Accepted Manuscript Title: Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery using oxalic acid Author: Xianlai Jinhui Li Bingyu Shen PII: DOI: Reference:
S0304-3894(15)00153-3 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.064 HAZMAT 16636
To appear in:
Journal of Hazardous Materials
Received date: Revised date: Accepted date:
4-12-2014 14-2-2015 25-2-2015
Please cite this article as: Xianlai Jinhui Li, Bingyu Shen, Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery using oxalic acid, Journal of Hazardous Materials http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.064 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium‐ion battery using oxalic acid Xianlai Zeng, Jinhui Li*, Bingyu Shen State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China *Tel: +86 10 6279‐4143; Fax: +86 10 6277‐2048; E‐mail:
[email protected] (J. Li),
[email protected] (X. Zeng); Sino‐Italian Ecological Energy Efficient Building, Rm. 805, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China.
1
Graphic Abstract
Spent RLBs
Cathode materials
HO
O
O
OH
Leaching recovery
2
CoC2O4
Highlights •
Short‐cut recovery of cobalt and lithium was directly obtained using oxalic acid.
•
Short‐cut recovery process was optimized for a high recovery rate.
•
Leaching process was controlled by chemical reaction.
•
Leaching order of the sampling LiCoO2 using oxalic acid was first proposed.
3
Abstract With the booming of consumer electronics (CE) and electric vehicle (EV), a large number of spent lithium‐ion battery (LIBs) have been generated worldwide. Resource depletion and environmental concern driven from the sustainable industry of CE and EV have motivated spent LIBs should be recovered urgently. However, the conventional process combined with leaching, precipitating, and filtering was quite complicated to recover cobalt and lithium from spent LIBs. In this work, we developed a novel recovery process, only combined with oxalic acid leaching and filtering. When the optimal parameters for leaching process is controlled at 150 min retention time, 95 ℃ heating temperature, 15 g L‐1 solid‐liquid ratio, and 400 rpm rotation rate, the recovery rate of lithium and cobalt from spent LIBs can reach about 98% and 97%, respectively. Additionally, we also tentatively discovered the leaching mechanism of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) using oxalic acid, and the leaching order of the sampling LiCoO2 of spent LIBs. All the obtained results can contribute to a short‐cut and high‐efficiency process of spent LIBs recycling towards a sound closed‐loop cycle. Keywords: spent lithium‐ion battery; short‐cut; recovery; oxalic acid; green chemistry
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1. Introduction Lithium‐ion battery (LIB) has been widely used in consumer electronics and even will be employed for the next generation of electric vehicles [1, 2]. The increasing applications are resulting in boosting demand of resources such as energy metals. Plenty of resources have been rapidly transferred from natural mineral to urban mine, which can cause the accelerated depletion of critical materials such as lithium and cobalt [3‐6]. Meanwhile, a huge amount of spent LIBs has been generated worldwide. For instance in China, the quantity and weight of discarded LIBs in 2020 can surpass 25 billion units and 500 thousand tonnes, respectively [7]. From a functional view, a LIB cell is predominantly composed of cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator. Despite the difference of cathode materials, the most sophisticated cathode material is LiCoO2 due to its good performance in terms of high specific energy density and durability [8]. A considerable metals (e.g. Co, Li, Cu, Al, Fe, and Ni) can be found in spent LIBs. The weight ratio of valuable metals ranged from 26% to 76%, and approximately 20% of total weight was Cu and Al [9]. On the other hand, LIBs can regularly release toxic organic compound and then cause an inescapable risk for environment and public health while disposed improperly [10, 11]. The two facts and risk of resource depletion drive the spent LIBs should be recovered in an appropriate manner [12, 13] . However, the most previous studies related to cobalt and lithium recovery were concentrated on (1) the relatively pure cathode materials from spent LIBs, and (2) single source of application like laptop computer [14‐17]. Regarding small e‐waste such as spent LIBs, mechanical crushing and screening are thought to be easier in industrial application than manual dismantling [18]. Accordingly, some valuable metals (e.g. Cu and Al) can enter into mixed cathode material in case of mechanical treatment, which can decline the recovery process of cobalt and lithium (see the text of Supplementary Material (SM)). In general, pretreatment and secondary recycling process including mechanical crushing and separation has been well developed for spent LIBs [18‐20]. Deep recovery for cobalt and lithium is substantially key and vital in the whole process. Almost all combined processes with leaching
5
using strong acid (e.g. HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3) and chemical precipitation or solvent extraction are well sophisticated to recover cobalt and lithium [21‐24]. For instance, hybrochloric acid (HCl) was adopt to dissolve the cathode material, and then the leaching solution would be precipitated using NaOH, NaC2O4, or Na2CO3 to achieve the recovered product such as Co(OH)2, CoC2O4, and CoCO3 [22, 25, 26]. Additional process need to be initiated again to recover lithium. Obviously, the combined processes are of extreme prolixity and energy‐consuming while cobalt is transferred from LiCoO2 to dissolving Co2+ in solution, and then precipitated Co2+[27]. The above two problems in terms of the complexities in composition and process should be overcame sharply towards industrial‐scale recovery of spent LIBs. To release these bottlenecks, an innovative recovery process and its scientific fundament are focused on in this work. This study will devote to discover a short‐cut recovery of cobalt and lithium in the complicated LIBs only using oxalic acid so that cobalt and lithium can be directly separated only through acid leaching. Furthermore, the leaching mechanism of cobalt and lithium using oxalic acid will be tentatively explored in the complex system.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials and leaching reactor Spent LIBs were collected from various consumer electronics including mobile phone, laptop computer, and digital camera. Then they were discharged, crushed by shear crusher, and sieved (the process can be seen at SM Fig. S2). The output materials with particle size below 1.43 mm (‐1.43 mm) was chose for sampling for this study. The sampling and standard LiCoO2 were determined by ICP‐AES, XRF, and XRD (see SM Table S3), shown in Table 1, Fig. 1 (A), and Fig. 1 (B), respectively. Copper and aluminum were also found in the sampling, which could be attributed to the crushing process. Standard LiCoO2 and oxalic acid were purchased from Alfa Aesar and Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, respectively.
The leaching reactor was equipped with reflux flask, blender, water‐heating device, and other supporting appliance (Fig. 2 (A)). When oxalic acid solution was heated up to the presupposed temperature, the sampling or standard LiCoO2 would enter into leaching reactor for recycling,
6
assisted with the blender.
2.2. Proposed recovery process The leaching and separation process for LiCoO2 was proposed, demonstrated in Fig. 2 (B). Firstly, the sampling or standard LiCoO2 were leached using 1M H2C2O4. After optimizing the leaching conditions, the obtained solution can contain the precipitated CoC2O4, and soluble Li2C2O4, or LiHC2O4. Secondly, the solution would be filtered to separate CoC2O4 from lithium‐containing solution. Highly pure cobalt and lithium product could be achieved via cleaning and drying.
2.3. Experimental design Orthogonal experiment design approach was adopt to optimize the leaching process for cobalt and lithium from spent LIBs. Potential factors affecting the leaching process include heating temperature, retention time, solid‐liquid ratio, and blender’s rotation rate [28]. In the result, the orthogonal experiment design were presented in Table S4 and Table S5 of SM. Meanwhile, a detailed experimental procedure was shown in SM text.
In order to explore the reaction mechanism between LiCoO2 and oxalic acid, single‐factor experiment was employed to recognize its chemical kinetics. The relationship between leaching time and concentration in leached solution would be investigated. In this context, a detailed experimental procedure was also given in SM text. Consequently, the recovery rate of lithium or cobalt was calculated from Eq. (1)
η=
m' × 100% (1) m0
where η is the recovery rate of lithium or cobalt, m’ is the recovery weight of lithium or cobalt in final products (g), and m0 is the initial weight of lithium or cobalt in spent LIBs (g).
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Possible chemical reaction of acid leaching Previous studies also indicate that LiCoO2 can be leached with strong acid as chemical reaction (1), 7
sometimes assisted by hydrogen peroxide solution (H2O2) [18]. Oxalic acid is a colorless crystalline solid that dissolves in water to give colorless solutions. In terms of acid strength, it is much stronger than acetic acid. Thermodynamic analysis found in SM text demonstrates that LiCoO2 can react with oxalic acid in reaction (2). The excess oxalic acid can react with Li2C2O4 and CoC2O4, shown in reaction (3) and reaction (4), respectively. According to the law of metal active order, aluminum and iron can expectedly reaction with oxalic acid, shown in reaction (5) and reaction (6), respectively. Therefore, there is a much complicated reaction system while the sampling LiCoO2 comes across oxalic acid. In this study, the reaction would be identified and verified, and the leaching process would also be optimized in scientific method.
3H+ + LiCoO2(s) + H2O2 = Li+ + Co2+ + 3/2 H2O + 1/4O2↑ (1) 4H2C2O4 + 2LiCoO2 = LiHC2O4 + 2CoC2O4↓ + 4H2O + 2CO2↑ (2) H2C2O4 + Li2C2O4 = 2LiHC2O4 (3) H2C2O4 + CoC2O4 = Co(HC2O4)2 (4) 3H2C2O4 + Al = Al(HC2O4)3 + 3/2H2↑ (5) 3H2C2O4 + Fe = Fe(HC2O4)3 + 3/2H2↑ (6) Significant differences of the oxalates exist in the solubility in water (see SM Table S2). The precipitated CoC2O4 can react into dissolved Co(HC2O4)2 so that cobalt is transferred from solid phase to liquid phase.
3.2. Optimizing the leaching process for cobalt and lithium Via orthogonal experiment design, experiments results and those analysis were shown in Table 2 and Table 3. Lithium and cobalt occurred in solution (Table 2), verifying that LiCoO2 had reacted with oxalic acid. In theory, the leaching rate of lithium is equal to one of cobalt. But the concentration of cobalt in solution was for lower than one of lithium, which indicated that the precipitated CoC2O4 was generated. with respect to further identification, we carried out two works. Firstly, the precipitated product was cleaned and dried, and later found in the color of pink, which was the same color with pure CoC2CO4. Secondly, the recovered product was measured with XRD, and found as a few CoC2O4 (Fig. 3). As a result, the reaction (2) does exist that LiCoO2 can react with oxalic acid. 8
In case of the excess oxalic acid and reaction (4), the precipitated CoC2O4 can transform into Co(HC2O4)2. Regarding some cobalt found in the solution, they could be deduced that those resource were attributed to Co(HC2O4)2 or part‐dissolved CoC2O4. There was no LiCoO2 in the recovered product (Fig. 3), indicating that LiCoO2 had completely reacted with oxalic acid. This obtained result can appropriately improve the existed research that LiCoO2 can be dissolved into oxalic acid with an assistance of H2O2 [15] . The solubility in 18 ℃ of CoC2O4 is 0.002 g (SM Table S2), so the concentration of cobalt in the saturable CoC2O4 solution was determined as
[Co 2+ ] =
0.002 × 58.9 / 146.9 × 100% ≈ 0.0008% . 100 + 0.002
But in the virtual solution (Table 3), the concentration of cobalt was determined as
(25.5 ~ 53.72)× 10 −3 [Co 2+ ] = × 100% =(0.00255 ~ 0.005372) % , 1000 which was significantly higher than 0.0008%. Therefore, to seek a high‐efficient recovery of cobalt and avoid the production of Co(HC2O4)2, the mole rate of oxalic acid and LiCoO2 should be controlled as the range of 2‐3.5, even 2.5 or so under the ideal conditions. The obtained results from extreme deviation (Table 3) illustrated that the priority order affecting the leaching process was leaching time, temperature, solid‐liquid ratio, and rotation rate. The optimal parameters for leaching process should be controlled at 150 min retention time, 95 ℃ heating temperature, 15 g L‐1 solid‐liquid ratio, and 400 rpm rotation rate. In these situations, the recovery rate of lithium and cobalt was about 98% and 97%, respectively. All the obtained results from theory and experiments show that LiCoO2 can be leached using oxalic acid without an assistance from H2O2. Leaching and precipitation are synchronously performed so that oxalic acid can directly recover cobalt and lithium from spent LIBs only via leaching and filtering. Meanwhile, the relevant previous studies and this work were compared to discuss here [16, 18, 29]. Based on the acid concentration and leaching efficiency, the profile of leaching performance is illustrated for various acids in Fig. 4, demonstrating that leaching efficiency is changed from poor to strong with poor acid to strong acid. Leaching efficiency is strongly related to the acid type and concentration. Obviously, leaching efficiency can be elevated as the acid varies from poor to strong. The concentration of the acid can also enlarge the leaching efficiency. Oxalic acid 9
is much superior in LiCoO2 leaching process.
3.3. Mechanism exploring of leaching with oxalic acid The three stages such as heat transfer, chemical reaction, and mass transfer can occur during the leaching process of LiCoO2 with oxalic acid. The powdered sampling LiCoO2 reacted with oxalic acid solution belongs to liquid‐solid non‐catalytic reaction [30]. Shrinking‐core model is used to reveal the type of reaction. The shrinking‐core model assumes that the reaction will initially occur at the external surface of the particle [31]. At intermediate conversions of CoC2O4, a shrinking core of unreacted solid does not diminish as the reaction because the precipitated CoC2O4 enters into fluid in case of intensive rotation. The following part would determine which stage provides the most significant effect on leaching process of LiCoO2. When the leaching process is chemically controlled, the model is described as
dω = k (1 − ω ) 2 / 3 or 1 − (1 − ω )1 / 3 = kt (2) dt where ω is the transfer rate of reactant, k is the kinetics reaction constant [32]. When the largest resistance to the leaching process is the diffusion through the boundary layer, the shrinking‐core model predicts the following expression for the leaching kinetics of shrinking particles [33]:
dω = k ' (1 − ω )1 / 3 or 1 − (1 − ω ) 2 / 3 = k ' t (3) dt where k’ is the kinetics reaction constant. According to Eq. (2) and Eq. (3), two plots of 1‐(1‐ω)1/3 and 1‐(1‐ω)2/3 versus time are straight lines with slope k and k’. Here we defined Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) as Model I and Model II, respectively. Single‐factor experiment was carried out with a detailed experiment procedure (SM text). The converted concentration of products with the leaching time were given in SM Table S6 and Table S8. Hence, all the data mining could illustrate the relationship between Model I / Model II and leaching time (see SM Table S7 and Table S9). Consequently, the simulating lines for standard and sampling LiCoO2 were determined using the classical least square method (Fig. 5). Regarding standard LiCoO2 (Fig. 5 (A)), model I 10
demonstrated a better line than model II, which indicated that the leaching process of standard LiCoO2 was controlled chemically. With respect to sampling LiCoO2 (Fig. 5 (B)), model I also demonstrated a better line than model II. Accordingly, we could draw a conclusion that the leaching process of LiCoO2 using oxalic acid solution was controlled chemically. Meanwhile, the value of k (0.067) was more than k’ (0.034) so that standard LiCoO2 is much easier to react with oxalic acid than sampling LiCoO2.
3.4. Leaching order of sampling LiCoO2 using oxalic acid According to all the above analysis and results, some cognitions could be deduced: when nH2C2O4:nLiCoO2 < 2 (nH2C2O4 and nLiCoO2 are the amount of H2C2O4 and LiCoO2 in solution, respectively, with the unit of mole), the products would be CoC2O4, Al2(C2O4)3, and Li2C2O4; when nH2C2O4:nLiCoO2 = 2‐2.5, the products would contain CoC2O4, LiHC2O4, Al(HC2O4)3, and Fe(HC2O4)3; when nH2C2O4:nLiCoO2 = 2.5‐3.5, the precipitated CoC2O4 would start to change for Co(HC2O4)2. It is not beneficial for the sampling LiCoO2 recovery; when nH2C2O4:nLiCoO2 > 3.5, the precipitated CoC2O4 would thoroughly disappear. As a result, the leaching order of the sampling LiCoO2 using oxalic acid was proposed and illustrated in Fig. 6.
4. Conclusions In this study, the obtained results from theory and experiments show that LiCoO2 can be leached using oxalic acid without an assistance from hydrogen peroxide solution. Leaching and precipitation are synchronously performed so that the oxalic acid can directly recover cobalt and lithium from spent LIBs only via leaching and filtering. Comparing to other conventional strong acid, the oxalic acid can apparently shorten the recycling process of cobalt and lithium. When the optimal parameters for leaching process is controlled at 150 min retention time, 95 ℃ heating temperature, 15 g L‐1 solid‐liquid ratio, and 400 rpm rotation rate, the recovery rate of lithium and cobalt from spent LIBs can reach about 98% and 97%, respectively. We also find that the leaching process of LiCoO2 using oxalic acid solution is controlled chemically, and the standard LiCoO2 is much easier to react with oxalic acid than the sampling LiCoO2. In addition, the leaching
11
order of the sampling LiCoO2 using oxalic acid was tentatively explored for a high‐efficiency recovery of cobalt and lithium. Supplementary Material. Sampling preparation, thermodynamic analysis of the reaction, Figure S1‐S2, Table S1‐S9, operation procedure for the experiment, and supplementary text.
Acknowledgements The work was financially supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program (2014BAC03B04), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71373141). We also acknowledged Prof. Juan Qiao of Tsinghua University for her help in thermomechanical analysis. We also acknowledged the editor and anonymous reviewer for the valuable comments.
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Figure captions Fig. 1. (A) XRF analysis of sampling; (B) XRD analysis of sampling and standard LiCoO2 Fig. 2. (A) Scheme of leaching reactor configuration; (B) Flow chart for cobalt and lithium recovery
process from LiCoO2 using oxalic acid. Fig. 3. XRD analysis of the recovered product.
Fig. 4. Comparison of leaching efficiency for LiCoO2 among various types of acid. Fig. 5. Leaching patterns using oxalic acid: (A) standard LiCoO2; (B) sampling LiCoO2. Fig. 6. Proposed leaching order of the sampling LiCoO2 using oxalic acid.
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Table 1 Main metals concentration of sampling and pure LiCoO2 (wt. %). Element
Co
Li
Cu
Al
Fe
‐1.43mm LiCoO2
24.53±3.16
3.52±0.25
2.45±0.39
0.83±0.18
0.25±0.11
Standard LiCoO2
60.16
6.94
0.026
0.020
0.030
Table 2 Experiments results in given orthogonal design. Li
Co
Temperature Retention
Solid‐liquid
Rotation
(℃)
time (min)
ratio (g L‐1)
rate (rpm)
1
75
90
15
400
306.30
60.24
31.61
2
75
120
45
350
757.19
49.64
53.72
3
75
60
15
300
283.14
55.68
45.20
4
75
150
35
350
1162.19
97.95
34.92
5
75
180
25
300
622.19
73.41
39.18
6
80
90
45
350
555.81
36.43
25.55
7
80
120
35
300
564.32
47.56
41.10
8
80
150
25
300
594.62
70.16
33.67
9
80
60
15
350
294.93
58.00
24.77
10
80
180
15
400
501.15
98.55
36.70
11
85
60
45
300
796.67
52.22
40.57
12
85
150
15
350
421.54
82.90
30.34
13
85
90
35
300
751.33
63.32
33.44
14
85
180
15
350
369.42
72.65
28.18
15
85
120
25
400
627.24
74.01
35.94
16
90
60
35
400
740.33
62.40
32.43
17
90
90
25
350
645.28
76.14
29.82
18
90
150
15
300
506.88
99.68
31.86
19
90
120
15
350
426.23
83.82
29.64
20
90
180
45
300
1362.88
89.34
30.69
21
95
60
25
350
583.19
68.81
34.29
22
95
90
15
300
430.58
84.68
27.52
23
95
150
45
400
1503.12
98.53
50.68
No
16
concentration ‐1
(mg L )
Leaching rate (%)
concentration (mg L‐1)
24
95
180
35
350
1118.75
94.29
35.34
25
95
120
15
300
491.95
96.75
31.53
Table 3 Analysis for experiments results in given orthogonal design.
Effect
of Effect
of Effect
of
Effect of rotation rate
temperature
time
solid‐liquid ratio
K1
336.92
297.11
792.95
732.8
K2
310.7
320.81
362.53
720.63
K3
345.1
351.78
365.52
393.73
K4
411.38
449.22
326.16
K5
443.06
428.24
k1
67.384
59.422
79.295
73.28
k2
62.14
64.162
72.506
72.063
k3
69.02
70.356
73.104
78.746
k4
82.276
89.844
65.232
k5
88.612
85.648
Extreme deviation 26.472
30.422
14.063
6.683
Priority order Optimal level
Time > Temperature > Solid‐liquid ratio > Rotation rate Temperature:
Time: 150 Solid‐liquid ratio:
95 ℃
min
15 g L‐1
17
Rotation rate: 400 rpm
51.2653
A
50
35000
Standard Sampling
30000
30
Intensity (a.u.)
Concentration( %)
40
B
LiCoO2
19.4791
20
16.3185 4.4323
4
3.4018
3
25000
C LiCoO2
10000
LiCoO2 5000
2.1065
LiCoO2 LiCoO2 LiCoO2
2 1.0809
1 0
C
0.3856 0.2631 0.1206 0.0327 0.0181 0.0102 0.4831 0.3642 0.1363 0.0539 0.0314 0.0114 0.00
C
O Co Al Cu Mn Ni
0 10
P Fe Si Br Ca S Mg Pb Ba Ti Zr Cr K
20
30
main element
40
50
60
2θ (°)
70
80
90
Fig. 1. (A) XRF analysis of sampling; (B) XRD analysis of sampling and standard LiCoO2 A
B ‐1.43mm LiCoO2
LiCoO2 leached using H2C2O4 1M
CoC2O4 and Li2C2O4/LiHC2O4
Filtering
CoC2O4
Li2C2O4/LiHC2O4
Fig. 2. (A) Scheme of leaching reactor configuration; (B) Flow chart for cobalt and lithium recovery
process from LiCoO2 using oxalic acid.
18
35000
C
30000
CoC2O4
CoC2O4
5000
CoC2O4
10000
CoC2O4
Intensity (a.u)
25000
C
0 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2θ(°)
Fig. 3. XRD analysis of the recovered product.
100
C6H8O7 C6H8O6
H2C2O4
Leaching efficiency (%)
HCl H2SO4
90
strong acid
HNO3 80
poor acid
70
H2SO3 60 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Concentration (M)
Fig. 4. Comparison of leaching efficiency for LiCoO2 among various types of acid. A II
B
0.4
0.25
y=0.118x+0.054 (R2=0.93)
I
0.2
0.1
0.0 0.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.15
y=0.064x+0.036 (R2=0.84) I
0.10
y=0.034x+0.018 (R2=0.86)
y=0.067x+0.025 (R2=0.95)
0.5
Value of models
Value of models
II 0.20
0.3
0.05
3.0
0.00 0.0
Time (h)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Time (h)
Fig. 5. Leaching patterns using oxalic acid: (A) standard LiCoO2; (B) sampling LiCoO2. 19
2.5
3.0
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
5
O
O O
1
O
O
O
3
Al
Al OH O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Fe
O
O
OH O
O
OH
HO
O
6
O
+
+
O
Fe
O
O
Fe O
O
OH
O
HO
OH
Al
O
O O
O
Al
Fe
O
O
O
O
O
HO
O
O
+ LiCoO2
2 O
HO
OLi
O
4
O
Co
OLi O
+ LiO
7
O
O
O
O
Fig. 6. Proposed leaching order of the sampling LiCoO2 using oxalic acid.
20
O
O
O
OH
Co
HO O
O
O