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Novel rig design for UF and MF experiments
News and Views
Toray's filter for indoor pools T o r a y I n d u s t r i e s I n c h a s b e g u n s a l e s of a filtering s y s t e m for u s e in i n d o o r s w i m m i n g p o o l s . The filter i m p r o v e s w a t e r q u a l i t y while l o w e r i n g o p e r a t i n g c o s t s . It c o n s i s t s of u l t r a f i n e n a p p e d fibres, a h o l l o w fibre m e m b r a n e , a n d a UV r e a c t i n g device. T h e c o m p a n y e s t i m a t e s f i l t e r i n g e q u i p m e n t for a p o o l m e a s u r i n g 3 6 0 s q u a r e y a r d s will c o s t $ 2 5 0 000.
(Source: Asian Wall Street Journal) Further Information from: Toray Industries, Inc, 2-I, Sonoyama 3-chome, Otsu-shl, Shlga 520, Japan.
Chloralkali electrolysis without mercury L u r g i h a s s i g n e d a c o n t r a c t w l t h TKI H r a s t i n l k in S l o v e n l a for t h e c o n v e r s i o n of a n e x i s t i n g c h l o r a l k a l i e l e c t r o l y s i s f r o m a m e r c u r y b a s e d to a m e m b r a n e cell p r o c e s s . The m a i n a d v a n t a g e s of t h e n e w e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y f r i e n d l y p r o c e s s a r e its low e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n a n d t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of t h e u s e of m e r c u r y . O l d e r s e c t i o n s of t h e p l a n t a r e to b e modernized and a new process control system installed. The c o n t r a c t is w o r t h DM 6.7 million. Lurgi Oel G a s C h e m i e G m b H will b e r e s p o n s i b l e for t h e e n g i n e e r i n g a n d t h e s u p e r v i s i o n of t h e e r e c t i o n a n d commissioning of the plant.
(Source: Balkan Press Ltd, Athens, Greece)
Hollow fibre U F / M F product s e l e c t i o n guide A new product selection guide from A/G Technology Corp provides background information on the company and its technical innovations, plus a c o m p l e t e d e s c r i p t i o n o f Its e x t e n s i v e line of h o l l o w fibre u l t r a f f l t r a t i o n a n d m i c r o f i l t r a t i o n c a r t r i d g e s a n d systems including selection criteria. Recent developments are highlighted, including the Xpress high pressure ultrafiltratlon cartridges which, t h e c o m p a n y s a y s , c a n w i t h s t a n d u p to 50 p s i g t r a n s m e m b r a n e p r e s s u r e , a n d MaxCell l a r g e p r o c e s s v o l u m e m e m b r a n e c a r t r i d g e s w h i c h c o n t a i n u p to 140 ft 2 of m e m b r a n e a r e a a n d retrofit c o m p e t i t i v e 5 - i n c h modules.
6
A n o p e r a t i n g g u i d e is i n c l u d e d , w h i c h c o n t a i n s a c o m p r e h e n s i v e d e s c r i p t i o n of p e r f o r m a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d o p e r a t i n g p a r a m e t e r s of t h e c a r t r i d g e s . C o p i e s of t h e p r o d u c t s e l e c t i o n g u i d e a r e a v a i l a b l e from t h e c o m p a n y .
Further Information from: Harlan Poltshook, Sales & Marketing Specialist, A / G Technology Corp, 101 Hampton Avenue, Needham, MA 02194-2628, USA. Tel: +i 617 449 5774. Fax: +1 61 7 449 5786.
Novel rig d e s i g n for UF and MF experiments R e s e a r c h in t h e a r e a of m e m b r a n e f i l t r a t i o n h a s b e e n carried out on commercial test rigs from membrane m a n u f a c t u r i n g c o m p a n i e s , r a n g i n g from s m a l l t e s t cells to s e v e r a l s q u a r e m e t r e s of m e m b r a n e a r e a . Other test rigs have been built by researchers using different m e m b r a n e s a n d m o d u l e s . In o r d e r to o b t a i n r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n o n membrane processing, as many variables as possible should be maintained constant, so different operating v a r i a b l e s s u c h a s p r e s s u r e or f i l t r a t i o n flux, flow velocity, t e m p e r a t u r e , etc. s h o u l d b e c o n t r o l l a b l e , a n d t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of d a t a s h o u l d b e a c c u r a t e a n d reproducible. A s o p h i s t i c a t e d rig h a s b e e n d e s i g n e d a n d b u i l t b y r e s e a r c h e r s in F r a n c e (Separation Science and Technology, 28, p p 2 6 3 5 - 2 6 4 2 , 1993), a n d c a n b e u s e d for s e p a r a t i o n , c l a r i f i c a t i o n a n d f r a c t i o n a t i o n a s well a s f o u l i n g a n d c l e a n i n g e x p e r i m e n t s u s i n g whey, m i l k a n d i t s p r o d u c t s . T h e o b j e c t i v e of t h e rig w a s to perform ultrafiltratlon and microfiltration experiments u s i n g v a r i o u s m o d u l e s of o r g a n i c a n d i n o r g a n i c m e m b r a n e s . It w a s d e s i g n e d to e n a b l e c o n s t a n t concentration experiments through a feed-and-bleed m o d e a n d to o p e r a t e e i t h e r a t c o n s t a n t t r a n s m e m b r a n e p r e s s u r e (difference a c r o s s t h e m e m b r a n e ) or a t c o n s t a n t flux b y s w i t c h i n g to different electrical circuits. Transmembrane pressure can be set as a static counterpressure through a bleed valve, or a s a d y n a m i c c o u n t e r p r e s s u r e a c h i e v e d b y c i r c u l a t i n g t h e p e r m e a t e c o c u r r e n t to t h e r e t e n t a t e , to m a i n t a i n a n e q u a l t r a n s m e m b r a n e p r e s s u r e profile along the filtration path. The r e s e a r c h e r s i n v o l v e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s a y t h a t recent improvements in the dynamic counterpressure s y s t e m a r e p r o m i s i n g t o o l s for i m p r o v i n g m i c r o f f l t r a t i o n a n d u l t r a f i l t r a t i o n p e r f o r m a n c e . It r e m a i n s to b e s e e n w h e t h e r It Is a c c e p t a b l e e c o n o m i c a l l y . However, f r o m a scienUflc p o i n t of view, it p r o v i d e s a t e c h n i c a l d e v i c e for s t u d y i n g , understanding, and modelling crossfiow filtration p r o c e s s e s b e c a u s e f i l t r a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s of flux a n d transmembrane pressure can be maintained and controlled along the hydraulic path.
Further Informatlon from: Georges Daufln, Instltut National de la Recherche Agronomlque, Laboratolre de Recherches de Technologle Laitiere, 65 Rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
M e m b r a n e T e c h n o l o g y No. 43
Toray's filter for indoor pools T o r a y I n d u s t r i e s I n c h a s b e g u n s a l e s of a filtering s y s t e m for u s e in i n d o o r s w i m m i n g p o o l s . The filter i m p r o v e s w a t e r q u a l i t y while l o w e r i n g o p e r a t i n g c o s t s . It c o n s i s t s of u l t r a f i n e n a p p e d fibres, a h o l l o w fibre m e m b r a n e , a n d a UV r e a c t i n g device. T h e c o m p a n y e s t i m a t e s f i l t e r i n g e q u i p m e n t for a p o o l m e a s u r i n g 3 6 0 s q u a r e y a r d s will c o s t $ 2 5 0 000.
(Source: Asian Wall Street Journal) Further Information from: Toray Industries, Inc, 2-I, Sonoyama 3-chome, Otsu-shl, Shlga 520, Japan.
Chloralkali electrolysis without mercury L u r g i h a s s i g n e d a c o n t r a c t w l t h TKI H r a s t i n l k in S l o v e n l a for t h e c o n v e r s i o n of a n e x i s t i n g c h l o r a l k a l i e l e c t r o l y s i s f r o m a m e r c u r y b a s e d to a m e m b r a n e cell p r o c e s s . The m a i n a d v a n t a g e s of t h e n e w e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y f r i e n d l y p r o c e s s a r e its low e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n a n d t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of t h e u s e of m e r c u r y . O l d e r s e c t i o n s of t h e p l a n t a r e to b e modernized and a new process control system installed. The c o n t r a c t is w o r t h DM 6.7 million. Lurgi Oel G a s C h e m i e G m b H will b e r e s p o n s i b l e for t h e e n g i n e e r i n g a n d t h e s u p e r v i s i o n of t h e e r e c t i o n a n d commissioning of the plant.
(Source: Balkan Press Ltd, Athens, Greece)
Hollow fibre U F / M F product s e l e c t i o n guide A new product selection guide from A/G Technology Corp provides background information on the company and its technical innovations, plus a c o m p l e t e d e s c r i p t i o n o f Its e x t e n s i v e line of h o l l o w fibre u l t r a f f l t r a t i o n a n d m i c r o f i l t r a t i o n c a r t r i d g e s a n d systems including selection criteria. Recent developments are highlighted, including the Xpress high pressure ultrafiltratlon cartridges which, t h e c o m p a n y s a y s , c a n w i t h s t a n d u p to 50 p s i g t r a n s m e m b r a n e p r e s s u r e , a n d MaxCell l a r g e p r o c e s s v o l u m e m e m b r a n e c a r t r i d g e s w h i c h c o n t a i n u p to 140 ft 2 of m e m b r a n e a r e a a n d retrofit c o m p e t i t i v e 5 - i n c h modules.
6
A n o p e r a t i n g g u i d e is i n c l u d e d , w h i c h c o n t a i n s a c o m p r e h e n s i v e d e s c r i p t i o n of p e r f o r m a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d o p e r a t i n g p a r a m e t e r s of t h e c a r t r i d g e s . C o p i e s of t h e p r o d u c t s e l e c t i o n g u i d e a r e a v a i l a b l e from t h e c o m p a n y .
Further Information from: Harlan Poltshook, Sales & Marketing Specialist, A / G Technology Corp, 101 Hampton Avenue, Needham, MA 02194-2628, USA. Tel: +i 617 449 5774. Fax: +1 61 7 449 5786.
Novel rig d e s i g n for UF and MF experiments R e s e a r c h in t h e a r e a of m e m b r a n e f i l t r a t i o n h a s b e e n carried out on commercial test rigs from membrane m a n u f a c t u r i n g c o m p a n i e s , r a n g i n g from s m a l l t e s t cells to s e v e r a l s q u a r e m e t r e s of m e m b r a n e a r e a . Other test rigs have been built by researchers using different m e m b r a n e s a n d m o d u l e s . In o r d e r to o b t a i n r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n o n membrane processing, as many variables as possible should be maintained constant, so different operating v a r i a b l e s s u c h a s p r e s s u r e or f i l t r a t i o n flux, flow velocity, t e m p e r a t u r e , etc. s h o u l d b e c o n t r o l l a b l e , a n d t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of d a t a s h o u l d b e a c c u r a t e a n d reproducible. A s o p h i s t i c a t e d rig h a s b e e n d e s i g n e d a n d b u i l t b y r e s e a r c h e r s in F r a n c e (Separation Science and Technology, 28, p p 2 6 3 5 - 2 6 4 2 , 1993), a n d c a n b e u s e d for s e p a r a t i o n , c l a r i f i c a t i o n a n d f r a c t i o n a t i o n a s well a s f o u l i n g a n d c l e a n i n g e x p e r i m e n t s u s i n g whey, m i l k a n d i t s p r o d u c t s . T h e o b j e c t i v e of t h e rig w a s to perform ultrafiltratlon and microfiltration experiments u s i n g v a r i o u s m o d u l e s of o r g a n i c a n d i n o r g a n i c m e m b r a n e s . It w a s d e s i g n e d to e n a b l e c o n s t a n t concentration experiments through a feed-and-bleed m o d e a n d to o p e r a t e e i t h e r a t c o n s t a n t t r a n s m e m b r a n e p r e s s u r e (difference a c r o s s t h e m e m b r a n e ) or a t c o n s t a n t flux b y s w i t c h i n g to different electrical circuits. Transmembrane pressure can be set as a static counterpressure through a bleed valve, or a s a d y n a m i c c o u n t e r p r e s s u r e a c h i e v e d b y c i r c u l a t i n g t h e p e r m e a t e c o c u r r e n t to t h e r e t e n t a t e , to m a i n t a i n a n e q u a l t r a n s m e m b r a n e p r e s s u r e profile along the filtration path. The r e s e a r c h e r s i n v o l v e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s a y t h a t recent improvements in the dynamic counterpressure s y s t e m a r e p r o m i s i n g t o o l s for i m p r o v i n g m i c r o f f l t r a t i o n a n d u l t r a f i l t r a t i o n p e r f o r m a n c e . It r e m a i n s to b e s e e n w h e t h e r It Is a c c e p t a b l e e c o n o m i c a l l y . However, f r o m a scienUflc p o i n t of view, it p r o v i d e s a t e c h n i c a l d e v i c e for s t u d y i n g , understanding, and modelling crossfiow filtration p r o c e s s e s b e c a u s e f i l t r a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s of flux a n d transmembrane pressure can be maintained and controlled along the hydraulic path.
Further Informatlon from: Georges Daufln, Instltut National de la Recherche Agronomlque, Laboratolre de Recherches de Technologle Laitiere, 65 Rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
M e m b r a n e T e c h n o l o g y No. 43