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Nuclear magnetic resonance
June,
w56.1
BOOK
REVIEWS
675
in the details of “A Pocket-Size Broadcast Receiver.” Moreover, most of the papers in the book seem to be rather specialized in their treatment, and it is difficult to bridge the large gaps that exist between them. Hence, as far as the reader is concerned, it could be wished that information on transistors might be provided according to a more systematic breakdown of the subject. The present state of the art already yields a large amount of theory dealing with the solid state physics of transistors and semiconductors. A second subtopic is the large body of experience in the fabrication and processing of transistors in manufacture. Electrical properties and circuit applications embody a third area. The latter could of course be further divided into communications, computers and industrial equipment applications. For the student there is also a continuing need for those introductory books with a broad and less detailed coverage of the whole subject. So far only a few books have been offered which fit into these several categories, but before long a goodly number will inevitably follow. In summary it might be said that Transistars I will be a worthy addition and a convenience for anyone wishing to assemble a library on the general subject of transistors. On the other hand, it will not serve as a text or reference on the subject because of the specialization and diversity of the individual It is incidentally a little puzzling papers. that so many unpublished papers should have been available. It would seem better to make these papers available through the periodicals as soon as they are written, and to concentrate efforts on indexing the information for ready reference by those who need it. Perhaps Transistors II, if and when published, could be edited to fit this valuable information more logically into recognized categories. C.W. HARGEM
Certain nuclei possess intrinsic spin and angular momentum, and it can be shown that if such nuclei are placed in a magnetic field the angular momentum becomes quantized giving rise to nuclear Zeeman levels. It is the transitions between these energy levels which are observed in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments.
NUCLEAR ivAGNETIC RESONANCE, by E. R. Andrew. 265 pages, diagrams, 54 X 86 in. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1956. Price, $6.50.
Chapter 8 deals with Quadrupole effects which are the result of the interaction of interval electric fields with the nucleus. In the study of solids, this quadrupole coupling is a powerful method of studying the gradient of the internal electric fields of crystals.
Since the discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, some four hundred articles or more have appeared in various scientific publications. However, Andrew has given us the first comprehensive book devoted solely to the subject.
In Chapter 1, the author introduces the reader to the subject by briefly tracing the history of nuclear magnetic resonance. Short descriptions are given of the experiments of Lasarew and Schubnikow with solid hydrogen, the molecular beam technique of Rabi and his contemporaries and the discovery of nuclear resonance in solids by the groups led by Purcell and Bloch. Chapters 2 and 3 adequately discuss the basic theory and experimental methods. The chapter on experimental methods is especially well presented. Andrew has given clear descriptions of the various techniques He has used in observing resonance signals. included many circuit diagrams and describes how the experiments must be designed in order to give the highest signal to noise ratio. The attainment of optimum signal to noise ratio is often a crucial requirement in these experiments since one must couple a system of relatively few participating nuclei to a delicately tuned electronic circuit. Other chapters deal with the measurements of thermal and spin-spin relaxation times in gases, liquids, metallic and non-metallic solids. Space is also devoted to the determination of nuclear properties. Determinations of high precision are now possible of the nuclear moments for a large number of elements. Through determinations of the ratio of the Bohr and nuclear magneton, it is now possible to obtain the value of such constants as the Faraday and the proton-electron mass ratio to an accurac) of thirty
parts per million!
The eight chapters in this book give the reader much more than a casual introduction to the field. The material presented would be invaluable for anyone contemplating work
BOOK REVIEWS
676
in nuclear resonance. The appendix and bibliography deserve special mention. The writer has included extensive tables of spectra, and listings of liquids and solids which have been investigated along with copious references. This book which is one of the latest of the Cambridge Monograph series is highly recommended. J. B. DREW
[J. F. I.
arises from the authors’ attempts to embrace so many facets of analytical chemistry. They have tended to over-simplify the techniques involved in the analytical procedures. Again, congratulations are in order to Messrs. Wagner, Hull and Markle for providing such an effective guide for the analytical chemist. MARVIN PACKER INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS, by
ADVANCED
ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY,
by
Walter Wagner, Clarence J. Hull, and Gerald E. Markle. 282 pages, illustrations, 6 X 9 in. New York, Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1956. Price, $6.00. Advanced Analytical Chemistry, a text concerned only with the inorganic branch of analysis, was designed primarily for the beginning graduate student although it is of value to others such as analytical chemists and materials engineers. Its function is to serve as a bridge between undergraduate courses and the more recent developments in analytical chemistry. Much credit can be attributed to the authors for they have succeeded in preparing a text in which the language is succinct, and which reduces a difficult subject to terms simple enough to make easy and interesting reading. Aside from its literary merits, the book is technically competent. In part I can be found discussions on the theories behind the most popularly used instrumentation techniques and the latest analytical procedures. For those who desire to explore more deeply, ample references are given. Of particular merit is the chapter on the use of organic reagents since the authors have treated this topic with the growing recognition that this technique deserves. Also noteworthy is the acknowledgment that has been accorded to the use of statistics in chemistry. The entire second part has been devoted exclusively to the analysis and separation of the elements, including the rarer elements which can be expected to become more and more important as the complexities of modern technology increase. Here too the authors have done well. They have managed to condense an immense field into a few compact chapters, effectively supplementing the text with many references. The book does have a weakness and this
F. B. Hildebrand. 511 pages, 6 X 9 in. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1956. Price, $8.50. There has been a need for additional books in Numerical Analysis for some time. The increasing use of high-speed digital computing machines has given rise to a small amount of research in this field, but has led to an even greater demand for material already in published form. Professor Hildebrand’s book is designed as an introductory text, and results from a set of notes prepared for classroom use at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The author had calculating equipment in mind, and his book deserves to be on the shelf of the numerical analyst. Included are the standard topics of interpolation, numerical differentiation and integration, and the approximate solution of equations. A wise selection is made in starting with a discussion of errors and significant figures. A sufficient amount of finite differences is included to prepare the user for the numerical methods to follow. These include the methods of Runge-Kutta, least squares, Hermite and Chebyshev polynomials, and quadratures. For solution of algebraic equations the methods of Gauss, Crout, Gauss-Seidel and Graeffe are presented as well as various iterative methods such as Lin’s and Bairstow’s. The text is supplied with a large number of exercises at the end of each of its ten chapters, a bibliography of two hundred seventy-six references and a rather unique appendix entitled “Directory of Methods.” In the last, the various methods are enumerated (with references to specific paragraphs in the text) under the genera1 headings: Interpolation, Approximation, Numerical Differentiation, Numerical Integration, Summation of Series, Smoothing of Data, Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations,
w56.1
BOOK
REVIEWS
675
in the details of “A Pocket-Size Broadcast Receiver.” Moreover, most of the papers in the book seem to be rather specialized in their treatment, and it is difficult to bridge the large gaps that exist between them. Hence, as far as the reader is concerned, it could be wished that information on transistors might be provided according to a more systematic breakdown of the subject. The present state of the art already yields a large amount of theory dealing with the solid state physics of transistors and semiconductors. A second subtopic is the large body of experience in the fabrication and processing of transistors in manufacture. Electrical properties and circuit applications embody a third area. The latter could of course be further divided into communications, computers and industrial equipment applications. For the student there is also a continuing need for those introductory books with a broad and less detailed coverage of the whole subject. So far only a few books have been offered which fit into these several categories, but before long a goodly number will inevitably follow. In summary it might be said that Transistars I will be a worthy addition and a convenience for anyone wishing to assemble a library on the general subject of transistors. On the other hand, it will not serve as a text or reference on the subject because of the specialization and diversity of the individual It is incidentally a little puzzling papers. that so many unpublished papers should have been available. It would seem better to make these papers available through the periodicals as soon as they are written, and to concentrate efforts on indexing the information for ready reference by those who need it. Perhaps Transistors II, if and when published, could be edited to fit this valuable information more logically into recognized categories. C.W. HARGEM
Certain nuclei possess intrinsic spin and angular momentum, and it can be shown that if such nuclei are placed in a magnetic field the angular momentum becomes quantized giving rise to nuclear Zeeman levels. It is the transitions between these energy levels which are observed in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments.
NUCLEAR ivAGNETIC RESONANCE, by E. R. Andrew. 265 pages, diagrams, 54 X 86 in. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1956. Price, $6.50.
Chapter 8 deals with Quadrupole effects which are the result of the interaction of interval electric fields with the nucleus. In the study of solids, this quadrupole coupling is a powerful method of studying the gradient of the internal electric fields of crystals.
Since the discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, some four hundred articles or more have appeared in various scientific publications. However, Andrew has given us the first comprehensive book devoted solely to the subject.
In Chapter 1, the author introduces the reader to the subject by briefly tracing the history of nuclear magnetic resonance. Short descriptions are given of the experiments of Lasarew and Schubnikow with solid hydrogen, the molecular beam technique of Rabi and his contemporaries and the discovery of nuclear resonance in solids by the groups led by Purcell and Bloch. Chapters 2 and 3 adequately discuss the basic theory and experimental methods. The chapter on experimental methods is especially well presented. Andrew has given clear descriptions of the various techniques He has used in observing resonance signals. included many circuit diagrams and describes how the experiments must be designed in order to give the highest signal to noise ratio. The attainment of optimum signal to noise ratio is often a crucial requirement in these experiments since one must couple a system of relatively few participating nuclei to a delicately tuned electronic circuit. Other chapters deal with the measurements of thermal and spin-spin relaxation times in gases, liquids, metallic and non-metallic solids. Space is also devoted to the determination of nuclear properties. Determinations of high precision are now possible of the nuclear moments for a large number of elements. Through determinations of the ratio of the Bohr and nuclear magneton, it is now possible to obtain the value of such constants as the Faraday and the proton-electron mass ratio to an accurac) of thirty
parts per million!
The eight chapters in this book give the reader much more than a casual introduction to the field. The material presented would be invaluable for anyone contemplating work
BOOK REVIEWS
676
in nuclear resonance. The appendix and bibliography deserve special mention. The writer has included extensive tables of spectra, and listings of liquids and solids which have been investigated along with copious references. This book which is one of the latest of the Cambridge Monograph series is highly recommended. J. B. DREW
[J. F. I.
arises from the authors’ attempts to embrace so many facets of analytical chemistry. They have tended to over-simplify the techniques involved in the analytical procedures. Again, congratulations are in order to Messrs. Wagner, Hull and Markle for providing such an effective guide for the analytical chemist. MARVIN PACKER INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS, by
ADVANCED
ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY,
by
Walter Wagner, Clarence J. Hull, and Gerald E. Markle. 282 pages, illustrations, 6 X 9 in. New York, Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1956. Price, $6.00. Advanced Analytical Chemistry, a text concerned only with the inorganic branch of analysis, was designed primarily for the beginning graduate student although it is of value to others such as analytical chemists and materials engineers. Its function is to serve as a bridge between undergraduate courses and the more recent developments in analytical chemistry. Much credit can be attributed to the authors for they have succeeded in preparing a text in which the language is succinct, and which reduces a difficult subject to terms simple enough to make easy and interesting reading. Aside from its literary merits, the book is technically competent. In part I can be found discussions on the theories behind the most popularly used instrumentation techniques and the latest analytical procedures. For those who desire to explore more deeply, ample references are given. Of particular merit is the chapter on the use of organic reagents since the authors have treated this topic with the growing recognition that this technique deserves. Also noteworthy is the acknowledgment that has been accorded to the use of statistics in chemistry. The entire second part has been devoted exclusively to the analysis and separation of the elements, including the rarer elements which can be expected to become more and more important as the complexities of modern technology increase. Here too the authors have done well. They have managed to condense an immense field into a few compact chapters, effectively supplementing the text with many references. The book does have a weakness and this
F. B. Hildebrand. 511 pages, 6 X 9 in. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1956. Price, $8.50. There has been a need for additional books in Numerical Analysis for some time. The increasing use of high-speed digital computing machines has given rise to a small amount of research in this field, but has led to an even greater demand for material already in published form. Professor Hildebrand’s book is designed as an introductory text, and results from a set of notes prepared for classroom use at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The author had calculating equipment in mind, and his book deserves to be on the shelf of the numerical analyst. Included are the standard topics of interpolation, numerical differentiation and integration, and the approximate solution of equations. A wise selection is made in starting with a discussion of errors and significant figures. A sufficient amount of finite differences is included to prepare the user for the numerical methods to follow. These include the methods of Runge-Kutta, least squares, Hermite and Chebyshev polynomials, and quadratures. For solution of algebraic equations the methods of Gauss, Crout, Gauss-Seidel and Graeffe are presented as well as various iterative methods such as Lin’s and Bairstow’s. The text is supplied with a large number of exercises at the end of each of its ten chapters, a bibliography of two hundred seventy-six references and a rather unique appendix entitled “Directory of Methods.” In the last, the various methods are enumerated (with references to specific paragraphs in the text) under the genera1 headings: Interpolation, Approximation, Numerical Differentiation, Numerical Integration, Summation of Series, Smoothing of Data, Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations,