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Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Adult Figure Skaters
TUESDAY, OCTOBER 28
POSTER SESSION: WELLNESS AND PUBLIC HEALTH Title: NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES OF ADULT FIGURE SKATERS Author(s): L. Sheehan-Smith; Human Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN Learning Outcome: To increase awareness of the importance of nutrition education programs for adult figure skaters.
Title: CHANGES IN BODY WEIGHT, BODY COMPOSITION, AND EATING ATTITUDES IN A SAMPLE OF HIGH-SCHOOL WRESTLERS Author(s): L. H. Shriver,1 N. Betts,1 M. E. Payton2; 1Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 2Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK Learning Outcome: To determine whether changes in body weight and body composition and eating attitudes occur among high-school wrestlers from pre-season to off-season.
Text: The first known international competitive figure skating event took place in 1882. Despite the long history of the sport and several nutrition studies with young figure skaters, there is a paucity of nutrition research with adult figure skaters. This study examined the nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practices of 183 (147 females and 36 males, mean age ⫽ 42.3 and 47.8 years, respectively) competitors from the 2007 United States Adult Figure Skating Championships. The 23-item true/false nutrition knowledge test was assessed for face, content, and construct validity before use. The mean score for all participants was 18.67 ⫾ 2.56 (range 7-23). Most participants (86%) felt that a nutritious diet positively affects their skating performance, while 78% indicated they were committed to following a nutritious diet. During a 45-minute skating practice, 78% of the skaters reported consuming less than the recommended minimum of 5 ounces of fluid every 15 minutes, including 18% of the participants who consumed no water. Two-thirds (67%) of participants reported taking vitamin and/or mineral supplements. Multivitamins, often in combination with a single vitamin or mineral, were the supplement most commonly taken by the skaters. The wide range of scores on the nutrition knowledge test, the lack of water consumed by many skaters during skating practice, and the large percent of skaters taking vitamin and/or mineral supplements may indicate that some adult figure skaters could benefit from educational programs designed to address the role nutrition plays in athletic performance.
Text: Competitive wrestlers are known to “cut” weight using a variety of unhealthy practices. The National Federation of High School Associations and the National Wrestling Coaches Association implemented a new weight control rule for high school wrestlers in the fall of 2006. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in body weight, body composition, and eating attitudes among high school wrestlers after the implementation of the new weight control rule. Body weight, body fat, and eating attitudes of high school wrestlers were assessed during pre-season, season, and off-season. Body fat was measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Eating attitudes were determined using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT). The effect of season on body weight, body fat, and the EAT subscales was tested by ANOVA. The analysis was conducted using PC SAS Version 9.1 at p⬍0.05. Twenty-four wrestlers participated in the study. Body weight increased significantly from pre-season to offseason by 2.2⫾0.4 kg (p⬍0.001). No significant changes in fat mass (p⫽0.90) and weight (p⫽0.87) were found between pre-season, season, and off-season. Total EAT score, dieting and bulimia/preoccupation scores were highest in pre-season with two wrestlers scoring ⱖ20 which indicated concerns about eating disorders. Wrestlers’ body weight and body fat did not change significantly during the study; however, unhealthy eating attitudes were more prevalent during preseason. While the new weight rule may help reduce weight cutting during the season, nutrition professionals need to pay special attention to weight control practices of wrestlers during pre-season.
Funding Disclosure: Middle Tennessee State University
Funding Disclosure: None
Title: PILOT TESTING A FEMALE ATHLETES’ NUTRITION RISK ASSESSMENT TOOL
Title: MEAL PLAN INFLUENCES MEAL FREQUENCY BUT NOT FOOD INTAKE IN COLLEGE ATHLETES
Author(s): C. Zabka, W. M. Koszewski; Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
Author(s): K. A. Witt; Nutrition and Dietetics, Messiah College, Grantham, PA
Learning Outcome: The participant will be able to visualize the need for a risk assessment tool for the female athlete population that goes beyond basic disordered eating identification.
Learning Outcome: Describe the influence of college meal plans on student-athlete food intake.
Text: The prevalence of eating disorders in female athletes ranges from 1% to 62%, due to the lack of consistent athlete-focused assessment instruments. This lack of instruments contributes to the failure of identifying all female athletes posing disordered eating risks. Investigators developed the 46-item Female Athlete Risk Evaluation (FARE) instrument utilized in this study based on literature-focused risk areas: personality, nutrition knowledge deficit, clinical symptoms, excessive exercise and total risk score. This research study utilized a quantitative survey study design in which a convenience sample of all age-eligible college female athletes participated in initial (n ⫽ 118) and follow-up (n ⫽ 95) testing, intended to represent a Division I population. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square Analysis (95% confidence level) and internal content validity was established via expert panel review. The Spearman Rho Analysis correlation between trials was 0.98, illustrating a high reliability level. Significant differences (p ⬍ 0.05) were found between teams across risk categories and levels. Assessment of individuals by total risk and categorical risk provided the opportunity to identify at-risk females that may have been missed in total risk assessment. The FARE instrument was found to be valid and reliable in assessing disordered eating risk of female collegiate athletes. Further research is warranted to determine appropriate follow-up interventions based on risk categories and levels. This research study implies that disordered eating risk assessment among the female athlete population needs to be broken down by risk category to ensure that all at-risk females are identified regardless of total risk score.
Text: College meal plans, which provide rapid access to nutritious meals, may help athletes achieve more optimal diets. To determine the influence of meal plans on meal frequency and food intake of student-athletes, 102 female (F) and 103 male (M) NCAA Division-III athletes completed a food frequency questionnaire based on MyPyramid. A Registered Dietitian or trained student-researcher assisted the athletes using food models. Sixty two athletes had a meal plan providing ⬍ 10 meals/week (⬍ 10MP), 66 had a plan providing 14 meals/week (14MP), and 77 had a plan providing 21 meals/week (21MP). Fischer’s Exact Test and ANOVA with t-tests on least square means were used to evaluate the influence of meal plan on meal frequency and food intake (SAS v 9.1). Although more athletes on the 14 meal plan ate 2.5 times per day or less (⬍ 10MP: 23%, 14MP: 44%, 21MP: 12%, p ⬍ 0.01) meal plan did not significantly influence food group intake. Males reported higher intakes of dairy (M: 3.8 ⫹/⫺ 0.22 cups, F: 3.1 ⫹/⫺ 0.23 cups, p ⬍ 0.05), fruit (M: 1.9 ⫹/⫺ 0.11 cups, F: 1.5 ⫹/⫺ 0.11 cups, p ⬍ 0.05), and meat/beans (M: 9.4 ⫹/⫺ 0.35 oz., F: 6.4 ⫹/⫺ 0.34 oz., p ⬍ 0.01) than females; while intakes of grains (M: 5.3 ⫹/⫺ 0.24 oz., F: 5.0 ⫹/⫺ 0.24 oz.) and vegetables (M: 1.1 ⫹/⫺ 0.07 cups, F: 1.2 ⫹/⫺ 0.06 cups) were not significantly different. More than 2/3 of the athletes consumed low amounts of fruit, vegetables, and grains. Funding Disclosure: Grant - Messiah College
Funding Disclosure: None
Journal of the AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION / A-107
POSTER SESSION: WELLNESS AND PUBLIC HEALTH Title: NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES OF ADULT FIGURE SKATERS Author(s): L. Sheehan-Smith; Human Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN Learning Outcome: To increase awareness of the importance of nutrition education programs for adult figure skaters.
Title: CHANGES IN BODY WEIGHT, BODY COMPOSITION, AND EATING ATTITUDES IN A SAMPLE OF HIGH-SCHOOL WRESTLERS Author(s): L. H. Shriver,1 N. Betts,1 M. E. Payton2; 1Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 2Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK Learning Outcome: To determine whether changes in body weight and body composition and eating attitudes occur among high-school wrestlers from pre-season to off-season.
Text: The first known international competitive figure skating event took place in 1882. Despite the long history of the sport and several nutrition studies with young figure skaters, there is a paucity of nutrition research with adult figure skaters. This study examined the nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practices of 183 (147 females and 36 males, mean age ⫽ 42.3 and 47.8 years, respectively) competitors from the 2007 United States Adult Figure Skating Championships. The 23-item true/false nutrition knowledge test was assessed for face, content, and construct validity before use. The mean score for all participants was 18.67 ⫾ 2.56 (range 7-23). Most participants (86%) felt that a nutritious diet positively affects their skating performance, while 78% indicated they were committed to following a nutritious diet. During a 45-minute skating practice, 78% of the skaters reported consuming less than the recommended minimum of 5 ounces of fluid every 15 minutes, including 18% of the participants who consumed no water. Two-thirds (67%) of participants reported taking vitamin and/or mineral supplements. Multivitamins, often in combination with a single vitamin or mineral, were the supplement most commonly taken by the skaters. The wide range of scores on the nutrition knowledge test, the lack of water consumed by many skaters during skating practice, and the large percent of skaters taking vitamin and/or mineral supplements may indicate that some adult figure skaters could benefit from educational programs designed to address the role nutrition plays in athletic performance.
Text: Competitive wrestlers are known to “cut” weight using a variety of unhealthy practices. The National Federation of High School Associations and the National Wrestling Coaches Association implemented a new weight control rule for high school wrestlers in the fall of 2006. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in body weight, body composition, and eating attitudes among high school wrestlers after the implementation of the new weight control rule. Body weight, body fat, and eating attitudes of high school wrestlers were assessed during pre-season, season, and off-season. Body fat was measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Eating attitudes were determined using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT). The effect of season on body weight, body fat, and the EAT subscales was tested by ANOVA. The analysis was conducted using PC SAS Version 9.1 at p⬍0.05. Twenty-four wrestlers participated in the study. Body weight increased significantly from pre-season to offseason by 2.2⫾0.4 kg (p⬍0.001). No significant changes in fat mass (p⫽0.90) and weight (p⫽0.87) were found between pre-season, season, and off-season. Total EAT score, dieting and bulimia/preoccupation scores were highest in pre-season with two wrestlers scoring ⱖ20 which indicated concerns about eating disorders. Wrestlers’ body weight and body fat did not change significantly during the study; however, unhealthy eating attitudes were more prevalent during preseason. While the new weight rule may help reduce weight cutting during the season, nutrition professionals need to pay special attention to weight control practices of wrestlers during pre-season.
Funding Disclosure: Middle Tennessee State University
Funding Disclosure: None
Title: PILOT TESTING A FEMALE ATHLETES’ NUTRITION RISK ASSESSMENT TOOL
Title: MEAL PLAN INFLUENCES MEAL FREQUENCY BUT NOT FOOD INTAKE IN COLLEGE ATHLETES
Author(s): C. Zabka, W. M. Koszewski; Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
Author(s): K. A. Witt; Nutrition and Dietetics, Messiah College, Grantham, PA
Learning Outcome: The participant will be able to visualize the need for a risk assessment tool for the female athlete population that goes beyond basic disordered eating identification.
Learning Outcome: Describe the influence of college meal plans on student-athlete food intake.
Text: The prevalence of eating disorders in female athletes ranges from 1% to 62%, due to the lack of consistent athlete-focused assessment instruments. This lack of instruments contributes to the failure of identifying all female athletes posing disordered eating risks. Investigators developed the 46-item Female Athlete Risk Evaluation (FARE) instrument utilized in this study based on literature-focused risk areas: personality, nutrition knowledge deficit, clinical symptoms, excessive exercise and total risk score. This research study utilized a quantitative survey study design in which a convenience sample of all age-eligible college female athletes participated in initial (n ⫽ 118) and follow-up (n ⫽ 95) testing, intended to represent a Division I population. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square Analysis (95% confidence level) and internal content validity was established via expert panel review. The Spearman Rho Analysis correlation between trials was 0.98, illustrating a high reliability level. Significant differences (p ⬍ 0.05) were found between teams across risk categories and levels. Assessment of individuals by total risk and categorical risk provided the opportunity to identify at-risk females that may have been missed in total risk assessment. The FARE instrument was found to be valid and reliable in assessing disordered eating risk of female collegiate athletes. Further research is warranted to determine appropriate follow-up interventions based on risk categories and levels. This research study implies that disordered eating risk assessment among the female athlete population needs to be broken down by risk category to ensure that all at-risk females are identified regardless of total risk score.
Text: College meal plans, which provide rapid access to nutritious meals, may help athletes achieve more optimal diets. To determine the influence of meal plans on meal frequency and food intake of student-athletes, 102 female (F) and 103 male (M) NCAA Division-III athletes completed a food frequency questionnaire based on MyPyramid. A Registered Dietitian or trained student-researcher assisted the athletes using food models. Sixty two athletes had a meal plan providing ⬍ 10 meals/week (⬍ 10MP), 66 had a plan providing 14 meals/week (14MP), and 77 had a plan providing 21 meals/week (21MP). Fischer’s Exact Test and ANOVA with t-tests on least square means were used to evaluate the influence of meal plan on meal frequency and food intake (SAS v 9.1). Although more athletes on the 14 meal plan ate 2.5 times per day or less (⬍ 10MP: 23%, 14MP: 44%, 21MP: 12%, p ⬍ 0.01) meal plan did not significantly influence food group intake. Males reported higher intakes of dairy (M: 3.8 ⫹/⫺ 0.22 cups, F: 3.1 ⫹/⫺ 0.23 cups, p ⬍ 0.05), fruit (M: 1.9 ⫹/⫺ 0.11 cups, F: 1.5 ⫹/⫺ 0.11 cups, p ⬍ 0.05), and meat/beans (M: 9.4 ⫹/⫺ 0.35 oz., F: 6.4 ⫹/⫺ 0.34 oz., p ⬍ 0.01) than females; while intakes of grains (M: 5.3 ⫹/⫺ 0.24 oz., F: 5.0 ⫹/⫺ 0.24 oz.) and vegetables (M: 1.1 ⫹/⫺ 0.07 cups, F: 1.2 ⫹/⫺ 0.06 cups) were not significantly different. More than 2/3 of the athletes consumed low amounts of fruit, vegetables, and grains. Funding Disclosure: Grant - Messiah College
Funding Disclosure: None
Journal of the AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION / A-107