Numerical study of infrared broadband multilayer film absorber with tunable structural colors

Journal Pre-proof Numerical study of infrared broadband multilayer film absorber with tunable structural colors Sirui Li, Ke Liu, Xiyu Long, Liangzhu Chen, Zhengwei Xie, Ling Li, Xiaolin Zhou

PII: DOI: Reference:

S0030-4018(19)31036-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2019.124950 OPTICS 124950

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Optics Communications

Received date : 18 July 2019 Revised date : 12 November 2019 Accepted date : 13 November 2019 Please cite this article as: S. Li, K. Liu, X. Long et al., Numerical study of infrared broadband multilayer film absorber with tunable structural colors, Optics Communications (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2019.124950. This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. © 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Numerical study of infrared broadband multilayer film absorber with tunable structural colors Sirui Li1, Ke Liu1,2*, Xiyu Long 1,3, Liangzhu Chen1, Zhengwei Xie 1, Ling Li 1, Xiaolin Zhou1*

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College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, P. R. China

School of Micro-Electronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology,

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Chengdu 610054, P. R. China 3

State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209,China

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Abstract: In this paper, a generalized design principle is proposed that can realize efficient multi-spectral manipulation with a single device. By employing the transfer matrix method accompanied with genetic algorithm, the designed metamaterials with simple geometries can achieve

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broadband infrared absorption as well as tunable reflective colors simultaneously. The average absorptivity from 8-13 μm is higher than 95%, and maintains high performance even at large incident angles. Besides, since the structural colors were originated from the thin-film interference effects, the color of these devices can be easily tuned from blue to pink by varying the thickness of the top layer. The features described above indicate that the proposed structures can be used for many practical applications such as multi-spectral imagers, bolometers, solar cell and radiative coolers, while can also meet people's aesthetic or functional requirements for the surface color of objects.

Keywords：Multilayer film；Absorber; Structural color; Metamaterial

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1. Introduction

Metamaterials are a class of artificial materials with fantastic properties that are unattainable for natural materials, such as negative refractive index super-lens [1-2], electromagnetic stealth cloaks [3-4], and metamaterial antennas [5-6]. Among them, the metamaterial absorbers (MA)

*Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected].

Journal Pre-proof attract the attention of considerable researchers owing to their enhanced performance and reduced thickness. Previous researchers have designed many different MAs according to their application requirements [7-14]. MA has broad application prospects in a variety of fields, such as sensors, imaging, bolometers, and radiative coolers. Among them, radiative coolers have attracted the attention of many researchers, because energy and environment issues are hotspot around the world

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[15]. In general, one of the requirements of radiative coolers is high emissivity in atmospheric transparent window (8-13μm) [16]. According to Kirchhoff's law, the emissivity of an object is

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equal to its absorptivity in thermal equilibrium. Hence, in order to achieve radiative cooling, many researchers have used various methods to design materials with high absorptivity in 8-13μm [15-20].

Until now, many researchers have designed various ultraviolet [21], visible band [22-23] and

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infrared [7, 24] MAs. However, most of these MAs can only manipulate electromagnetic waves in one band. For example, the traditional infrared MAs can only realize high-efficiency absorption in the infrared band, and cannot manipulate the electromagnetic wave in the visible region to change

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their surface color, which limits their application in practice. The surface color of object is an important factor affecting people's perception of object. People usually give priority to the surface color of objects for functional or aesthetic needs [15, 25]. Recently, structural colors have attracted great attention in many fields, such as ceramics, textiles and printing [15, 26-28]. The structural colors are derived from the interaction between light and micro-nano structures, and mainly based on basic optical phenomena such as thin-film interference, diffraction, and scattering [29-30]. Therefore, compared with traditional pigments and dyes, the structural colors are not easy to fade and are more environmentally friendly. By using the principle of thin-film interference, we can adjust the surface color of the MA while maintaining the high-efficiency infrared absorption. To date, some researchers have demonstrated multi-spectral metamaterial, a material capable

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of operating over different wavebands simultaneously [31-33]. For instance, in Ref. [31], McCrindle et al has presented a device capable of filtering visible radiation and achieving THz absorption. This device uses nanohole array plasmonic filter as the ground plane of the THz MA. Thus this device exhibits about 70% absorptivity at 1.93 THz and a transmission peak in the visible region due to surface plasmon resonance excited in the periodic subwavelength hole arrays. Although the THz narrowband absorber with tunable colors is realized in this device, the prepara-

Journal Pre-proof tion of the nanohole array involves complex processes such as electron beam lithography and etching, which are cost prohibitive for large-area applications. Typical MAs include metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures [10-12, 31], combinations of multiple MIM structures [7-9], and multilayer film structures [13-14]. The MIM structure is generally composed of three layers: the patterned micro-nano structure at the top, the insulator layer at

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the middle and the metal substrate at the bottom [9, 11]. The fabrication of MIM structures usually involves complex processes such as thin film deposition, plasma etching and lithography [34].

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This makes the preparation of the MIM structure more difficult. Different from MIM structures, the fabrication process of multilayer film structures does not involve complex processes such as photolithography and etching. Thus, the design and fabrication of multilayer film structures is more convenient. There are many different numerical methods for calculating the performance of

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MAs, such as finite element method (FEM), finite difference time domain method (FDTD) [7, 9] and transfer matrix method (TMM) [24]. Among them, the TMM is a method developed by Maxwell's equations and commonly used to calculate the transmission and reflection properties of

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multilayered structures [24, 35-36]. The validity of TMM has been demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically. Moreover, the TMM has the advantages of fast calculation speed, few matrix elements and easy coding in the case of calculating the multilayer film structures. So, in the process of designing multilayer film absorber, we choose to use the TMM to calculate its absorption performance.

In this paper, we proposed a simple yet powerful design principle for multilayered MAs based on automatic optimization. The proposed MAs with simple geometries have simultaneous structural colors in the visible region and excellent broadband absorption performance in the infrared atmospheric window. Hence, these MAs that can manipulate the electromagnetic waves efficiently in two distinctive spectra will find a variety of applications in multi-spectral imagers,

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bolometers, solar cell and radiative coolers.

2. Structural design and theoretical analysis In this paper, ZnS and Ge are selected as low and high refractive index material respectively. Nichrome is chosen as the lossy metal due to its large resistivity. The refractive index of ZnS is 2.2 [37] and that of Ge is 4 [38] in the process of calculating the reflective spectrum within the range of 8-13 μm. According to previous studies, the dielectric constant of nichrome can be de-

Journal Pre-proof scribed by the Drude model: ε(ω)=1-ωp2/(ω2+iωГ) where the plasma frequency ωp is 2.9×1015 rad/s, and the collision frequency Г is 1.65×1014 Hz [11, 39]. The schematic image of proposed MA is shown in Fig.1a with alternating layers of ZnS/Ge/ZnS/Nichrome/Ge/Nichrome from top to bottom. Because the thickness of the bottom nichrome is fixed at 200 nm (i.e. H 6=200nm), which is greater than the skin depth of electromagnetic waves in the range of 8-13 μm, the transmission

R represent absorptivity and reflectivity, respectively [12].

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is almost zero. Therefore, the absorption performance can be calculated using A=1-R, where A and

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The TMM is used to calculate the infrared absorption spectrum. As mentioned above, the TMM has the characteristics of fast calculation speed, few matrix elements and easy coding. These characteristics enable the TMM to be easily combined with various optimization algorithms to design a multilayer film structure with many different functions. In our case, the genetic algorithm

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(GA) is chosen to optimize the film thickness. GA is a global optimization algorithm based on biological evolution and survival of the fittest. And it has the characteristics of robust, efficient and suitable for dealing with multivariate optimization problems. Therefore, GA is often used for is not optimized variables

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optimization in thin film design [24, 40]. As discussed above, the

in the process of optimization, its value is determined. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the thickness of the remaining 5 layers by using GA to obtain excellent absorption performance in the 8-13 μm.

We employed GA to optimize the objective function objfun = ∑R(λ), where R(λ) represents the reflectivity at a certain wavelength calculated by the TMM, and ∑R(λ) is the sum of the reflectivity in the range of 8-13 μm. According to A=1-R low reflectivity also means high absorptivity. Therefore, the optimal absorption performance can be obtained by finding the minimum of the objective function. The optimum variables are film thickness, i.e. H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5. Because of the randomness of the GA, after multiple optimizations, the best result is obtained with H1=210

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nm, H2=100 nm, H3=565 nm, H4=47nm and H5=764nm. The different colors of proposed MAs are reflected colors produced by interference effects. Thin-film interference is a typical optical process related to structural colors [29]. By utilizing interference conditions, we can control the reflection spectrum of the proposed MA in the visible region. Generally, the wavelength of constructive interference corresponds to the wavelength of reflection peak of the reflection spectrum, while the destructive interference corresponds to reflec-

Journal Pre-proof tion valley [29, 41]. To briefly describe the principle of thin film interference, we take typical single layer thin film interference as an example. In general, the interference conditions of single layer thin film are related to whether or not the film is attached to a substrate having a higher refractive index [41]. The reason for the difference is that the reflected light will have half-wave loss, when light is in-

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cident from a smaller refractive index material to a higher one. Therefore, for a film attached to a

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substrate having a higher refractive index, the interference conditions are:

(1) (2)

where λ1 is the wavelength at which destructive interference occurs, λ2 is the wavelength for constructive interference, m is an integer, θb is the angle of refraction, d and nf are the thickness and

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refractive index of the film, respectively (as shown in Fig.1b)[29]. It can be seen from the interference conditions that we can adjust the wavelength of interference by adjusting the thickness of the film. Thereby, the peaks and valleys of the reflection spectrum are adjusted, and thus the thin

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films with different colors are obtained.

3. Results and discussion

The infrared absorption of the optimized structure under normal incidence is shown by the solid red line in Fig. 2a. The average absorptivity of the optimized MA in the 8-13 μm is higher than 95%, and the maximum absorptivity can reach 99.27%. This shows that the proposed structure has excellent absorption performance in 8-13 μm. The excellent absorption performance in atmospheric transparent window makes the proposed structure have the potential to be applied to radiative cooling. At the same time, we also considered the surface color of the proposed structure. As discussed above, the surface color of the film is related to the reflection spectrum of the structure in the visible region. Therefore, the reflection spectrum of the structure in this region under

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normal incidence is calculated and shown by the red solid line in Fig. 2b. The optical constants of ZnS and Ge used in the calculation were derived from the references [42-43]. There is a reflection peak in the reflection spectrum of the proposed structure which indicates that when the thickness of the top film is determined, the proposed structure is a broadband MA with a high absorptivity in the range of 8-13 μm, and has a specific reflective color in the visible region. It should be noted that the proposed structure does not simply add colored film on the ab-

Journal Pre-proof sorber having a high absorptivity in the range of 8-13 μm. In the proposed structure, the part that contributes to the surface color also has a great influence on infrared absorption performance. For the sake of simplicity, the top two-layered film structure is written as Part I, and the remaining bottom four-layered structure is expressed as Part II (as shown in Fig.1a). In Fig.2b, we used a brown dotted dash line to indicate the visible region reflection spectrum in the presence of only

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Part I. As can be seen from the figure, the reflection spectrum of Part I is similar to that of the whole MA. To explain this, we need to consider the optical properties of Ge in the visible region.

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In fact, Ge has a relatively large extinction coefficient thus most of the incident visible light cannot penetrate the Ge film in Part I. In other words, in Part I, most of the lights transmitted by ZnS can be absorbed by the Ge film. Therefore, Part II has little influence on the reflection spectrum of the proposed structure in the visible region. To show that Part I also has a great influence on the

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absorption performance, the infrared absorption spectrum without Part I is plotted with brown dotted dash line in Fig. 2a. As can be seen from the figure, the absorptivity in the studied band is significantly reduced that indicates the excellent absorption performance of the proposed MA is

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due to the joint effect of part I and part II.

In order to further elucidate the effect of structure and materials of the proposed MA on the absorption performance, power loss density distributions as a function of wavelength over the whole multilayer structure and only the Part II are studied as shown in Fig. 2c and Fig.2d, respectively. These figures show the absorption power distribution of each layer in two kinds of multilayered structures. As shown in Fig.2c, the thin nichrome layer possesses the most contribution to the infrared absorption of the whole structure, while less dissipation of power occurs in the bottom thick nichrome layer that acts as a mirror reflecting the incident wave. This is not surprising, because only nichrome is lossy material in this structure in the range of 8-13 μm [37-39]. As seen in Fig.2d, the distribution of power loss is similar to that of the whole proposed MA in the presence

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of only Part II. However, the magnitude of the power loss density is significantly smaller than in the case where part I is present. That is, without the Part I, the absorption in thin nichrome layer decreases obviously. Therefore, Fig.2c and Fig.2d further illustrate that Part I also has a great influence on the absorption performance of the proposed MA, although absorption occurs mainly in thin nichrome layer. The variation of the distribution of absorption power for various wavelengths is due to material dispersion and the variation of penetration depth.

Journal Pre-proof The color perceived by the human eye is the result of the combined influence of the surface reflection spectrum of the object, the spectral intensity of the light source as well as the human visual system. In this article, in order to quantitatively describe the colors, we calculated the chromaticity coordinates of object color by using the CIE 1931 Standard [44-45]. In the calculation, we used the Artificial Daylight 6500K (D65) as the light source and standard observer with field of view defined by CIE 1931. In the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram, the x and y

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the

components of the Cartesian coordinate system (CIE(x,y)) are used to match certain color[25].

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As shown in Fig.3a, we calculated reflection spectra and corresponding surface colors of the whole structure with the H1 of 130, 160, 190 and 220 nm, respectively. At the meantime, as shown in Fig.3b and Fig.3c, we also calculated surface colors and color coordinates CIE(x,y) corresponding to different H1 varies from 130 nm to 260 nm, and marked these CIE(x,y) with black dots

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in the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram to visualize their position and color. Fig.3a-3c show that the reflection spectra and surface color of the proposed MA are indeed different when H1 varies. This verifies the method discussed above that the surface color of the film can be altered by

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changing the thickness of the film using interference conditions. As depicted in Fig.3c, the surface color of the proposed structure changes gradually as H1 changes from 130 nm to 260 nm and many colors can be achieved.

When varying the surface color by varying H1, it is also very important whether the change of the H1 has a great influence on the absorption performance of the MA. Fig.4a shows the absorptivity of the proposed MAs in the range of 8-13 μm in which H1 varies from 130nm to 260nm. It can be seen that the proposed MAs maintains excellent absorption performance. Its average absorptivity is always greater than 94%. This means that the variation of H1 has very small influence on the absorption performance, and will not cause a significant decrease in the absorption performance.

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In practical applications, the absorption performance of the MA under oblique incidence is also important. Fig.4b and Fig.4c show the absorptivity of the proposed MA with the incident angle varying from 0° to 60 °. Although the average absorptivity decreases with the increase of incident angle, the proposed MA still maintains relatively high absorptivity at large incident angles regardless of the incident polarizations. For the TE polarized wave, the absorptivity decreases rapidly that the average absorptivity is less than 90% when the incident angle is greater than 50°.

Journal Pre-proof For the TM polarized wave, when the incident angle is 60°, the average absorptivity is still higher than 90%.

4. Conclusions In summary, we proposed a design principle for colorful infrared broadband MAs with very simple multilayered geometries. To improve the design accuracy and robustness, we employed an

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optimization process combining transfer matrix method and genetic algorithm. By utilizing the interference conditions, the surface color of the proposed structure can be efficiently altered by

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changing the thickness of the top layer. Besides, the designed MA still maintains high absorptivity at large incident angles independent of polarization. As the proposed structures can manipulate electromagnetic waves in two distinctive bands, they can meet the aesthetic, functional and environmental requirements of people thus find many exciting applications such as multi-spectral im-

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agers, bolometers, solar cell and radiative coolers.

Acknowledgments.

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This work was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M602666); The 973 Program of China (No. 2013CBA01700).

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Fig.1. (a) Schematic image of proposed MA. The thickness of each layer from top to bottom is marked as: H1, H2, H3, H4, H5 and H6. Among them, the top two-layer film structure is marked as Part I, and the remaining four-layer structure is expressed as Part II. (b) Schematic of thin-film interference.

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Fig.2. (a) Simulated absorptivity of whole multilayer structure at normal incidence as a function of wavelength (red solid line), and absorptivity in the presence of only Part II (brown dash line). (b) Simulated reflectivity of the whole structure as a function of wavelength (red solid line), and reflectivity in the presence of only Part I (brown dash line). Simulated contour plots of power loss density as a function of wavelength and position in (c) the whole multilayer structure and (d) only the

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Part II.

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Fig.3. (a) Simulated reflection spectra of visible region of multilayer structure with different H1.

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Among them, H1 is 130nm, 160nm, 190nm and 220nm, respectively. (b) CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram, in which the chromaticity coordinates CIE(x,y) corresponding to different H1 from 130–260 nm with 5 nm intervals are marked with black dots. (c) Color and color coordinates CIE(x,y) for

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different top layer thicknesses from 130 nm to 260 nm with 10nm as an interval.

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Fig.4. (a) Simulated absorptivity of the multilayer structure in which the top layer thickness varies from 130nm to 260nm with 5nm as an interval. Simulated spectral absorptivity of the multilayer structure as

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functions of the incident angles for (b)TE waves and (c) TM waves.

*Author Contributions Section

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Sirui Li: Conceptualization, Software, Writing-Original Draft. Ke Liu: Conceptualization, Project administration, Funding acquisition. Xiyu Long: Validation. Liangzhu Chen: Resources. Zhengwei Xie: Writing - Review & Editing. Ling Li: Validation. Xiaolin Zhou: Investigation, Supervision