dysentery," "Epidemic or zymotic enceritis," and "Enceritis," the last widely separated from the other two. It is probable that the authors of the draft did not desire to have infantile diarrhoea broken up into three headings, but practically that is what will happen. Such result would be very inconvenien~ to ~hose making use of the statistics, and specially for international comparisons. This is probably the most serious error in the drafl, and che three headings should be brought together into juxtaposition. It should also be borne in mind that the distifiction belween epidemic enteritis, zymotic enteritis, and enteritis which is neither the one nor the other, will no~ be adopted within the next quarter of a century, and will probably be by tha~ lime replaced by yet another classification, rational as the present may appear to be. If the distinction is to be maintained, the various forms should be brought together. For the purpose of international comparisons "Appendicitis" should not be included under "EnteritiS," as the former is always tabulated separately. Of the Advantage of an Agreement with the "Detailed" Nomenela. tare, without deviating firm that of the Registrar-General.--WiCh the
152
D r a f t T a b l e s of C a u s e s of D e a t h
teabacaoalV,
three alterations suggested, it would be possible, with much trouble and many chances of error, to compare the draft table with the " s h o r t e r " International Nomenclature ; but something better than tha~ should be attained. What renders comparison between the draft of the Society and the International Nomenclature difficult is the fact that the order of the headings is not the same in the two series. That of the draft does not even agree with the order followed by ~he RegistrarGeneral, e.g., " Croup," etc. It is desirable that the headings of the draft should agree not only with the " shorter " International Table, but also wi~h the "longer," and at the same ~ime agree with that of the Registrar-General. The draft of the Society comprises 145 headings, or 129 excluding the deaths from violence. The schedule that I propose for adoption by the Society contains no more headings than the draft. I have selected the headings with the object a. That they should accord with the wishes of the Society of Medical Officers of Health ; b. That they should agree with the tabulation of the RegistrarGeneral ; and c. That they should agree with the International Nomenclature. The agreement already mentioned between the classification of the :Registrar-General and the International Nomenclature enables this result to be obtained without much difficulty. In the " Scheme of Concordance" hereto appended, the headings which should be retained in the draft are indicated thus : :ENTERIC FEVER. They are the diseases named in the " shorter" International Nomenclature. Diseases indicated thus--l~rysiloelas--are those which,~appearing in the draft of the Society, the Society evidently desires to schedule separately. I would propose to the Society of Medical Officers of Health : 1. The adoption (a) o[ all the headings indicated thus : ENTERIC FEVE~ ; and (b) of those indicated ~hus: Erysipelas; and 2. That the meanings to be attached to those headings should adhere strictly to those agreed upon by the International Commission, which are set out in the Report of the Commission. ~ By this means the statistics of English towns will become comparable with those of other towns of the world. Proc2s verba~x de la Commission, pp. 163 et seq.
CONCORDANCE
AB-
Enteric Fever. Typhus, Relapsing Fever.
Nomenclature of Registrar-General.
Observations.
9 bis. Don~: dipht~rie. Influenza. Influenza. 10. GRIPPE, 11, Sue~te miliaire. Diseases printed thus (FI~v~F~TYP~OiD]~)are included in the shorter table of the International Statistical Cougress. . . . . (J~rysipelas) are here and there placed differently in the Draft Tables of the Society,
Vaccinated. Small-pox. ~ Unvaccinated. ( No statement, Measles. Scarlet Fever. Whooping-cough. Diphtheria, Membranous Croup-ICroup.
Malarial Fever.
Enteric Fever. Typhus Fever.
Draft "Table A " of Society of Medical Officers of Health.
(A) " I N T E R N A T I O N A L NOMENCLATURE." (B) R E G I S T R a R - G E N E R A L O F ENGLAND AND WALES. (G) s o c I E T Y OF MEDICAL OFFICERS OF H E A L T H (DRAFT " A " ) .
3. Fibvre rdeurrente. 4. FIGURE INTER~cIITTENTE E T ) Remittent Fever ~- Ague. CAC~EXIE pAT.UST~E. 4 bis. Dent : eaehexie palustre. (Vaccinated. Small-pox. ~ Unvaccinated. 5, VARIOLE. [ No statement. Measles. 6. ROU(~EOL~. Scarlet Fever. 7. SCARZATINE. Whooping-cough. S. COqUELUC~E. Diphtheria + Croup. 9, DIPHT~RIE ET CROUP.
1. FI~VRB TYPHOIDE (TYPHUS DOMINAL). 2. TYPHUS EXANTHEYIATIQUEo
I.--Maladies Gfin6rales.
Table of International Commission, 1900. ~
OF
BETWEEN THE TABLES OF
SCHEME
¢_~ ¢~
f~
sa
f~
O *'t
O
ff5
O
50
29. 30. 31. 82. 33. 34. 85.
25. 26. 27. 28.
20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
Part of Diarrhcea, Dysentery (see 105, 106).
Cholera.
Nomenclature of Registrar-General.
l
Cholera.
Draft "Table A " of Society of Medical Officersof Health. Observations.
Erysipelas. Erysipelas. Chicken-pox d- Epidemic Rose-rash Chicken-pox A- Epidemic Rose-rash Mumps -I- other Miasmatic + Mumps + other Miasmatic Diseases. Diseases. Py~emia, Septie~emia. Infection purulente et seTticdmie. Py~emia, Septie~emia. Glanders. Glanders. Morve et farc~/n. Anthrax, Splenic Fever. Axlthrax, Splenic Fever. Pustule ~maligne et chwrbon. Hydrophobia. Hydrophobia. Rage. Other Diseases from Vegetable The same + Actinomycosis. Avtinomycose, trieM/aose, etc. Phthisis.--The classification of the Parasites + part of Hydatid Registrar-General follows the InDisease (see 111 and 99). ternational Nomenclature more Pellagre. closely than does that of the Tubereulose du larynx. Laryngeal and Pulmonary Phthisis. "draft," or, at all events, appears Phthisis. Tuberculose des poumons. T u b e r c u l a r M e n i n g i t i s (Acu Tubercular Disease of Brain or to do so. T,~berculose des mdninges. Meninges Acute Hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus). Addison's Disease.--The RegistrarTuberculosc abdom~nale. Tabcs Mesenterica Tubercular. General places this disease under Mal de Port. Disease of Intestine. "Diseases of the Supra-Renai Abe~s froid et par congestion. I tTa:fes TM:~:n::iriC~s,"~-s°tho~rl:°rra; General Tuberculosis~ Tubercular Capsules." I n so doing he folTumeurs blanches. Disease of undefined position. lows the International NomenI Lupus. Tubereulose d'autres organes. Other forms of Tuberculosis clature more closely than does Tubereulose g~n~ralis~e. Scrofula. the " draft." Scrofule. * See footnote, p. 153.
12. CHOLERAASIATXQU~. 13. CHOLERA~OSTRAS. 14. Dysenteric. } 14 bis. Dent : dysenteric ~pid~mique. 15. Peste. 16. Fi~vre jaune. 17. L~pre. 18. ErysiTOle. 19. Autves affections dTiddmiques.
Table of International Commission, 1900. ~
S C H E M E OF CONCORDANCE--continued.
~
~
~o
O
C~ O f~
f~
m"
5e~ f~
49. 50. 51. 52.
48.
Syphilis.
Syphilis.
Draft "Table A " of Society of Medical Officers of Health.
Tumour.
Cancer.
Eye (see 75).
Pa~.t of Ophthalmia ~ncl Disease of
Urethra (see 24).
Cancer.
Part of Gonorrhoea, S~rieture of Gonorrhcea.
Nomenclature of Registrar-General.
O F CONCORDANCE--continued.
Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatism of Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatism of Heart. Heart. Osteo-arthritis, Rheumatoid Ar~hu~natisme chronique et goutte. Rheumatism -~ Gout. thritis + Gout. Scorbut. Scurvy. Scurvy. Diabetes Mellitus. Diab~te. Diabetes Mellitus. Gottre exophtalmique. Maladie bronz~e d'Addison. Diseases of Suprarenal Capsules. * See footnote, p. 153.
38. A f f e c t i o n s g o n o e o c c i q u e s de l'enfan~. 39. de la eavit~ buecale." de l'es~omac, du rote. 40. du p~ritoine, des in41. CANCER testins e~ du ree~unl. ET des organes g~ni42. AUTO,S taux de ls femme. 43. TU~EURS 44. ~A~mNES. du seth. de ta peau. 45. d'autres organes e~ d ' o r g a n e s non! sp~cifi~s, j 46. Autres tnmeurs (tumeurs des organes g~nitaux de la femme excep~es). 47. ~h~natlsme art~cula~re aigu.
36. SyThills. 37. Blennorragie de l'adulte.
Table of International Commission 1900: *
SCHEME 0bservation'~.
o
¢'~
n
*'t
0
f~
0
0
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Draft " ]'able A " of Society of Medical Officers of Health.
} Anaemia, Chlorosis, Leueoeyth~emia. The same + Hodgkin's Disease.
Nomenclature of Registrar.General.
OF CONCORDAIqCE--continued. Observations.
See footnote, p. 153.
Cowpox and other effects of Yaecination -~- other and undefined Chronic Industrial Poison'ing.-Constitutional Diseases. I, ¢ Chronic Alcoholism. Acute Alcoholism--Delirium Tre- This useful heading is not in56. Atcoolisme aigu ou chron,que. n~emperance~Delirium Tremens. cluded in the Registrar-General's mens. table. The heading " Other 57. Satwr~.isme. Chronic Poisonings" is equally 58. Autres i~toxications la~'ofession-t useful, for without it morphinism nobles chroniques. Chronic Industrial "Poisoning. (for example) would be classed 59. Autres emyoisonnements chroniunder "Poisons," " Poisonous ques. Vapours" among deaths from violence, an incorrect classificaII.-Maladies du Syst~me Nerveux et des Organes des Sons. tion. 60. Enc~phalite. ! Inflammation of Brain or its mem- Inflammation of Brain or its memSim21e Msniugitis.--This heading branes. branes. 6 1 . ~¢~I~INGITE SIMPLE. of the " shorter" table is identical 61 bis. D e n t : m~ningi~e c~r~bro sp Cerebro-Spinal Fever. with that of the International nale ~pid~mique. Nomenclature. Unfortunately its 62. At~x~e locomotriee 2~'ogressive. true meaning is not the same, 63. Autves maladies de la moetle ? Paraplegia, Disease of Spinal Cord. Paraplegia, Disease of Spinal Cord. since it is to include "sunstroke." I t is not clear-whether the term Apoplexy. 64. Congestion et h4morragie e~r$ ApopIe~y. is to include "inflammation of brales. the brain." Softenhlg of Brain. Softening of Brain. 65. l~amol~issement e~'dbral. Hemiplegia, Brain Paralysis. Itemiplegia, Brain Paralysis. 66. t~axalysie sans cause iq~diquge. ParaZysie ggngrale. ) Insanity, General P~ralysis of In- Insanity, General Paralysis of In68.67"AutreSmentale.fOrmesde Z'alidnation ~ sane. sane •
53. 15eue~mie. 54. Andmie, chlorose. 55. Autres maladies gdn6rales.
Table of International Commission~ 1900. *
SCHEME
i
n
*'t
0
0
0
f])
84.
82. 88,
80. 81.
79.
78.
77.
76.
75.
69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74.
Nomenclature of Registrar-GeneraL
Draft "Table A " of Society of Ivledieal Officers of Health.
OF CONCORDANCE--continued.
[
0bservatio~%
* See footnote, p. 153.
Epilepsy. Epilepsy. E2~ilepsie. EelamTsie (non 2?uerpJrale). 3onvulsions. Convulsions. Convulsions des enfants, J retanus. Idiopathic Tetanus. Tgtamos. Chorea. Chorea. I Chorde. Autres maladies du syst~me ner- Paralysis agitans nu other and un- Paralysis agitans "5 a~her and nn-~ defined Diseases of Brain or defined Diseases of Brain or! q)eux. Nervous System. fin f e c t i v e Endocarditis. - - This Nervous System. Maladies des yeux et de leers Part of Ophthalmia and Diseases ot Part of Ophthalmia and Disease of[ l~eading, which is not included in Eye (see 88). i the tabulation of the RegistrarEye (see 38). annexes° Otitis, Otorrhcea. General, is the same as endocar0titis, 0torrhcea. Maladies des oreilles. dire aigu~ of the International IH.--Maladies de rAppareil Nomenclature, which does not Circulatoire. I include rheumatic endocarditis. Periearditis. Pericarditis. ] Pdriear&ite. Infective Endocarditis. iDiseases of the Lym2hat@ System. Endoeardite aigu£ "[ Endoearditis, Valvular Disease -~- Endocarditis, Valvular Diseases t ---A/though ~his heading .in the ) of the Heart -5 Hypertrophy draft of the Society follows the Hypertrophy of Heart, MALADIES ORGANIQUES DU C(:EUR. J ( of Heart. i tabulation of the RegistrarAngina Pectoris. General, it really differs very Angina Pectoris. A ngine de Toitr~/ne. much therefrom~ as it does not Aneurism -4Affeetlons des ¢Jrtbves, athdrome Aneurism. include lymphadenoma, which is andvrisme, etc. separately mentioned in the draft, Embolism, Thrombosis. Embolism, Thrombosis. ~mbolie et thrombose. and does include myxcedema, Phlebitis d- Varicose Veins. Affections des ve4/nes (varicea Phlebitis + Varicose Veins. which is placed by the Registrarhdmovro~des, Thldbite, etc.). General under "Diseases of the Diseases of Lymphatic System. Affections du syst~me lyml~hatique Diseases of Lymphatic System. Thyroid Body." lymphangite, etc.).
Table of International Commission, 1900. *
SCHEME
"~
m
o
(3 O m fl
0
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iN~omenelatureof Registrar-General. Draft "Table A" of Society of Medical Officers of Health.
Pneumonia.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I only a trifling variation,
/Joear, oroupous rneumonla, ~oDu-i lar Broncho-Pneumonia--Pneu.I monia form not stated, l Pleurisy.
.
+ See footnote, p. 153.
Emphysema, Asthma. 97. EmThys~meTulmonaire. } Emphysema, Asthma. 98. 99. Autres maladies de l'~pareiIlOther and undefined Diseases of Other and undefined Diseases of i " . . • . resT rato'~re (Tht+s~e exeeTtee). Respiratory System + part of Respiratory System + Tart of] Hydatid Disease (see 111 and 24). Hydatid Disease (see m
Asthme.
Observations.
Nose (see 85). Nose (see 85). Laryngismus Stridulus nu Laryn- Laryngismus Stridulus + Laryn-[ gitis + pa/rt of other Diseases of Larynx and Trachea (see 90). y , c a (see ~u). --The diseases of the trachea are Diseases of Thyroid Body. . . . . . . . . . / combined with those of the Bronchitis +Tart of other Diseases .2:~roncnlHs+?gaT,~ o o ~ n e r l)iseasesJ ~ ~• ~. . . . . • . ~ -- ~ Off . + ~. i Drononl in ~ne In~erna~lonal of Larynx and Trachea (see 88). el L a r y n x a n a 'l'racnea [see ~ ) , Nomenclature. T h i s is, h o w e v e r ,
Part of Epistaxis and Disease of Part of Epistaxis and Disease oi
94. Pleurdsie. Pleurisy. 95. Congestion et apoplexie pulmo naires. 96. Gangrene du poumon.
89. Affections du corps thyro~de. 90. ] ~ R O N C H I T E A I G U E . 91. B R O N C H I T E CHRONIQUE. 92. Broneho.Tneumonie. 98. PNE~U~ONI~.
88, Affections d~ larynx.
87. Maladies des losses nasales.
IV.--Maladies de rAppareil Respiratoire.
Purpura, Hemorrhagic Diathesis + Purpura, Hmmorrhagica H~emoH~emorrhage -{-Tart of Epistaxis philia. and Disease of Nose (see 87). 86. Autres affections de l'aTpareil Other and undefined Diseases of Other and undefined Diseases oi eireulato~/re. Heart or Circulatory System. Heart or Circulatory System.
85. H4morragies.
Table of International Commission, 1900.*
S C H E M E O F CONCORDANCE--continued.
~
f~ O
(~ O
5O C~ ~r~
Nomenclature of Registrar- General
Draft "Table A " of Society of ~edical Officers of Health.
O F CONCOl~DANCE--continued.
113. 114. 115.
112.
109. 110. 111.
I0~.
%
Part of other Diseases from Animal
Enteritis + Ulceration of Intestine Enteritis. -}- Diarrhoea, Dysentery (1)art of) (see 14).
la
8
O
[email protected] same observation applies to this heading, as the l%egis~rar - General assigns a ! separate entry to "ulceration of the intestine."
O t~'~
f~ f~
I though this heading in the draft of the Society agrees verbally with that of the RegistrarGeneral, it has a different meaning, as it includes dyspepsia (and probably hmmatemesis), which is separately tabulated by that Officer.
tD4seases of' the Stomach.--AI-
0 bscrvations.
Parasites (see 24). Ileus, Obstruction of Intestine} I~EI%NIES~OBSTRUCTIONS Ih'TIES-I + Stricture or Strangulation of [ Obstruction of Intestine. Obst~n~ction of the l~ztestine.~The Intestine + Intussusception TINALES. same obser~,ation applies to this of Intestine+ ITernia. } heading, as it includes " stricture 1gehena + Fistula. Autres affections de l'intestin. of intestine," " h e r n i a / ' and " i n Iet~re grave. Pwrt of Hydatid Disease (see 99 PartandOf24).Hydatid Disease (see 99 tussusception," all of which are Tumeurs hydagques d~ fo~e separately mentioned by the and 24) Registrar-General. Cirrhosis of Liver. Cirrhosis of Liver. CIRRHOSE DU FOIE. Gallstones. Calculs biliaires. Other Diseases of Liver. AuCres affections du role. T Afections de la rate. Diseases of Spleen. * See fbotnote, p. 153.
dessous de deux ans). 105 his. Don~ : chronique, 106. Diarrh4e et ent~rite (deux ans et ~u,dessus). 107. Parasites intestinaux.
105. DIARRHI~IE lET IEN'T~RITE ~an-
V . - - M a l a d i e s de l ' A p p a r e i l Digestif. t00. Affections de la bouche et des Stomatitis (Diseases of h]~outh + Thrush. annexes, Sore-throat, Quinsy. Sore-throat, Quinsy. 101. A~ections du l~hary~x. 102. Affections de l'cesophage. 103. Ulc~re de l'estomac. Dyspepsia + II~ematemesis + Dis Diseases of Stomach. 104. Autres affections de l'estomac eases of Stomach. (cancer except4),
Table of International Commission~ 1900.*
SCHEME
s@r~21e (pue~'~drale Peritonitis.
Nomenclature el Registrar-General. Peritonitis.
Draft " Table A" of Society of Y[cdieal Offmersof Health.
0]) " C O N C O R D A N C E - - c o n t i n u e d .
Disease of Uterus, etc. D,iseases of Vagina.
) These headings do ( not agree with ( those of the Regis} ~rar-General.
whether ~his heading of the draft does or does not include urmlnia.
Brlght's Disease.--It is not clear
Observations.
122. Calv'uls des voles ~'inaires.
Calculus. Calculus. Diseases of Bladder and of ProstaSe Diseases of Bladder and of Prostate Ovarian D~seases.--This heading 123,124,MaladiesA~t~.esmaladiesde ta [email protected] l'ur~t're~ !~ +other and undefined Diseases +other and undefined Diseases agrees almos~ exactly with that abc~s urineux, etc. | of Urinary System + 2a~'t of of Urinary System + part oJ of the International Nolnen125. Maladies de la prostate. } Gonorrhce%Stricture of Urethra Gonorrhce~, Stricture of Urethra clature. (see 37 and 38) (see 37 and 38). 126. Maladies non vdnd,riennes des Diseases of Testes, Penis, Scrotum, Diseases of Testis, Diseases of Penis. organes gdnltaux de l'homme, ere. i 127. M~trite. ) 128. H~morragie utdriue non puer- Part of Diseases of Uterus and Diseases of Uterus and Appendages p@ale. Vagina+Disorders of Menstrua- +Diseases of Yaginal and Ex-I l29. Tumeur utdrine (non cantion+ Pelvic Abscess. ternal Genital Organs. c@euse). 130. Autres maladies de l'utdrus. See footnote~ p. 153.
leafs annexes.
Acute Nephritis. Acute Nephritis. 119. N@h'rite aigu~. Bright's Disease, Albuminuria + Bright's Disease, Albuminuria. 120. Maladie de Brlght. Uremia. 121. Autres maladies des reins et de Suppression of Urine + ttmmaturia.!
V I . - - M a l a d i e s de rAl~l~areil G6nito U r i n a i r e e~ de ses A n n e x e s .
117, Autres affections de l'appareil Other and undefined Diseases of Other and undefined Diseases ot Digestive System. digestif (cancer et tuberculose Digestive System, exceptds). 118. Appendicite et phlegmon de la fosse iliaqne.
except&).
116. Pdritongte
Table of International Commission, 1900.~
SCHEME
~,
O-,
0
['~ O
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n
50
O
Cr~
Nomenclature of Registra:~-General.
Part of Diseases of Ovaries.
Draft "Table A" of Society of Medical Officersof Health. Observations.
Senile Gangrene + Ulcer, Bedsore.
+ See footnot% p, 153,
VIII.--i~ialadies de la Peau et du Tissu Cellulaire. ~ Senile Gangrene + Ulcer, Bedsore. bo1 4 2 . Gangr~n'e. 143. Furoncle. Carbuncle. 144. Phlegmon, abc~s chaud. Phlegmon, Cellulitis+ Abscess.
Abortion, Miscarriage. Abortion, Miscarriage. Thrombosis.--This headPlacenta Pr~evia, Flooding +part of Placenta Pr~evia, Flooding +pa~'t oJ Puerp)eral ing in the draft of the Society ott~er and undefined Accidents of other and undefined Accidents ol without doubt includes " sudden Childbirth (see 140). Childbirth (see 140). death in the puerperium" and Puerperal Fever. Puerperal fever. "phlegmasia alba dolens." It Puerperal Convulsions. Puerperal Convulsions. does not agree either with the pdrales. table of the Registrar-General or 139. Phlegmatia Mba dolens puer- Phlegmatia Dolens. with the International Nomenp~rale. P u e r p e r a l l ~ a n i a + Puerperal clature. 140. AuSres accidents 2uerN~raux.-- Puerperal Mania+part of other Thrombosis + other and unclefine( Mort subite. and undefined Accidents of Accidents of Childbirth. Childbirth. 141, Maladies puerp@ales de la mamelle.
V I I . - - t ~ t a t Puerperal. 134. Ace,idents de la grossesse. 135. Hdmorragie T~erT~ra~e. } 136. Autres accidents de l'aecouchemerit. 137. SEI'TIC]~INIIJ~PUERP~RALE. 138. Albuq~zinurie et ~elamt)s~e Tuer.
182. Autres maladies des organes g~nitaux de la femme. 133. Maladies non puerp@ales de la mamelle (cancer exceptS).
l'ovaire.
131. Kystes et autres tume~ers de Part of Ovarian Disease.
Table of International Commission, 1900.+
SCHEME OF CONCORDANCE~continued.
~-"
~a
f) O
~)J
O
f~
cl
Nomenclature of Registrar-General.
Draft "Table A" of Society of Medical Officersof Health.
mentary Sys~emd- Phagedmna.
Rickets+Caries, Necrosis + Arthri- l~ickets + Caries, Necrosis, Arthritis, tis, Ostitis, Periostitis. Ostitis, Periostitis.
mentary System 4-Phagedmna.
Observations,
is not stated whether this heading includes "caries and necrosis." If it does it has a different meaning to that of ,the heading in the nomenclature of the RegistrarGeneral, although bearing the same title.
d~'thritis, Ost~tis, Periostitis.--It
! 1
152. Autres maladies premier ~ge. 153. Ddfee~t de soins.
specifies
XI.--Premier Age. 151. D~bilit~ eong&dteele, ict~re scl~r~me.
150. Vices
au
milk.
railk. * See ibotnote, p. 153,
Peert of Starvation, Want of Breast- Part of Starvation, Want of Breast-
of Debility, Atrophy, Inanition Injury at Birth. (see 173 and 179)• Cyanosis. i
et Premature Birth ÷ Ateleetasis +2a/rt The same + Debility at Birth +
the corresponding heading of the International Nomencla?mre.
X , - - V i c e s de Conformation. de conformaation con- Spina Bifida+Imperforate Anus+ The s&me+Malformation of Heart Conyeniteel 1)elects and Mee~forma. tions. - - This heading (in the gdniteeztx (mort-n~s ~.on com- Cleft Palate, It~relip + other Con- + Spina Bifida, Hydrocephalus. shorter table) is identical with pris). genital Defects.
148. Amputation. } Other and undefined Diseases of Other and undefined Diseases of 149. Autres affections des orgeenes Organs of Locomotion. Organs of Locomotion. de lee Iosomotion.
des eertlculeetions (tuberculose et rhumeet~sme exceTtds ).
147. Meeteed/ies
exceptcSe).
146. Affections des os (tuberculose"
IX.--lVIaladieSLocomotion,des Organes de la
145. Au~res meeleedies de lee Teee~ et Eczema + Pemphigus + o~her andIEezema 4- Pemphious + other and de ses eennexes, undefined Diseases of Integu- I undefined Diseases of Integu-
Table of International Commission, 1900.*
S C H E M E O~ CONCORDANCE--continued.
Sa
O
O
C~
O ~-~
(~
5O
b~
)
XIII.--Affections Produites par des Causes Extdrieures. 155, Suicide par le poison. 156. Suicide parasphyxie. 157. Suicide par pendaison ou strangulation. 158. Suicide par submersion. 159, Suicide par armes &feu. 160. Suicide par instruments tran- [ ! chants. 161. Suicide par pr4cipitation d ' u n | lieu 61ev& 162. Suicide par dcrasement 163. Autres suicides. 164. Fractures. 165. Luxa~ions. 166. Au~res ~raumatismes accidentels. 167. ~Br~l~tre~¢~" le fe~. 168. Brfilure par substances corrosives. 169. Insolation. } 170: Cong41ation. 171, Commotion ~leetrique. 172. H.u~bmersionaccidentelle. 173. Inaz~tion.
XII.--Vieillesse. 154. D~bilit~ s4nile.
Table of International Commission, 1900.*
Weather Agencies.
Weuther Agencies.
See footnote, p. 153.
Drowning. Drowning. Part of S~arva~ion, Want of Breastmilk (see 153)+Tart of Debility, Atrophy, Inanition (see 151 and 179).
Burns and Scalds.
~uicide.
Old Age, Senile Decay.
Draft "Table A" of Society of Medical Officers of Health.
Burns and Scalds.
Suicide.
01dAge.
I%menelature of Registrar-General.
SCHEME OF CONCORDANCE--continued.
'~violent deaths."
a marked difference between the nomenclature of the 1~,egistrarGeneral and that of the International Congress. The di~brence is not, however, of very great import, as the deaths in either case can be s u m m e d up as
Accident or Negla:gence.--This is the only group in which there is
Obserwtions.
O,o
0
0
0 ~*~
f~
~0
~a
g
Nomenclature of Registrar-General. Poisons, Poisonous Vapours.
Draft "Table A " of Society of Medical Officers of Health.
* See footnote, p. 153.
Aseites + Dropsy. Syncope + Sudden Deaths (cause Sudden Deaths (cause not ascerunascer~ained). , rained). 179. Causes de dJe~s non spdcifie'es ou Simple and 11t-defined F e v e r + I Dentition + Mortification + other] mat cldfinies. ill - defined causes + :part of] Debility, Atrophy, Inanition (see' 151 and 173).
XIV.--Y~.~ladies real D6finies. 177. Hydropisie. 178. Mort subite.
174. Absor:ption de gaz ddldt~res. t Poisons, Poisonous Vapours. 175. Autres enu:poisonnements aiyus. ) 176. AuCres violences ext6rieures.
Table of International Commission, 1900.*
SCHEME OF CONCORDANCE--oonti~I~ued. Observations.
t~
Ca,
on
O
(5
O
50
149
NOTE ON THE DRAFT TABLES OF CAUSES OF DEATH, PRESENTED
TO
THE
SOCIETY OF
OF
MEDICAL
OFFICERS
HEALTH.
:BY DR. JACQUES BERTILLON, Head of the Statistical Department of the Municipality of the City of Paris.
Just now, when the Society of Medical Officers of Health are adapting the British Nomenclature to the needs of the towns, the German statisticians are engaged in a similar work The lamer have felt t h e need of re-arranging their nomenclature so as to make it accord with that of other countries for the purposes of international comparison. At their meeting at KSnigsberg in 1899, they adopted the following resolution : " E i n e Commission wird mit der Untersuchung der Frage beaufbetragt, ob sich nicht gelegentlich der ohnehin beabsich~gten Revision des FlinzerLacknerschea Systems der Todesursachen dieses so umarbeiten liesze, dasz es mit dem Bertitlonsehen oder dem in Christiania etwa abgeander~ten internationalen System thatsachlich iibereinstiinmt, und in diesem Sinne :Bertillon in Aussicht zu stelten, dasz sein System yon den deutschen Stadtestatistikern berttcksichtigt werden wtirde. ''+
Doubtless the Society of Medical Officers of Health really have the same object in view. The mortality of English towns is remarkably low, and, consequently, it would be very interesting to know exactly the diseases by the prevalence or absence of which such result is brought about. To obtain this knowledge, it is necessary that the nomenclature in use should be comparable with those of other countries, a result which can easily be attained, especially in England. As to the Agreement between the Nomenclatures of the t~egistrarGeneral and of the International Commission.--The French Minister of Foreign Affairs, at the expressed wish of the American Public Health Association and of the International Institute of Statistics, invited the @overnments of all nations to appoint representatives on an International Commission, for the purpose of formulating an international nomenclature of causes of death. This Commission, + [Free translation.] l~esolved that a Commission be appointed to consider how far the Flinzer-Laekner Tabulation of Causes of Death, now under revision, can be modified so as to practically agree with that of :Bertillon, or the International System, as modified as Christiania ; and tha~ the system o~ Bertillon be duly considered by the statisticians of German municipalities in the preparation of their returns.
150
Draft Tables
of C a u s e s of D e a t h
~p~b~i~sealth
composed entirely of official delegates, completed its labours in Paris during August of this year. Twenty-six nations were represented, and the delegates signed a convention which will assure the adoption of the nomenclature in a considerable number of countries. "~ The nomenclature at present in use in North and South America, and in certain of the European countries, resembles very closely that el the Registrar-General. This will be evident by a perusal of t h e scheme of comparison appended to this note. Of the 170 headings included in the Registrar-General's Nomenclature, it is requisite to alter 9 only to make comparison possible. The only important difference is that of order, which makes comparison laborious, but not impossible. This result, striking as it is, is not surprising, as the International Nomenclature has been drawn up with a view to harmonizing existing nomenclatures. It may be mentioned that in the Italian Nomenclature only 14 headings require to be split up to make it comparable with the International Nomenclature. The latter is really a compromise between all existing nomenclatures. I~ should be stated that of the 9 headings in the English Nomenclature which require to be split up, 7 are of secondary importance. (Of 552,141 deaths recorded in E n g l a n d in 1897, only 1,709 are scheduled under these headings.) It is remarkable that the draft prepared by the Society of Medical Officers of Health differs more from the Nomenclature of the Registrar-GenerM than the Iat}er does from the International. In the draft, 18 headings have been placed differently, 12 new ones have been adopted, the titles of 16 others have been changed, and, what is more serious, 4 others (perhaps more) have different connotations, although the titles are ~he same, to say nothing of the headings "Other ...... diseases," the sense of which varies enormously with the slightest alteration in the tabulation. The draft ought to be modified to make it harmonize more closely with the Nomenclature of the Registrar-General and that of the International Congress. Three Changes will sauce to make the Draft agree with the "Shorter" International Table.--The first step to be ~aken is to make the draft agree with the " shorter" Interna¢iona] Table. For this purpose it is necessary to split up three headings to be mentioned, which will also make the draft accord more closely with the Nomenclature of the Registrar-General. The International Commission drewup two nomenelatures--a detailed one, comprising 179 headings, which has been reprinted here (see pp. 153 et seq.), and an abridged, comprising 36 headings, which are indicated in the reprint of the detailed nomenclature thus : "FI~v~E TYPHOIDE."
December,~90o~ Draft T a b l e s of C a u s e s o~ D e a t h
151
1. For "Laryngeal and pulmonary phthisis," "Phthisis" should be substituted (as in the table of the Registrar-General), or, better still, "Pulmonary phthisis," as in the International table. This includes a special heading "Tuberculosis of the larynx," because, as has been observed by Professor Brouardel, the larynx in many occupations is the seat of primary infection in phthisis. In the abridged International Nomenclature, "Tuberculosis of the lungs" alone is mentioned, t~ is important thai the ~raft of the Society should agree in this respect with the abridged table. For this purpose it will suffice if "Tuberculosis of the larynx" be either included with "General tuberculosis, etc.," or, better still, be classified apart. 2. "Simple meningitis," as scheduled in the shorter draft, should be substituted for "Inflammation of ~he brain and membranes." The two expressions are no~ synonymous, for the latter includes "Encephalitis," under which heading deaths, the causes of which are incompletely diagnosed, are placed in m a n y countries. " Sunstroke " and "Heat apoplexy" should not be included under either of these headings. It would be possible to adduce arguments on medical grounds for including these deaths here ; but they are not so placed in the International Nomenclature, or any other of the commoner nomenclatures. 3. Infantile diarrhoea is distributed under three headings in the draft of the Society, viz., "Diarrhoea, dysentery," "Epidemic or zymotic enceritis," and "Enceritis," the last widely separated from the other two. It is probable that the authors of the draft did not desire to have infantile diarrhoea broken up into three headings, but practically that is what will happen. Such result would be very inconvenien~ to ~hose making use of the statistics, and specially for international comparisons. This is probably the most serious error in the drafl, and che three headings should be brought together into juxtaposition. It should also be borne in mind that the distifiction belween epidemic enteritis, zymotic enteritis, and enteritis which is neither the one nor the other, will no~ be adopted within the next quarter of a century, and will probably be by tha~ lime replaced by yet another classification, rational as the present may appear to be. If the distinction is to be maintained, the various forms should be brought together. For the purpose of international comparisons "Appendicitis" should not be included under "EnteritiS," as the former is always tabulated separately. Of the Advantage of an Agreement with the "Detailed" Nomenela. tare, without deviating firm that of the Registrar-General.--WiCh the
152
D r a f t T a b l e s of C a u s e s of D e a t h
teabacaoalV,
three alterations suggested, it would be possible, with much trouble and many chances of error, to compare the draft table with the " s h o r t e r " International Nomenclature ; but something better than tha~ should be attained. What renders comparison between the draft of the Society and the International Nomenclature difficult is the fact that the order of the headings is not the same in the two series. That of the draft does not even agree with the order followed by ~he RegistrarGeneral, e.g., " Croup," etc. It is desirable that the headings of the draft should agree not only with the " shorter " International Table, but also wi~h the "longer," and at the same ~ime agree with that of the Registrar-General. The draft of the Society comprises 145 headings, or 129 excluding the deaths from violence. The schedule that I propose for adoption by the Society contains no more headings than the draft. I have selected the headings with the object a. That they should accord with the wishes of the Society of Medical Officers of Health ; b. That they should agree with the tabulation of the RegistrarGeneral ; and c. That they should agree with the International Nomenclature. The agreement already mentioned between the classification of the :Registrar-General and the International Nomenclature enables this result to be obtained without much difficulty. In the " Scheme of Concordance" hereto appended, the headings which should be retained in the draft are indicated thus : :ENTERIC FEVER. They are the diseases named in the " shorter" International Nomenclature. Diseases indicated thus--l~rysiloelas--are those which,~appearing in the draft of the Society, the Society evidently desires to schedule separately. I would propose to the Society of Medical Officers of Health : 1. The adoption (a) o[ all the headings indicated thus : ENTERIC FEVE~ ; and (b) of those indicated ~hus: Erysipelas; and 2. That the meanings to be attached to those headings should adhere strictly to those agreed upon by the International Commission, which are set out in the Report of the Commission. ~ By this means the statistics of English towns will become comparable with those of other towns of the world. Proc2s verba~x de la Commission, pp. 163 et seq.
CONCORDANCE
AB-
Enteric Fever. Typhus, Relapsing Fever.
Nomenclature of Registrar-General.
Observations.
9 bis. Don~: dipht~rie. Influenza. Influenza. 10. GRIPPE, 11, Sue~te miliaire. Diseases printed thus (FI~v~F~TYP~OiD]~)are included in the shorter table of the International Statistical Cougress. . . . . (J~rysipelas) are here and there placed differently in the Draft Tables of the Society,
Vaccinated. Small-pox. ~ Unvaccinated. ( No statement, Measles. Scarlet Fever. Whooping-cough. Diphtheria, Membranous Croup-ICroup.
Malarial Fever.
Enteric Fever. Typhus Fever.
Draft "Table A " of Society of Medical Officers of Health.
(A) " I N T E R N A T I O N A L NOMENCLATURE." (B) R E G I S T R a R - G E N E R A L O F ENGLAND AND WALES. (G) s o c I E T Y OF MEDICAL OFFICERS OF H E A L T H (DRAFT " A " ) .
3. Fibvre rdeurrente. 4. FIGURE INTER~cIITTENTE E T ) Remittent Fever ~- Ague. CAC~EXIE pAT.UST~E. 4 bis. Dent : eaehexie palustre. (Vaccinated. Small-pox. ~ Unvaccinated. 5, VARIOLE. [ No statement. Measles. 6. ROU(~EOL~. Scarlet Fever. 7. SCARZATINE. Whooping-cough. S. COqUELUC~E. Diphtheria + Croup. 9, DIPHT~RIE ET CROUP.
1. FI~VRB TYPHOIDE (TYPHUS DOMINAL). 2. TYPHUS EXANTHEYIATIQUEo
I.--Maladies Gfin6rales.
Table of International Commission, 1900. ~
OF
BETWEEN THE TABLES OF
SCHEME
¢_~ ¢~
f~
sa
f~
O *'t
O
ff5
O
50
29. 30. 31. 82. 33. 34. 85.
25. 26. 27. 28.
20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
Part of Diarrhcea, Dysentery (see 105, 106).
Cholera.
Nomenclature of Registrar-General.
l
Cholera.
Draft "Table A " of Society of Medical Officersof Health. Observations.
Erysipelas. Erysipelas. Chicken-pox d- Epidemic Rose-rash Chicken-pox A- Epidemic Rose-rash Mumps -I- other Miasmatic + Mumps + other Miasmatic Diseases. Diseases. Py~emia, Septie~emia. Infection purulente et seTticdmie. Py~emia, Septie~emia. Glanders. Glanders. Morve et farc~/n. Anthrax, Splenic Fever. Axlthrax, Splenic Fever. Pustule ~maligne et chwrbon. Hydrophobia. Hydrophobia. Rage. Other Diseases from Vegetable The same + Actinomycosis. Avtinomycose, trieM/aose, etc. Phthisis.--The classification of the Parasites + part of Hydatid Registrar-General follows the InDisease (see 111 and 99). ternational Nomenclature more Pellagre. closely than does that of the Tubereulose du larynx. Laryngeal and Pulmonary Phthisis. "draft," or, at all events, appears Phthisis. Tuberculose des poumons. T u b e r c u l a r M e n i n g i t i s (Acu Tubercular Disease of Brain or to do so. T,~berculose des mdninges. Meninges Acute Hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus). Addison's Disease.--The RegistrarTuberculosc abdom~nale. Tabcs Mesenterica Tubercular. General places this disease under Mal de Port. Disease of Intestine. "Diseases of the Supra-Renai Abe~s froid et par congestion. I tTa:fes TM:~:n::iriC~s,"~-s°tho~rl:°rra; General Tuberculosis~ Tubercular Capsules." I n so doing he folTumeurs blanches. Disease of undefined position. lows the International NomenI Lupus. Tubereulose d'autres organes. Other forms of Tuberculosis clature more closely than does Tubereulose g~n~ralis~e. Scrofula. the " draft." Scrofule. * See footnote, p. 153.
12. CHOLERAASIATXQU~. 13. CHOLERA~OSTRAS. 14. Dysenteric. } 14 bis. Dent : dysenteric ~pid~mique. 15. Peste. 16. Fi~vre jaune. 17. L~pre. 18. ErysiTOle. 19. Autves affections dTiddmiques.
Table of International Commission, 1900. ~
S C H E M E OF CONCORDANCE--continued.
~
~
~o
O
C~ O f~
f~
m"
5e~ f~
49. 50. 51. 52.
48.
Syphilis.
Syphilis.
Draft "Table A " of Society of Medical Officers of Health.
Tumour.
Cancer.
Eye (see 75).
Pa~.t of Ophthalmia ~ncl Disease of
Urethra (see 24).
Cancer.
Part of Gonorrhoea, S~rieture of Gonorrhcea.
Nomenclature of Registrar-General.
O F CONCORDANCE--continued.
Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatism of Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatism of Heart. Heart. Osteo-arthritis, Rheumatoid Ar~hu~natisme chronique et goutte. Rheumatism -~ Gout. thritis + Gout. Scorbut. Scurvy. Scurvy. Diabetes Mellitus. Diab~te. Diabetes Mellitus. Gottre exophtalmique. Maladie bronz~e d'Addison. Diseases of Suprarenal Capsules. * See footnote, p. 153.
38. A f f e c t i o n s g o n o e o c c i q u e s de l'enfan~. 39. de la eavit~ buecale." de l'es~omac, du rote. 40. du p~ritoine, des in41. CANCER testins e~ du ree~unl. ET des organes g~ni42. AUTO,S taux de ls femme. 43. TU~EURS 44. ~A~mNES. du seth. de ta peau. 45. d'autres organes e~ d ' o r g a n e s non! sp~cifi~s, j 46. Autres tnmeurs (tumeurs des organes g~nitaux de la femme excep~es). 47. ~h~natlsme art~cula~re aigu.
36. SyThills. 37. Blennorragie de l'adulte.
Table of International Commission 1900: *
SCHEME 0bservation'~.
o
¢'~
n
*'t
0
f~
0
0
f~
r~
g
Draft " ]'able A " of Society of Medical Officers of Health.
} Anaemia, Chlorosis, Leueoeyth~emia. The same + Hodgkin's Disease.
Nomenclature of Registrar.General.
OF CONCORDAIqCE--continued. Observations.
See footnote, p. 153.
Cowpox and other effects of Yaecination -~- other and undefined Chronic Industrial Poison'ing.-Constitutional Diseases. I, ¢ Chronic Alcoholism. Acute Alcoholism--Delirium Tre- This useful heading is not in56. Atcoolisme aigu ou chron,que. n~emperance~Delirium Tremens. cluded in the Registrar-General's mens. table. The heading " Other 57. Satwr~.isme. Chronic Poisonings" is equally 58. Autres i~toxications la~'ofession-t useful, for without it morphinism nobles chroniques. Chronic Industrial "Poisoning. (for example) would be classed 59. Autres emyoisonnements chroniunder "Poisons," " Poisonous ques. Vapours" among deaths from violence, an incorrect classificaII.-Maladies du Syst~me Nerveux et des Organes des Sons. tion. 60. Enc~phalite. ! Inflammation of Brain or its mem- Inflammation of Brain or its memSim21e Msniugitis.--This heading branes. branes. 6 1 . ~¢~I~INGITE SIMPLE. of the " shorter" table is identical 61 bis. D e n t : m~ningi~e c~r~bro sp Cerebro-Spinal Fever. with that of the International nale ~pid~mique. Nomenclature. Unfortunately its 62. At~x~e locomotriee 2~'ogressive. true meaning is not the same, 63. Autves maladies de la moetle ? Paraplegia, Disease of Spinal Cord. Paraplegia, Disease of Spinal Cord. since it is to include "sunstroke." I t is not clear-whether the term Apoplexy. 64. Congestion et h4morragie e~r$ ApopIe~y. is to include "inflammation of brales. the brain." Softenhlg of Brain. Softening of Brain. 65. l~amol~issement e~'dbral. Hemiplegia, Brain Paralysis. Itemiplegia, Brain Paralysis. 66. t~axalysie sans cause iq~diquge. ParaZysie ggngrale. ) Insanity, General P~ralysis of In- Insanity, General Paralysis of In68.67"AutreSmentale.fOrmesde Z'alidnation ~ sane. sane •
53. 15eue~mie. 54. Andmie, chlorose. 55. Autres maladies gdn6rales.
Table of International Commission~ 1900. *
SCHEME
i
n
*'t
0
0
0
f])
84.
82. 88,
80. 81.
79.
78.
77.
76.
75.
69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74.
Nomenclature of Registrar-GeneraL
Draft "Table A " of Society of Ivledieal Officers of Health.
OF CONCORDANCE--continued.
[
0bservatio~%
* See footnote, p. 153.
Epilepsy. Epilepsy. E2~ilepsie. EelamTsie (non 2?uerpJrale). 3onvulsions. Convulsions. Convulsions des enfants, J retanus. Idiopathic Tetanus. Tgtamos. Chorea. Chorea. I Chorde. Autres maladies du syst~me ner- Paralysis agitans nu other and un- Paralysis agitans "5 a~her and nn-~ defined Diseases of Brain or defined Diseases of Brain or! q)eux. Nervous System. fin f e c t i v e Endocarditis. - - This Nervous System. Maladies des yeux et de leers Part of Ophthalmia and Diseases ot Part of Ophthalmia and Disease of[ l~eading, which is not included in Eye (see 88). i the tabulation of the RegistrarEye (see 38). annexes° Otitis, Otorrhcea. General, is the same as endocar0titis, 0torrhcea. Maladies des oreilles. dire aigu~ of the International IH.--Maladies de rAppareil Nomenclature, which does not Circulatoire. I include rheumatic endocarditis. Periearditis. Pericarditis. ] Pdriear&ite. Infective Endocarditis. iDiseases of the Lym2hat@ System. Endoeardite aigu£ "[ Endoearditis, Valvular Disease -~- Endocarditis, Valvular Diseases t ---A/though ~his heading .in the ) of the Heart -5 Hypertrophy draft of the Society follows the Hypertrophy of Heart, MALADIES ORGANIQUES DU C(:EUR. J ( of Heart. i tabulation of the RegistrarAngina Pectoris. General, it really differs very Angina Pectoris. A ngine de Toitr~/ne. much therefrom~ as it does not Aneurism -4Affeetlons des ¢Jrtbves, athdrome Aneurism. include lymphadenoma, which is andvrisme, etc. separately mentioned in the draft, Embolism, Thrombosis. Embolism, Thrombosis. ~mbolie et thrombose. and does include myxcedema, Phlebitis d- Varicose Veins. Affections des ve4/nes (varicea Phlebitis + Varicose Veins. which is placed by the Registrarhdmovro~des, Thldbite, etc.). General under "Diseases of the Diseases of Lymphatic System. Affections du syst~me lyml~hatique Diseases of Lymphatic System. Thyroid Body." lymphangite, etc.).
Table of International Commission, 1900. *
SCHEME
"~
m
o
(3 O m fl
0
£n n D~ f~
iN~omenelatureof Registrar-General. Draft "Table A" of Society of Medical Officers of Health.
Pneumonia.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I only a trifling variation,
/Joear, oroupous rneumonla, ~oDu-i lar Broncho-Pneumonia--Pneu.I monia form not stated, l Pleurisy.
.
+ See footnote, p. 153.
Emphysema, Asthma. 97. EmThys~meTulmonaire. } Emphysema, Asthma. 98. 99. Autres maladies de l'~pareiIlOther and undefined Diseases of Other and undefined Diseases of i " . . • . resT rato'~re (Tht+s~e exeeTtee). Respiratory System + part of Respiratory System + Tart of] Hydatid Disease (see 111 and 24). Hydatid Disease (see m
Asthme.
Observations.
Nose (see 85). Nose (see 85). Laryngismus Stridulus nu Laryn- Laryngismus Stridulus + Laryn-[ gitis + pa/rt of other Diseases of Larynx and Trachea (see 90). y , c a (see ~u). --The diseases of the trachea are Diseases of Thyroid Body. . . . . . . . . . / combined with those of the Bronchitis +Tart of other Diseases .2:~roncnlHs+?gaT,~ o o ~ n e r l)iseasesJ ~ ~• ~. . . . . • . ~ -- ~ Off . + ~. i Drononl in ~ne In~erna~lonal of Larynx and Trachea (see 88). el L a r y n x a n a 'l'racnea [see ~ ) , Nomenclature. T h i s is, h o w e v e r ,
Part of Epistaxis and Disease of Part of Epistaxis and Disease oi
94. Pleurdsie. Pleurisy. 95. Congestion et apoplexie pulmo naires. 96. Gangrene du poumon.
89. Affections du corps thyro~de. 90. ] ~ R O N C H I T E A I G U E . 91. B R O N C H I T E CHRONIQUE. 92. Broneho.Tneumonie. 98. PNE~U~ONI~.
88, Affections d~ larynx.
87. Maladies des losses nasales.
IV.--Maladies de rAppareil Respiratoire.
Purpura, Hemorrhagic Diathesis + Purpura, Hmmorrhagica H~emoH~emorrhage -{-Tart of Epistaxis philia. and Disease of Nose (see 87). 86. Autres affections de l'aTpareil Other and undefined Diseases of Other and undefined Diseases oi eireulato~/re. Heart or Circulatory System. Heart or Circulatory System.
85. H4morragies.
Table of International Commission, 1900.*
S C H E M E O F CONCORDANCE--continued.
~
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5O C~ ~r~
Nomenclature of Registrar- General
Draft "Table A " of Society of ~edical Officers of Health.
O F CONCOl~DANCE--continued.
113. 114. 115.
112.
109. 110. 111.
I0~.
%
Part of other Diseases from Animal
Enteritis + Ulceration of Intestine Enteritis. -}- Diarrhoea, Dysentery (1)art of) (see 14).
la
8
O
[email protected] same observation applies to this heading, as the l%egis~rar - General assigns a ! separate entry to "ulceration of the intestine."
O t~'~
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I though this heading in the draft of the Society agrees verbally with that of the RegistrarGeneral, it has a different meaning, as it includes dyspepsia (and probably hmmatemesis), which is separately tabulated by that Officer.
tD4seases of' the Stomach.--AI-
0 bscrvations.
Parasites (see 24). Ileus, Obstruction of Intestine} I~EI%NIES~OBSTRUCTIONS Ih'TIES-I + Stricture or Strangulation of [ Obstruction of Intestine. Obst~n~ction of the l~ztestine.~The Intestine + Intussusception TINALES. same obser~,ation applies to this of Intestine+ ITernia. } heading, as it includes " stricture 1gehena + Fistula. Autres affections de l'intestin. of intestine," " h e r n i a / ' and " i n Iet~re grave. Pwrt of Hydatid Disease (see 99 PartandOf24).Hydatid Disease (see 99 tussusception," all of which are Tumeurs hydagques d~ fo~e separately mentioned by the and 24) Registrar-General. Cirrhosis of Liver. Cirrhosis of Liver. CIRRHOSE DU FOIE. Gallstones. Calculs biliaires. Other Diseases of Liver. AuCres affections du role. T Afections de la rate. Diseases of Spleen. * See fbotnote, p. 153.
dessous de deux ans). 105 his. Don~ : chronique, 106. Diarrh4e et ent~rite (deux ans et ~u,dessus). 107. Parasites intestinaux.
105. DIARRHI~IE lET IEN'T~RITE ~an-
V . - - M a l a d i e s de l ' A p p a r e i l Digestif. t00. Affections de la bouche et des Stomatitis (Diseases of h]~outh + Thrush. annexes, Sore-throat, Quinsy. Sore-throat, Quinsy. 101. A~ections du l~hary~x. 102. Affections de l'cesophage. 103. Ulc~re de l'estomac. Dyspepsia + II~ematemesis + Dis Diseases of Stomach. 104. Autres affections de l'estomac eases of Stomach. (cancer except4),
Table of International Commission~ 1900.*
SCHEME
s@r~21e (pue~'~drale Peritonitis.
Nomenclature el Registrar-General. Peritonitis.
Draft " Table A" of Society of Y[cdieal Offmersof Health.
0]) " C O N C O R D A N C E - - c o n t i n u e d .
Disease of Uterus, etc. D,iseases of Vagina.
) These headings do ( not agree with ( those of the Regis} ~rar-General.
whether ~his heading of the draft does or does not include urmlnia.
Brlght's Disease.--It is not clear
Observations.
122. Calv'uls des voles ~'inaires.
Calculus. Calculus. Diseases of Bladder and of ProstaSe Diseases of Bladder and of Prostate Ovarian D~seases.--This heading 123,124,MaladiesA~t~.esmaladiesde ta [email protected] l'ur~t're~ !~ +other and undefined Diseases +other and undefined Diseases agrees almos~ exactly with that abc~s urineux, etc. | of Urinary System + 2a~'t of of Urinary System + part oJ of the International Nolnen125. Maladies de la prostate. } Gonorrhce%Stricture of Urethra Gonorrhce~, Stricture of Urethra clature. (see 37 and 38) (see 37 and 38). 126. Maladies non vdnd,riennes des Diseases of Testes, Penis, Scrotum, Diseases of Testis, Diseases of Penis. organes gdnltaux de l'homme, ere. i 127. M~trite. ) 128. H~morragie utdriue non puer- Part of Diseases of Uterus and Diseases of Uterus and Appendages p@ale. Vagina+Disorders of Menstrua- +Diseases of Yaginal and Ex-I l29. Tumeur utdrine (non cantion+ Pelvic Abscess. ternal Genital Organs. c@euse). 130. Autres maladies de l'utdrus. See footnote~ p. 153.
leafs annexes.
Acute Nephritis. Acute Nephritis. 119. N@h'rite aigu~. Bright's Disease, Albuminuria + Bright's Disease, Albuminuria. 120. Maladie de Brlght. Uremia. 121. Autres maladies des reins et de Suppression of Urine + ttmmaturia.!
V I . - - M a l a d i e s de rAl~l~areil G6nito U r i n a i r e e~ de ses A n n e x e s .
117, Autres affections de l'appareil Other and undefined Diseases of Other and undefined Diseases ot Digestive System. digestif (cancer et tuberculose Digestive System, exceptds). 118. Appendicite et phlegmon de la fosse iliaqne.
except&).
116. Pdritongte
Table of International Commission, 1900.~
SCHEME
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50
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Nomenclature of Registra:~-General.
Part of Diseases of Ovaries.
Draft "Table A" of Society of Medical Officersof Health. Observations.
Senile Gangrene + Ulcer, Bedsore.
+ See footnot% p, 153,
VIII.--i~ialadies de la Peau et du Tissu Cellulaire. ~ Senile Gangrene + Ulcer, Bedsore. bo1 4 2 . Gangr~n'e. 143. Furoncle. Carbuncle. 144. Phlegmon, abc~s chaud. Phlegmon, Cellulitis+ Abscess.
Abortion, Miscarriage. Abortion, Miscarriage. Thrombosis.--This headPlacenta Pr~evia, Flooding +part of Placenta Pr~evia, Flooding +pa~'t oJ Puerp)eral ing in the draft of the Society ott~er and undefined Accidents of other and undefined Accidents ol without doubt includes " sudden Childbirth (see 140). Childbirth (see 140). death in the puerperium" and Puerperal Fever. Puerperal fever. "phlegmasia alba dolens." It Puerperal Convulsions. Puerperal Convulsions. does not agree either with the pdrales. table of the Registrar-General or 139. Phlegmatia Mba dolens puer- Phlegmatia Dolens. with the International Nomenp~rale. P u e r p e r a l l ~ a n i a + Puerperal clature. 140. AuSres accidents 2uerN~raux.-- Puerperal Mania+part of other Thrombosis + other and unclefine( Mort subite. and undefined Accidents of Accidents of Childbirth. Childbirth. 141, Maladies puerp@ales de la mamelle.
V I I . - - t ~ t a t Puerperal. 134. Ace,idents de la grossesse. 135. Hdmorragie T~erT~ra~e. } 136. Autres accidents de l'aecouchemerit. 137. SEI'TIC]~INIIJ~PUERP~RALE. 138. Albuq~zinurie et ~elamt)s~e Tuer.
182. Autres maladies des organes g~nitaux de la femme. 133. Maladies non puerp@ales de la mamelle (cancer exceptS).
l'ovaire.
131. Kystes et autres tume~ers de Part of Ovarian Disease.
Table of International Commission, 1900.+
SCHEME OF CONCORDANCE~continued.
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Nomenclature of Registrar-General.
Draft "Table A" of Society of Medical Officersof Health.
mentary Sys~emd- Phagedmna.
Rickets+Caries, Necrosis + Arthri- l~ickets + Caries, Necrosis, Arthritis, tis, Ostitis, Periostitis. Ostitis, Periostitis.
mentary System 4-Phagedmna.
Observations,
is not stated whether this heading includes "caries and necrosis." If it does it has a different meaning to that of ,the heading in the nomenclature of the RegistrarGeneral, although bearing the same title.
d~'thritis, Ost~tis, Periostitis.--It
! 1
152. Autres maladies premier ~ge. 153. Ddfee~t de soins.
specifies
XI.--Premier Age. 151. D~bilit~ eong&dteele, ict~re scl~r~me.
150. Vices
au
milk.
railk. * See ibotnote, p. 153,
Peert of Starvation, Want of Breast- Part of Starvation, Want of Breast-
of Debility, Atrophy, Inanition Injury at Birth. (see 173 and 179)• Cyanosis. i
et Premature Birth ÷ Ateleetasis +2a/rt The same + Debility at Birth +
the corresponding heading of the International Nomencla?mre.
X , - - V i c e s de Conformation. de conformaation con- Spina Bifida+Imperforate Anus+ The s&me+Malformation of Heart Conyeniteel 1)elects and Mee~forma. tions. - - This heading (in the gdniteeztx (mort-n~s ~.on com- Cleft Palate, It~relip + other Con- + Spina Bifida, Hydrocephalus. shorter table) is identical with pris). genital Defects.
148. Amputation. } Other and undefined Diseases of Other and undefined Diseases of 149. Autres affections des orgeenes Organs of Locomotion. Organs of Locomotion. de lee Iosomotion.
des eertlculeetions (tuberculose et rhumeet~sme exceTtds ).
147. Meeteed/ies
exceptcSe).
146. Affections des os (tuberculose"
IX.--lVIaladieSLocomotion,des Organes de la
145. Au~res meeleedies de lee Teee~ et Eczema + Pemphigus + o~her andIEezema 4- Pemphious + other and de ses eennexes, undefined Diseases of Integu- I undefined Diseases of Integu-
Table of International Commission, 1900.*
S C H E M E O~ CONCORDANCE--continued.
Sa
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XIII.--Affections Produites par des Causes Extdrieures. 155, Suicide par le poison. 156. Suicide parasphyxie. 157. Suicide par pendaison ou strangulation. 158. Suicide par submersion. 159, Suicide par armes &feu. 160. Suicide par instruments tran- [ ! chants. 161. Suicide par pr4cipitation d ' u n | lieu 61ev& 162. Suicide par dcrasement 163. Autres suicides. 164. Fractures. 165. Luxa~ions. 166. Au~res ~raumatismes accidentels. 167. ~Br~l~tre~¢~" le fe~. 168. Brfilure par substances corrosives. 169. Insolation. } 170: Cong41ation. 171, Commotion ~leetrique. 172. H.u~bmersionaccidentelle. 173. Inaz~tion.
XII.--Vieillesse. 154. D~bilit~ s4nile.
Table of International Commission, 1900.*
Weather Agencies.
Weuther Agencies.
See footnote, p. 153.
Drowning. Drowning. Part of S~arva~ion, Want of Breastmilk (see 153)+Tart of Debility, Atrophy, Inanition (see 151 and 179).
Burns and Scalds.
~uicide.
Old Age, Senile Decay.
Draft "Table A" of Society of Medical Officers of Health.
Burns and Scalds.
Suicide.
01dAge.
I%menelature of Registrar-General.
SCHEME OF CONCORDANCE--continued.
'~violent deaths."
a marked difference between the nomenclature of the 1~,egistrarGeneral and that of the International Congress. The di~brence is not, however, of very great import, as the deaths in either case can be s u m m e d up as
Accident or Negla:gence.--This is the only group in which there is
Obserwtions.
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Nomenclature of Registrar-General. Poisons, Poisonous Vapours.
Draft "Table A " of Society of Medical Officers of Health.
* See footnote, p. 153.
Aseites + Dropsy. Syncope + Sudden Deaths (cause Sudden Deaths (cause not ascerunascer~ained). , rained). 179. Causes de dJe~s non spdcifie'es ou Simple and 11t-defined F e v e r + I Dentition + Mortification + other] mat cldfinies. ill - defined causes + :part of] Debility, Atrophy, Inanition (see' 151 and 173).
XIV.--Y~.~ladies real D6finies. 177. Hydropisie. 178. Mort subite.
174. Absor:ption de gaz ddldt~res. t Poisons, Poisonous Vapours. 175. Autres enu:poisonnements aiyus. ) 176. AuCres violences ext6rieures.
Table of International Commission, 1900.*
SCHEME OF CONCORDANCE--oonti~I~ued. Observations.
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50