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Nutritional Deficiencies of Sunflower Seed Oil Meal for Chicks1
Nutritional Deficiencies of Sunflower Seed Oil Meal for Chicks' JAMES MCGINNIS, PENG TUNG HSU, AND J. S. CARVER Division of Poultry Husbandry, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman, Washington (Received for publication November 17, 1947)
1
EXPERIMENTAL Three experiments were conducted using New Hampshire chicks, not sorted for sex. The chicks were kept in electrically heated battery brooders, and were weighed individually at the end of each week. Feed consumption records were made at the time of weighing the chicks. All experiments were terminated when the chicks were 28 days of age. Experiment 1
Published as Scientific Paper No. 746, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington.
Day-old chicks were distributed at random into sixteen groups of twelve chicks each. Duplicate groups were fed each experimental diet. The composition of the two different basal diets that were fed is given in Table 1. Diet 1 contained expeller processed soybean oil meal as the source of supplementary protein, whereas Diet 2 contained sunflower seed oil meal. The diets were calculated to contain approximately 21 percent crude protein. Previous work conducted at this station has shown that basal Diet 1, containing the soybean oil meal, is deficient in an unidentified vitamin required for chick growth. This unidentified factor is present in fish meal, fish solubles and in an alco-
389
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015
in a practical type of ration for chicks. The experiments described in this paper were conducted to determine the comparative value of soybean oil meal and sunflower seed oil meal when used in a practical type of diet.
T ? V E N though sunflower seeds have •*—' been used for a considerable time in feeding of poultry, there are comparatively few references in the literature describing the nutritive value of the sunflower seed proteins. Mitchell, Hamilton and Beadles (1945) reported that the biological value of sunflower seed protein was considerably lower than that of properly heated soybean oil meal protein for the rat. Because of the high protein content of sunflower seed oil meal, the "net protein value" was higher than that of either soybean oil meal or coconut meal in their experiments with rats. Grau and Almquist (1945) found that sunflower seed oil meal when included in a chick diet to supply 20 percent of protein was a complete source of the essential amino acids required by the chick for growth. On the basis of their findings, they concluded that sunflower seed oil meal was a complete source of essential amino acids needed by the chick. In view of the findings of Grau and Almquist (1945) that sunflower seed protein was a complete source of the essential amino acids when suppplying all of the dietary protein, it was of interest to determine the value of a combination of sunflower seed oil meal with cereal grains and the other ingredients normally used
390
JAMES MCGINNIS, PENG TUNG H S U AND J. S. CARVER
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diets Diet number 1 percent
2 percent
Ground yellow corn Ground wheat Millfeed Dehydrated alfalfa E-Y riboflavin concentrate (250 meg. per gm.) Dried brewers' yeast Ground limestone Vitamin D supplement 1 Salt (iodized) Choline chloride Dicalcium phosphate Soybean oil meal Sunflower seed oil meal Manganese sulfate2
30.00 16.35 10.00 5.00
30.00 16.35 10.00 5.00
0.50 3.00 2.00 0.05 0.50 0.10 1.50 31.00
0.50 3.00 2.00 0.05 0.50 0.10 1.50
— —
31.00
1 2
—
—
2,000 A.O.A.C. units D per gram. 5.6 grams per 100 pounds.
hol-soluble liver fraction. Basal Diet 1 has also been found to be slightly deficient in methionine for maximum chick growth. Basal Diets 1 and 2 were, therefore, sup-
TABLE 2.—Effect of supplementing soybean and sunflower seed oil meals •with methionine and an alcohol-soluble liver fraction on chick growth Exp. No.
Basal diet No.
Source of supplementary protein
Supplement to basal diet
Av. weight at four weeks grams
Soybean oil meal
None
170 187
1792
Soybean oil meal
0 . 1 % liver fraction
278 282
280
203 194
198
0 . 1 % liver fraction and 0 . 1 % methionine
266 261
264
None
144 166
155
217 228
222
149 152
151
236 249
243
1 Soybean oil meal Soybean oil meal
0 . 1 % methionine
1
1 Sunflower seed oil meal Sunflower seed oil meal
0 . 1 % liver fraction
2 Sunflower seed oil meal Sunflower seed oil meal 1 2
DL methionine was used in all experiments. Average of duplicates.
0 . 1 % methionine 0 . 1 % liver fraction and 0 . 1 % methionine
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015
Ingredients
plemented with 0.1 percent alcohol-soluble liver fraction, 0.1 percent methionine and a combination of these two materials. The results of Experiment 1 are summarized in Table 2. The chick growth data show that a very pronounced growth response resulted from supplementing both the soybean oil meal and the sunflower seed oil meal basal diets with the alcoholsoluble liver fraction. On the other hand, the methionine supplement produced a growth response only when added to the soybean oil meal chick diet. This was the case whether methionine was added alone or in combination with the liver fraction. It should be pointed out that the growth obtained with the sunflower meal diet plus the liver fraction and methionine was much lower than that obtained with the soybean oil meal diet plus the liver fraction.
391
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES OF SUNFLOWER SEED O I L MEAL
Experiment 2 Chicks which had been fed a standard starting diet during the first four days of life were used in this experiment. They TABLE 3.—-Effect
Exp. No.
Basal diet No.
chloride). The outline of the experiment together with the growth results at four weeks of age is given in Table 3. In . Experiment 2, the addition of methionine to the soybean oil meal diet
of supplementing soybean and sunflower seed oil meals with methionine and lysine on chick growth
Source of supplementary protein
Supplement to basal diet
Av. weight at four weeks grams
None
214 257
237 s
Soybean oil meal
0 . 1 % methionine 1
267 248
257
256 236
246
245 228
236
0 . 1 % methionine 0 . 6 % lysine2
289 266
278
None
255 262
259
270 279
275
237 240
239
226 233
229
255 264
260
.1+0.1% liver fraction
2
Sunflower seed oil meal 2+0.1% liver fraction
Sunflower seed oil meal Sunflower seed oil meal Soybean oil meal
None 0 . 1 % methionine
.1+0.1% liver fraction Soybean oil meal 3
Sunflower seed oil meal .2+0.1% liver fraction
Sunflower seed oil meal Sunflower seed oil meal
0 . 1 % methionine None 0 . 1 % methionine 0 . 1 % methionine plus 0 . 6 % lysine
1
DL methionine was used in all experiments. DL lysine monohydrochloride was used in all experiments. 3 Average of duplicates.
J
were distributed at random into ten groups of eleven chicks each and wingbanded, then handled essentially the same as described for Experiment 1. Both Diets 1 and 2 were supplemented with alcohol-soluble liver fraction in this experiment. Otherwise, they were the same as in Experiment 1. Basal Diet 1 was supplemented with methionine whereas basal Diet 2 was supplemented with methionine and with a combination of methionine and dl-lysine (monohydro-
gave only a small growth response, the significance of which is questionable because of the lack of agreement between the duplicate groups of chicks fed the soybean oil meal basal diet and this diet plus methionine. The results obtained in this experiment with the sunflower seed oil meal basal diet differ from those obtained in Experiment 1, since the sunflower seed oil meal diet gave just as good growth as the soybean oil meal basal. Methionine again failed to improve the growth of
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015
Soybean oil meal
392
JAMES MCGINNIS, PENG TUNG
chicks fed the diet containing sunflower seed oil meal. Basal Diet 2 was apparently deficient in available lysine since the supplement of dl-lysine (monohydrochloride) to the sunflower seed oil meal diet plus methionine gave a pronounced increase in growth. Experiment 3
The results obtained in the three experiments described show that rations
AND
J. S.
CARVER
containing either sunflower seed oil meal and soybean oil meal as protein supplements are deficient in an unidentified factor which is required for chick growth. In addition, a combination of sunflower seed oil meal with the ingredients normally present in a practical, type of chick diet appears to be deficient in available lysine for maximum chick growth. From the results reported by Grau and Almquist (1945) it appears that when sunflower seed oil meal supplies all of the dietary protein at a 20 percent level, that it supplies a sufficient amount of lysine to meet the chicks' need. On the other hand, when sunflower seed oil meal is used in combination with cereal proteins, which are notably deficient in lysine, the combination does not supply enough lysine to meet the chicks' requirements. This is of great importance to the feed manufacturer since protein supplements used in manufacturing feeds should contain enough of the essential amino acids to supplement the deficiencies of cereal proteins. When sunflower seed oil meal is used in a practical diet, it should be used in combination with some material which is especially high in its content of lysine, if satisfactory results are to be obtained. SUMMARY
The data obtained from three chick experiments show the following: 1. Both soybean oil meal and sunflower seed oil meal are deficient in an unidentified factor required for maximum chick growth. 2. Soybean oil meal, when used as the only source of supplementary protein in a practical type of chick diet, appears to supply an inadequate amount of methionine for maximum chick growth. 3. The principal deficiency of a practical type of chick diet containing sunflower seed oil meal as the only source of
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015
In Experiment 3, the chicks were fed a standard diet during the first week. At the end of this period they were distributed at random into ten groups of eleven chicks each. The experimental diets were fed from one week of age until the chicks were 28 days old, at which time the experiment was terminated. The chicks were handled essentially as described in Experiment 1. The outline for Experiment 3 is identical to that of Experiment 2. The basal diets and all ingredients used in the basal diets fed in Experiment 3 were the same except for the supply of soybean oil meal, as those used in Experiment 2. The soybean oil meal used was from a different supply of expeller processed material. An outline of the supplements added to the diets together with the average weights at four weeks of age is given in Table 3. The supplement of methionine to the diet containing soybean oil meal again gave a slight increase in growth. The results obtained with the sunflower seed oil meal diet and this diet supplemented with methionine and with methionine and lysine were very similar to those obtained in Experiment 2. Methionine again failed to give a growth response when added to the diet containing sunflower seed oil meal. A supplement of lysine in combination with methionine again gave an increase in growth over that obtained with the basal diet. DISCUSSION
Hstr
393
NEWS AND NOTES
supplementary protein appears to be lysine. 4. A practical type of chick diet containing sunflower seed oil meal does not require additional supplementation with methionine. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The DL lysine monohydrochloride used in these studies was kindly supplied by
Dr. J. Waddell, DuPont deNemours and Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey. REFERENCES
Grau, C. R., and H. J. Almquist, 1945. The value of sunflower seed protein. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 60: 373-374. Mitchell, H. H., T. S. Hamilton, and J. R. Beadles, 1945. The importance of commercial processing for the protein value of food products. Jour. Nutrition. 29: 13.
A portrait-head in bronze of James E. Rice, Professor Emeritus of Poultry Husbandry, has been placed in a niche on the main floor of Rice Hall at Cornell University. Mrs. Rice commissioned the piece, sculptured by Edna Sortelle McCoy who is a faculty member of Miami University, as a gift to Cornell University. Dr. E. I. Robertson, formerly with the Poultry Extension Service at Cornell University, is now with John W. Eshelman & Sons, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. D. F. Sowell died in the Kennedy Veterans Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, on May 18, 1948, and was buried at Crocketville, South Carolina. A graduate of Clemson College and M.S. at Kentucky, 1932; Mr. Sowell was Assistant Poultry Husbandman at Clemson for two years, Extension Poultryman in Florida from 1934 to 1941 and in the armed forces until 1944, from which time he was retired because of illness. After his retirement from the army he managed Scottswood Plantation at Lanes, S. C , which in addition to general farming grew out 8000 turkeys.
Dr. Lawrence Morris, Extension Poultryman at Utah State Agricultural College, has a year's leave of absence and is now with the Dawes Products Company with headquarters at Kansas City, Missouri. Dr. D. C. Cooperrider, D.V.M., and M.S., Ohio State University, has joined the staff of the University of Tennessee Poultry Department as Associate Professor and Associate Parasitologist with the Experiment Station. A condensation of German research papers published during the war is being printed as "Fiat Review of German Science, 1939-1946." Mr. John Green, Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C , is in charge of publication of these reports. The Atomic Energy Commission has announced predoctoral fellowships with stipends ranging from $1500 to $2100 and postdoctoral fellowships for those under 35 years of age with a basic stipend of $3000. These are in the fields of physical, biological and medical sciences. For information address The Fellowship Office, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D. C.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015
News and Notes
1
EXPERIMENTAL Three experiments were conducted using New Hampshire chicks, not sorted for sex. The chicks were kept in electrically heated battery brooders, and were weighed individually at the end of each week. Feed consumption records were made at the time of weighing the chicks. All experiments were terminated when the chicks were 28 days of age. Experiment 1
Published as Scientific Paper No. 746, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington.
Day-old chicks were distributed at random into sixteen groups of twelve chicks each. Duplicate groups were fed each experimental diet. The composition of the two different basal diets that were fed is given in Table 1. Diet 1 contained expeller processed soybean oil meal as the source of supplementary protein, whereas Diet 2 contained sunflower seed oil meal. The diets were calculated to contain approximately 21 percent crude protein. Previous work conducted at this station has shown that basal Diet 1, containing the soybean oil meal, is deficient in an unidentified vitamin required for chick growth. This unidentified factor is present in fish meal, fish solubles and in an alco-
389
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015
in a practical type of ration for chicks. The experiments described in this paper were conducted to determine the comparative value of soybean oil meal and sunflower seed oil meal when used in a practical type of diet.
T ? V E N though sunflower seeds have •*—' been used for a considerable time in feeding of poultry, there are comparatively few references in the literature describing the nutritive value of the sunflower seed proteins. Mitchell, Hamilton and Beadles (1945) reported that the biological value of sunflower seed protein was considerably lower than that of properly heated soybean oil meal protein for the rat. Because of the high protein content of sunflower seed oil meal, the "net protein value" was higher than that of either soybean oil meal or coconut meal in their experiments with rats. Grau and Almquist (1945) found that sunflower seed oil meal when included in a chick diet to supply 20 percent of protein was a complete source of the essential amino acids required by the chick for growth. On the basis of their findings, they concluded that sunflower seed oil meal was a complete source of essential amino acids needed by the chick. In view of the findings of Grau and Almquist (1945) that sunflower seed protein was a complete source of the essential amino acids when suppplying all of the dietary protein, it was of interest to determine the value of a combination of sunflower seed oil meal with cereal grains and the other ingredients normally used
390
JAMES MCGINNIS, PENG TUNG H S U AND J. S. CARVER
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diets Diet number 1 percent
2 percent
Ground yellow corn Ground wheat Millfeed Dehydrated alfalfa E-Y riboflavin concentrate (250 meg. per gm.) Dried brewers' yeast Ground limestone Vitamin D supplement 1 Salt (iodized) Choline chloride Dicalcium phosphate Soybean oil meal Sunflower seed oil meal Manganese sulfate2
30.00 16.35 10.00 5.00
30.00 16.35 10.00 5.00
0.50 3.00 2.00 0.05 0.50 0.10 1.50 31.00
0.50 3.00 2.00 0.05 0.50 0.10 1.50
— —
31.00
1 2
—
—
2,000 A.O.A.C. units D per gram. 5.6 grams per 100 pounds.
hol-soluble liver fraction. Basal Diet 1 has also been found to be slightly deficient in methionine for maximum chick growth. Basal Diets 1 and 2 were, therefore, sup-
TABLE 2.—Effect of supplementing soybean and sunflower seed oil meals •with methionine and an alcohol-soluble liver fraction on chick growth Exp. No.
Basal diet No.
Source of supplementary protein
Supplement to basal diet
Av. weight at four weeks grams
Soybean oil meal
None
170 187
1792
Soybean oil meal
0 . 1 % liver fraction
278 282
280
203 194
198
0 . 1 % liver fraction and 0 . 1 % methionine
266 261
264
None
144 166
155
217 228
222
149 152
151
236 249
243
1 Soybean oil meal Soybean oil meal
0 . 1 % methionine
1
1 Sunflower seed oil meal Sunflower seed oil meal
0 . 1 % liver fraction
2 Sunflower seed oil meal Sunflower seed oil meal 1 2
DL methionine was used in all experiments. Average of duplicates.
0 . 1 % methionine 0 . 1 % liver fraction and 0 . 1 % methionine
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015
Ingredients
plemented with 0.1 percent alcohol-soluble liver fraction, 0.1 percent methionine and a combination of these two materials. The results of Experiment 1 are summarized in Table 2. The chick growth data show that a very pronounced growth response resulted from supplementing both the soybean oil meal and the sunflower seed oil meal basal diets with the alcoholsoluble liver fraction. On the other hand, the methionine supplement produced a growth response only when added to the soybean oil meal chick diet. This was the case whether methionine was added alone or in combination with the liver fraction. It should be pointed out that the growth obtained with the sunflower meal diet plus the liver fraction and methionine was much lower than that obtained with the soybean oil meal diet plus the liver fraction.
391
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES OF SUNFLOWER SEED O I L MEAL
Experiment 2 Chicks which had been fed a standard starting diet during the first four days of life were used in this experiment. They TABLE 3.—-Effect
Exp. No.
Basal diet No.
chloride). The outline of the experiment together with the growth results at four weeks of age is given in Table 3. In . Experiment 2, the addition of methionine to the soybean oil meal diet
of supplementing soybean and sunflower seed oil meals with methionine and lysine on chick growth
Source of supplementary protein
Supplement to basal diet
Av. weight at four weeks grams
None
214 257
237 s
Soybean oil meal
0 . 1 % methionine 1
267 248
257
256 236
246
245 228
236
0 . 1 % methionine 0 . 6 % lysine2
289 266
278
None
255 262
259
270 279
275
237 240
239
226 233
229
255 264
260
.1+0.1% liver fraction
2
Sunflower seed oil meal 2+0.1% liver fraction
Sunflower seed oil meal Sunflower seed oil meal Soybean oil meal
None 0 . 1 % methionine
.1+0.1% liver fraction Soybean oil meal 3
Sunflower seed oil meal .2+0.1% liver fraction
Sunflower seed oil meal Sunflower seed oil meal
0 . 1 % methionine None 0 . 1 % methionine 0 . 1 % methionine plus 0 . 6 % lysine
1
DL methionine was used in all experiments. DL lysine monohydrochloride was used in all experiments. 3 Average of duplicates.
J
were distributed at random into ten groups of eleven chicks each and wingbanded, then handled essentially the same as described for Experiment 1. Both Diets 1 and 2 were supplemented with alcohol-soluble liver fraction in this experiment. Otherwise, they were the same as in Experiment 1. Basal Diet 1 was supplemented with methionine whereas basal Diet 2 was supplemented with methionine and with a combination of methionine and dl-lysine (monohydro-
gave only a small growth response, the significance of which is questionable because of the lack of agreement between the duplicate groups of chicks fed the soybean oil meal basal diet and this diet plus methionine. The results obtained in this experiment with the sunflower seed oil meal basal diet differ from those obtained in Experiment 1, since the sunflower seed oil meal diet gave just as good growth as the soybean oil meal basal. Methionine again failed to improve the growth of
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015
Soybean oil meal
392
JAMES MCGINNIS, PENG TUNG
chicks fed the diet containing sunflower seed oil meal. Basal Diet 2 was apparently deficient in available lysine since the supplement of dl-lysine (monohydrochloride) to the sunflower seed oil meal diet plus methionine gave a pronounced increase in growth. Experiment 3
The results obtained in the three experiments described show that rations
AND
J. S.
CARVER
containing either sunflower seed oil meal and soybean oil meal as protein supplements are deficient in an unidentified factor which is required for chick growth. In addition, a combination of sunflower seed oil meal with the ingredients normally present in a practical, type of chick diet appears to be deficient in available lysine for maximum chick growth. From the results reported by Grau and Almquist (1945) it appears that when sunflower seed oil meal supplies all of the dietary protein at a 20 percent level, that it supplies a sufficient amount of lysine to meet the chicks' need. On the other hand, when sunflower seed oil meal is used in combination with cereal proteins, which are notably deficient in lysine, the combination does not supply enough lysine to meet the chicks' requirements. This is of great importance to the feed manufacturer since protein supplements used in manufacturing feeds should contain enough of the essential amino acids to supplement the deficiencies of cereal proteins. When sunflower seed oil meal is used in a practical diet, it should be used in combination with some material which is especially high in its content of lysine, if satisfactory results are to be obtained. SUMMARY
The data obtained from three chick experiments show the following: 1. Both soybean oil meal and sunflower seed oil meal are deficient in an unidentified factor required for maximum chick growth. 2. Soybean oil meal, when used as the only source of supplementary protein in a practical type of chick diet, appears to supply an inadequate amount of methionine for maximum chick growth. 3. The principal deficiency of a practical type of chick diet containing sunflower seed oil meal as the only source of
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015
In Experiment 3, the chicks were fed a standard diet during the first week. At the end of this period they were distributed at random into ten groups of eleven chicks each. The experimental diets were fed from one week of age until the chicks were 28 days old, at which time the experiment was terminated. The chicks were handled essentially as described in Experiment 1. The outline for Experiment 3 is identical to that of Experiment 2. The basal diets and all ingredients used in the basal diets fed in Experiment 3 were the same except for the supply of soybean oil meal, as those used in Experiment 2. The soybean oil meal used was from a different supply of expeller processed material. An outline of the supplements added to the diets together with the average weights at four weeks of age is given in Table 3. The supplement of methionine to the diet containing soybean oil meal again gave a slight increase in growth. The results obtained with the sunflower seed oil meal diet and this diet supplemented with methionine and with methionine and lysine were very similar to those obtained in Experiment 2. Methionine again failed to give a growth response when added to the diet containing sunflower seed oil meal. A supplement of lysine in combination with methionine again gave an increase in growth over that obtained with the basal diet. DISCUSSION
Hstr
393
NEWS AND NOTES
supplementary protein appears to be lysine. 4. A practical type of chick diet containing sunflower seed oil meal does not require additional supplementation with methionine. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The DL lysine monohydrochloride used in these studies was kindly supplied by
Dr. J. Waddell, DuPont deNemours and Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey. REFERENCES
Grau, C. R., and H. J. Almquist, 1945. The value of sunflower seed protein. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 60: 373-374. Mitchell, H. H., T. S. Hamilton, and J. R. Beadles, 1945. The importance of commercial processing for the protein value of food products. Jour. Nutrition. 29: 13.
A portrait-head in bronze of James E. Rice, Professor Emeritus of Poultry Husbandry, has been placed in a niche on the main floor of Rice Hall at Cornell University. Mrs. Rice commissioned the piece, sculptured by Edna Sortelle McCoy who is a faculty member of Miami University, as a gift to Cornell University. Dr. E. I. Robertson, formerly with the Poultry Extension Service at Cornell University, is now with John W. Eshelman & Sons, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. D. F. Sowell died in the Kennedy Veterans Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, on May 18, 1948, and was buried at Crocketville, South Carolina. A graduate of Clemson College and M.S. at Kentucky, 1932; Mr. Sowell was Assistant Poultry Husbandman at Clemson for two years, Extension Poultryman in Florida from 1934 to 1941 and in the armed forces until 1944, from which time he was retired because of illness. After his retirement from the army he managed Scottswood Plantation at Lanes, S. C , which in addition to general farming grew out 8000 turkeys.
Dr. Lawrence Morris, Extension Poultryman at Utah State Agricultural College, has a year's leave of absence and is now with the Dawes Products Company with headquarters at Kansas City, Missouri. Dr. D. C. Cooperrider, D.V.M., and M.S., Ohio State University, has joined the staff of the University of Tennessee Poultry Department as Associate Professor and Associate Parasitologist with the Experiment Station. A condensation of German research papers published during the war is being printed as "Fiat Review of German Science, 1939-1946." Mr. John Green, Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C , is in charge of publication of these reports. The Atomic Energy Commission has announced predoctoral fellowships with stipends ranging from $1500 to $2100 and postdoctoral fellowships for those under 35 years of age with a basic stipend of $3000. These are in the fields of physical, biological and medical sciences. For information address The Fellowship Office, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D. C.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015
News and Notes