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Obstacles and comparative analysis in the advancement of photovoltaic power stations in India
Journal Pre-proof Obstacles and Comparative Analysis in the Advancement of Photovoltaic Power Stations in India Yaduvir Singh, Nitai Pal
PII:
S2210-5379(19)30288-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2020.100372
Reference:
SUSCOM 100372
To appear in:
Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems
Received Date:
13 October 2019
Accepted Date:
9 January 2020
Please cite this article as: Singh Y, Pal N, Obstacles and Comparative Analysis in the Advancement of Photovoltaic Power Stations in India, Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2020.100372
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Obstacles and Comparative Analysis in the Advancement of Photovoltaic Power Stations in India Yaduvir Singh1 and Nitai Pal2 1,2
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
Highlights:-
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Solar Energy in India Geographical distribution of solar energy capacity in India Indian Solar Energy Challenges The JNNSM, Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) is one of the foremost initiatives taken by the government of India in 2009, with a goal of installing more than 100 GW of solar energy in the country by the year 2022. Need of Solar Energy Photovoltaic Progress in India Recent Trends Solar Electricity for Industrial Applications in India Solar Institutes/Agencies of Government of India Future Plan of solar power projects in India for Next Decade.
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Abstract:
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Energy has a viable role-play in the socio-economicequilibrium of a country and improving overall quality of existence. Diminishing fossil fuel resources and high risks of environmental contamination associated with them has made it necessary to look for alternative and renewable resources. Due to development and necessity of new alternative renewable energy sources, bio-fuels, solar or wind energy, etc., are gaining constant popularity. Both the state and central government of India and have supported research over solar photovoltaic power during last decade. The present study discuss renewable energy and to be specific solar photovoltaic energy inclination in India along with the comparative studies of current and future developments. This paper also reviews policies and promotional steps taken by the Indian government. Finally, this review paper will assist to realize the present status, challenges and barrier for better planning and administration in setting up and utilizing alternative energy resources.
Keywords: Solar Energy generation, Renewable energy, JNNSM, Photovoltaic (PV), Rooftop Solar Installation, Solar Plants.
Introduction:
There has been a tremendous growth in the operationalization of solar energy as an energy source. Factors such as realisation of unavailability of conventional sources of energy, technological advances, climatic and environmental conditions, increasing public awareness, have developed strong interest.Developing countries consider that photo-voltaic (PV) power is more affordable and can deliver more energy in coming times than other renewable powers. In India, central government and state governments have supported more research over solar photovoltaic power and improvement during last decade. Today solar energy has gained approval and recognition as alternative energy source globally; also, the future of solar technology appears as bright as sun with its acceptability in the market.
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Energy is the latest concern of the world right now. Energy consumption is rising considerably and is likely to continue in forthcoming years (Sahoo, 2016). The Worldwide electricity production as of year 2005 was 17450 TWh out of which 40% of total power was produced from coal, 16% came from hydro-power, 20% from combustion of gases, 16% from nuclear power reactors, 7% from crude oils and hardly 2% from the alternative sources of energy (geothermal power, wind energy, or solar energy etc.) (Prakash, & Bhat, 2009), (Branker, et al. 2011).
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The sources of renewable energy are abundantly present in nature all around us. While we have an easy access to renewable resources of energy than other sources, renewable energy segment reaches only 13.5% of total energy demands globally (Kandpal, & Broman, 2014). By far,it has been concluded that the whole world is alarmed by an issue of energy crisis. From past century world has been using the conserved sources of energy (petroleum, crude oil, coal, gases) and now is perplexed with the future of such resources. Out of other renewable sources such as biomass, bio-gas, wind energy, thermal or geothermal energy, solar is going to rule all other source of energy in coming years, as accounted by the International Energy Agency (IEA) (Tanaka, 2008). Figure 1 shows a global cumulative Solar PV Capacity for today and tomorrow.
Figure 1 - Global Cumulative Solar PV Capacity
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Solar energy seems to be the best sought energy source for India and other developing countries in the near future as well. A huge amount of energy is dissipated from the sun that reaches the earth, which can be utilized for energy production. Utilization of the natural resources for energy production is much beneficial than the utilization of fossil-fuels, both economically as well as commercially. India gets an abundant amount of sunlight which gives it a possible potential to set it’s foots as global giant in solar energy generation. Indian government’s plan of action for the solar missions like the JNNSM mission, a goal set forth of around 20GW of solar installations by year 2022, various incentive and subsidy schemes are set to make India solar reliable country.
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To compete with efficiently and economically in the electricity industry, India has been pursuing global revolutions in solar segment since the year 1998, under the regulations of ERC Act of 1998. Solar contractors across the country are competing to set up greater solar power capacity than others; an amount of 12.87GW of capacity has been updated within last 3.5 years. Indian solar installations grew leaps and bounds by 123% to a record of 9.6GW in 2017, more than two fold of the 4.3GW installed in 2016 (GSR, 2018).
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Solar Energy in India
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Renewable energy sources now have 32.2% share of total capacity installed in the country. The installed capacity solar energy has grown more rapid than fossil fuels and conventional sources for energy production during 2017. India stands as the 6th largest country in electricity production. The trend is to gradually overpower fossil-fuels, making solar energy the household name (Deublein, &Steinhauser, 2011).
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Lying between 8° and 37.6° North Latitude, situated in the north of Equator, majority of Indian landmass falls in the tropical region receiving maximum solar radiation, especially in summers. Figure 2 – shows Physical map Indian solar radiation.Relative studies of climatic conditions of the countryreveal that India receives an estimated 300 days of peak sunlight each year, making ‘India with best favorable conditions in the world to receive and use solar energy’, (World Bank, 2017). The National Institute of Solar Energy’s studies show that the country has the vast potential to generate up to 748.98 GW of solar energy (Kumar et al., 2010).
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Figure 2- Physical map Indian solar radiation
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The government of India initiated support to the segment had a positive impact in encouraging the Indian solar sector to have an exponential growth in the past 3 years, adding up to 370% of installed solar capacity, (Thomas, &Ramberg, 2015). Currently, India is meeting 53% of its energy supplies from coal; it is predicted that the reserves of coal in India will not last for a long time. (Thielemann, et al. 2007). Out of about 72 percent of the population of residing in the villages, barely half of the rural population in India gets a limited amount of electricity. It is right moment when the government decided to take a step forward, toward renewable ways to provide electricity to the population residing in these villages. Figure 3 shows the distribution of solar capacity installed in India
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Figure 3 - Geographical distribution of solar energy capacity in India
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Indian Solar Energy Challenges
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With Increased need of electricity, the prospective utilization of solar power has increased. PV installation in India consists mostly of off-grid and small scale utilizations, such as street lights, and lighting systems in homes in towns and cities, solar lanterns in the rural areas, and other electrical appliances of small sizes. Other assorted areas of practical application of renewable energy, remarkably are, air-conditioning, heating, cold storages, ventilation systems, etc. (Sharma, Tiwari,&Sood, 2012), (Tripathy, 2013).
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Generation of electricity from the renewable resources such as solar is presumably gaining more importance in contrast to the large amount of negative impacts on the environment caused by the electricity generated from the fossil-fuels. This issue has drawn a substantial awareness in the operations of policy framing and project development strategies in India.The JNNSM mission is one of the foremost initiatives taken by the government of India in 2009, with a goal of installing more than 20 GW of solar energy in the country by the year 2022. Figure 4 gives a brief of the targeted solar goal of JNNSM’s mission2022.The solar PV is an efficient power source that can meet the energy demands of rural areas of the country. Solar energy can have various purposes in the agricultural, commercial, industrial, and domestic, uses.
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Figure 4: JNNSM’s 2022 Solar Goal
1. Advantages
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It is not only advantageous and environment-friendly, but also a secure source, to provide the energy needs of India, including about 50% of the underprivileged rural cohabitants who live way far from the reach of the electricity grid. Few of the advantages and disadvantages of solar PV are listed below
Environment Friendly: CO2, SO2 and other pollutants are not released into the environment.
Abundant and Secure: Solar energy is abundant, boundless and cost effective. Therefore, for energy deficient country like India, solar energy is best alternative source of power generation.
Grid Independent: Solar energy system installation is grid free and can be easily installed at anyplace, for example roof-tops, in-house, large fields etc. It is most suitable for the rural areas where grid is out of reach.
Solar energy has its utilization in various applications such as cooling, heating, cooking, drying, lighting, etc. It can also be used in running devices such as calculators, cars, planes, e-rickshaw, etc., apt for the rural and urban population of India.
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2. Disadvantages
In spite of being advantageous as a feasible alternative source of energy for developing country like India, there are disadvantages such as: High initial cost of installation of solar PV for energy generation. Proper installation and maintenance is mandate for the functioning of the PV system. Not available during night or available as an instant power supply. Therefore power backups make use of extensive fossil fuels in kerosene oil lamps, diesel generators, etc. during power cuts.
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Low energy production as compared to other conventional sources. Viability of system is weather prone, therefore affected by factors like sun, wind, and rain.
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3. Need of Solar Energy
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Few of the challenges currently faced by Indian power sector running on conventional energy (Bhattacharyya, 1994)are: Country’s vast population is living in more than 600,000 villages, 1/3rd of which are located away from the electricity grid.
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Per capita energy consumption of 704 kWh
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Nearly around 600 million Indians are still deprived of electricity and dwell in darkness due to distant location of grids. 1/3rd of power is lost during transfer from grid to homes (30% T & D losses).
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India has goals set forward to make itself a global leader through various schemes and plans, such as JNNSM, international treaties, providing incentives and subsidies, etc. However, there lie major challenges that are to be dealt with. 4. Milestones for India
Dependent on raw material imports for manufacturing of PV cells.
Lack of comprehensive planning and framework policy necessary for the accelerated growth of RE installations.
Lack of awareness among people about the PV cells
Despite of subsidies and incentives provided by the government, the penetration of the RE system is still low in urban areas.
Shortage of proper manpower and trained professionals needed for the RE power.
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One of the major issues is scanty land area for the setups, which further becomes unusable for any other purpose for years.
It is noteworthy that estimated land requirement for an effective PV solar power plant is roughly 1 km for 20–60 MW (MW) of energy. (Morjaria,et al.2014), (Capellán-Pérez, et al.2017). Government’s Support for ‘Solar in India’
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National program started in 1975 was one of the largest PV programs initiated in the world (Sharma, Srivastava, & Kumar, 2015). The total installed capacity of 39.6 MW in India in 2010 was exclusively based on the solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. An approximate 20 percent of the total capacity had utilizations in off-grid uses. (Sharma, Tiwari, &Sood, (2012).Indian government via ‘National Clean Energy Fund’ (The Capital Subsidy Scheme), sanctioned about Rs. 47 crores for the setup of solar panels and Photovoltaic systems, for installation of more than 1.2 lakh solar powered lights in year 2011-12 (Nautiyal,2012).
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Exemption of taxes on solar cells imports by GBI, souvenir of Rs. 12.4/KWh an incentive against direct purchase from the authorized developers. Solar projects connected to High Tension grid with a capacity between 100KW to 2MW are eligible under this scheme. Additional Inducement returns of Rs. 4K to 6K, on solar powered water heaters purchases is given by the government. Another benefit of 80% allowance for projects under depreciation with products such as blinkers, traffic lights, streetlights, solar lamps/lanterns, etc. when manufactured under the specific guidelines of MNRE. Subsidy to R&D of 100 percent to the government sector and 50% to the private sector is given by the MNRE to advance R&D in renewable energy technology (Kumar et al. 2010). Photovoltaic Progress inIndia Recent Trends
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Solar as a solution:
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In India and its neighboring countries, solar energy is gradually forcing-out coal as its main energy source. With about 300 days of sunlight/year, India has best potential conditions to use solar energy as its prime energy source. Realization of limited availability of conventional sources of energy, technological advances, the economic climate, ecological issues, increased public awareness, and number of ongoing debates has built strong interests in solar technologies in the recent years. India as a developing country considers that photo-voltaic (PV) power is more affordable and can deliver more energy in coming centuries than other renewable powers. Also, Central and state governments in India have supported and emphasized more R&D on solar photovoltaic power and its improvements during last decade. (Gupta, & Anand, 2013). The electricity cost from solar PV is presently 1/4th of what it was in 2009 and subjected to fall upto 66% by upcoming years, (Luque, &Hegedus, S. 2011). It is also apparent from an auction, in which India achieved to get a tax as low as Rs. 2.44/unit for Rajasthan’s latest project.
Government has set determined goals for a total of 160GW energy from solar and wind energy combined by 2022. This is believed to assist millions of citizens to illuminate their houses, and also make it possible for many children in rural areas to study at nights, provide families viable alternatives for food preservation and entertainment systems such as TVs, music systems, refrigerators and coolers (Kwarteng, Bourne, &Dupont, 2015). Solar Photovoltaic Program (SPP)
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States of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Haryana and Punjab have incredible potential to trap solar radiation due to their favorable locations, (see Figure 2). (Ramaiah,2009).The desert Thar in Rajasthan is one of the best potential places in the country to have large solar projects on going, generating solar energy close to 1500 MW power, with international support. An approximate area of 35,000 km2 of land in Thar Desert is selected for future solar power plants capable to generate 700 GW to 2100 GW total clean and green energy. State of Gujarat has been developing large power plants as well, all set to produce thousands of MW per year. Another largest solar power plant is being developed in Karnataka, with projected massive generation of around 2000MW of electricity to power around 700,000 households in India. (Aggarwal et al., 2014). In past few years Indian government has sanctioned master plan idealising the development and upgradation of around 50 of Indian cities to growing solar cities.
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Spaces on rooftops and wastelands around buildings can be unutilized for generating solar power. Power generated by individual households, buildings, or any other areas can be used to fulfill the requirement of the building occupants. Any remaining energy can be fed back into the nearest power grid. The installation of roof-top SPVs can replace diesel gensets at time of power cuts. Cost of solar energy generation is declining whereas cost of energy from conventional sources is increasing day by day. Off-grid solar photo voltaic systems / applications like Solar Water Pumps, solar home lightning systems, solar lanterns, solar streetlights, and solar power plants of about maximum capacity upto 100 kWp for each area would be eligible to be covered under the “Off-grid and Domestic Solar Application” scheme (Garg, 2015).
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There are about more than 80,000 villages in the country which are far from outreach of electricity/electricity grid. SECI (Solar Energy Corporation of India) implemented Solar Park Projects in the rural areas and villages; it was found an estimated 18000 villages could not reach conventional power grids. 5000 such villages are expected to connect to electricity through solar revolution during the Tenth National Plan. (Sharma, Tiwari, &Sood, 2012). About 2700 number of villages and rural communities has been connected to Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) scheme so far. (Kamalapur, & Kumar, 2011). Photovoltaic
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A solar photovoltaic cell is capable of producing electricity on exposure to sunlight. It is made up of thin wafers of semiconductor substances (silicon) bound together. Solar panels consist of multiple PV cells that are utilized in photovoltaic energy production. The photovoltaic materials used for making these cells include copper indium selenide/sulfide, cadmium telluride, amorphous or polycrystalline silicon, mono-crystalline silicon, etc. There has been a considerable upbeat and advancement in technology for manufacturing PV cells, due to the recent budding need of renewable energy.According to the utilization and type of technology employed, a single PV unit can exist of 36 or 72 cells, all linked together in a series configuration. There are four distinctive applications of solar PVs, as suggested by the International Energy Agency (IEA) (Zhang, et al. (2012), (Tamimi, Cañizares, & Bhattacharya, 2013), viz:
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1) Off-grid (domestic) - Residential systems of up to 20 kW solar systems on individual house, buildings/dwellings
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2) Off-grid (non-domestic) - Commercial systems of up to 1 MW solar systems, for commercial use such as hospitals, office buildings, schools, and retail complexes, etc.
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3) Grid connected (distributed) - Utility scale systems starting from 1 MW, installed on buildings or grounds directly 4) Grid connected (centralized) – small systems of varying sizes connected centrally
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Applications of different type of systems have different costs and take different timeframe to complete. Application of off-grid Solar PV systems is still remains a chief source of electricity for the remote areas in developing countries, where grid connectivity is poor. In mid 1990s, offgrid applications were mostly standalone, for example rural electric supply, telecommunications, and communities in remote areas. Grid connected systems have since increased on a rapid scale with introduction of various schemes around the world. BIPV systems are more popular than other type of systems and are established much more frequently. JNNSM 2009
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Indian solar mission also known as Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) of the National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) was introduced in the year 2009. (Khare, Nema, &Baredar, 2013). JNNSM will be executed in 3 different phases, covering in following ways (Sharma, &Harinarayana, 2013): (a) 1st phase - included remaining period of 11th Plan and 1st year of 12th Plan (year 20122013) (b) 2nd phase - included remaining four years of 12th Plan (years 2013-2017) (c) 3rd phase - includes five years of 13th Plan (years 2017-2022) (MNRE Annual Report)
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Figure 5 – 1st and 2nd phase subsidies assigned to SPV projects
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Aspiring for the deployment of large scaled solar power generation, grid connected, decentralized and distributed off-grid provisions. For the first phase it was proposed for generating 200MW off grid power and installation of around 70 lakh meter square solar radiation collectors. The first phase was successfully implemented. Figure 5 shows subsidies assigned to SPV projects during 1st and 2nd phases. Government hopes to produce more than 20GW of energy from grid solar power, 2MW from the off-grid solar PVs, and have an amount of 200 lakh meter square of collectors installed by the year 2022.
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Figure 6 - cumulative Installation of SPV device during Phase 1
JNNSM’s phase 1 was managed by the NTPC’s VidyutVyapar Nigam (NVVN), also the main part of NTPC’s power trade. It was selected for purchasing energy at CERC specified rates from the independent solar producers. This mission was an important project for the support and promotion of rooftop PVs utilization.Figure 6 - cumulative Installation of SPV device during Phase 1
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Figure 7: Targets and achievements during phase I (2012-2013)
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Figure 7 highlights the targeted and achievement goal of JNNSM, the target of 1100 MW have been achieved successfully by the term. Table 1 depicts cumulative targets of different phases with respect to type of application.
Application Utility scale grid*
Phase 1 (2010–2013) 1K–2K Megawatts
2. 3.
Solar collectors Off-grids #
70 Lakh meter2 2 GW
Phase 2 (2013–2017) 4K–10K Megawatts
Phase 3 (2017–2022) 20K Megawatts
15 Lakh meter2 10 GW
20 Lakh meter2 20 GW
including (* rooftops / # rural setups)
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Table 1 – cumulative targets set for the JNNSM mission
Solar Electricity for Industrial Applications in India
In view of the factors such as an exceeded requirement of clean power, decreasing costs of
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producing solar energy, inventive industries and companies in this field have been showing interests with significant number of plans and projects. It is also to be noted that the government itself supports these companies with various incentive and subsidy schemes. Indian Central government, under Special Schemes by SIPS has approved 12 such proposals. Altogether, these proposals are estimated to bring in around Rs. 27 thousand crore investments. With support of SIPS, the government provided motivational 20% of capital expenses as incentives to the units located in special economic zone (SEZ) for first 10 years while divisions outside of this zone received 25% of spur. In past few years, India took various leading steps to employ sources of immense renewable energy (Tripathy, 2013). India is capable of manufacturing an estimated amount of 2 million silicon wafers per year (Iyer,2015). The planning included promotion of various technologies of renewable energy for the medium terms and supply systems for the long terms. There are 9 companies that successfully manufacturing solar cells, around 60 companies dealing in system integration and somewhere 23 companies involved with the manufacturing of solar modules. According to a historical study 11MWp modules were produced in year 1999, with enriching
100 million US dollars. The overall rural electrification and development is the major requirement and goal of various national schemes. Various channel partners at different segments of the scheme help in significant project implementation and reduction in transaction/ administrations costs as well as time. The Channel Partners could include the following:a) System panel Integrators b) Project planners and developers
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c) Renewable Energy Service Providing Companies (RESCOs) d) Any components manufacturers related Solar Plants
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e) Non-profit organisations f) Vendors of solar panels and equipment
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Solar Institutes/Agencies of Governmentof India
a.Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI)
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For promotion of solar energy the institutes / nodal agencies set up by MNRE (Ramachandra, 2011):
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Established on 20th September 2011, (SECI) acts as non-profit company, working as an execution and adaptation institution for the solar energy sector. The SECI was constituted and controlled by the MNRE itself. b. National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE)
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NISE is an independent arm of MNRE, and government’s top R&D institution for solar energy. FuturePlan of solar power projects in Indiafor Next Decade:
Investments Plan and R&D
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Indian government, recognizing the requirement and importance of alternative sources of energy proposed many subsidy and various incentive schemes for the support of the augmented growth and development of solar segment.MNRE provides upto 70 percent subsidies on set up cost of solar PV plant in the North and Eastern regions, while 30% subsidy in the other areas of India. Tenders in this regard have already been submitted by many companies such as Moser Baer PV Technologies, Solar Semiconductors, Reliance Industries, Tata BP Solar India, Signet Solar systems, VavasiTelegence, EPV Solar Pvt. Ltd. etc. It is obvious that by now the solar power sector is receiving a fairly large amount of focus at the moment. MBPV produces a total of 50 Megawatts thin silicon films, 90 Megawatts of crystalline cells, and 90 Megawatts of crystalline modules per year.
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Tata-BP Solar a company dealing with solar manufacturing and installation is moving forward with the motto “investing significantly in infrastructure to expand its manufacturing capacity to 300 Megawatts”. It’s a joint venture of BP Solar and Tata Power aiming for expansion and reaching remote parts with collaboration of finance and telecom sectors.India’s foremost 1MW solar power plant which is connected to main electricity grid has been started in Jamuria, Asansol (WB). In merely 3 months, It has achieved the target of generation more than 30KW. Raichur district of Karnataka will have another 1MW plant constructed soon. Another two setups of 2 megawatts have been constructed in the districts of Kolar and Belgaum in Karnataka respectively. MNRE confirmed a tender of solar plant of 28MW recently. In this regards private companies are building interests and coming forth with proposals from different areas. Solar Thermal Power Plants
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Among a number of technologies dealing in deploying sun’s solar radiations for electricity production, the two major technologies have gained popularity, viz:
2) Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) power plants
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1) Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) power plants
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A CPV provides an entirely diverse application of solar plants. This is because a CSP can thermally store the solar energy. It means that it can deliver power during the day and also night. The CSP technology uses a mirror configuration to divert the sun’s rays onto a photovoltaic surface. (Liu, et al. (2016).CSPs assimilate thermal energy into storage systems that can be utilized in generating electrical energy at nights or during hazy days. This ability to store solar energy makes concentrating solar power a flexible and dispatchable source of renewable energy. CSPs can also be combined with conventional fossil-fuels, geo-thermal or bio-gas plants to assist electricity production.
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There are 7 upcoming solar CPV projects of installation 1000MW scheduled to complete under the first phase of the JNNSM. Table 2 shows various solar PV plants to be constructed under the JNNSM mission. Table 2 shows list of installed or upcoming Solar PV in different areas of country. The government’s sustained support for various roof-top solar SPVs and large solar farms has helped India in gaining a remarkable recognition in the global solar map. In the future support for large solar farms tends to increase from 5 MW capacities to 20-25 MW capacities.
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Table 2 - Solar PV Power Plants under JNNSM (upto 5 MW) Project
Area
State
1
Camelot Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.
Maharashtra
2
Khaya Solar Projects
Nagore
Rajasthan
3
Viraj Renewable Energy
Jodhpur
Rajasthan
4
DDE Renewable Energy
Nagore
Rajasthan
5
Maharashtra Seamless Ltd
Jaisalmer
Rajasthan
6
Vasavi Solar Power
7
Karnataka Power Corpn. Ltd
Nagore
Rajasthan
8
Green Tech Power Pvt. Ltd.
Jodhpur
Rajasthan
9
Newton Solar Pvt. Ltd
Nagore
Rajasthan
10
Fine Hope Allied Energy
Jodhpur, RA
Rajasthan
11
Rithwik Projects Pvt. Ltd,
Anantapur
AP
12
Electrical Manufacturing Co.Ltd
Allahabad
UP
13
Punj Lloyd
Jodhpur
Rajasthan
14
Sai Sudhir Energy
Anantapur
AP
15
Welspun Solar AP
Anantapur
AP
16
Precision TechnikP.Ltd
Jaisalmer
Rajasthan
17
OswalWoollen Mills
Jodhpur
Rajasthan
18
Coastal Projects Ltd
Chitradurg
Karnataka
19
Amrit Animation P.Ltd
Jaisalmer
Rajasthan
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* source MNRE
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Cost of Setting up a Solar Thermal Power Plants
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Potential of Solar Energy
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Major benefit of solar energy is cost reductions, mainly for the solar panels made from polycrystalline silicon that cut down 50% of total construction costs in past couple of years. Solar thermal power plant costs largely depend on type of technology is being utilized, a thin film solar plants cost less and solar trackers costs more. The average costing of a large solar plant is usually Rs. 170-180/watt or so, while setting up a large solar thermal power plant with parabolic troughs or towers costs an estimated Rs. 300-350/watt.
Renewable Energy: Heat and electricity produced from any natural resource that can be refilled frequently is termed as renewable energy. These sources are in various forms taken from sun, underground geo-thermal energy, wind, bio-fuels, oceans, etc.
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Solar Energy: The process of utilization of sun’s light and heat energy in any form of energy through various technologies is known as Solar Energy. The solar energy from sun can be utilized in many ways such as solar cooker, solar heater, and solar photovoltaic for electricity generation, imitation of artificial photosynthesis, solar buildings, etc. The major benefits of using renewable solar sources are listed below: a) b) c) d) e)
Reduces pollution Noise free Reliance on an indigenous source Affordable mostly Inexhaustible and indefinite
f) Import-independent resource g) Increase the countries‟ energy security h) Lowers the costs of rationalized global warming i) Enhances sustainability Developing countries have begun investing and building solar power plants, as the best alternative to replacing other sources of energy generation (Singh, 2009). India has a great potential in this direction as it lies in the tropic region and receives ample sunlight throughout the year to utilize it for solar power generation.
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One of the prospective utilization of solar power could be in cold storage systems. PV installation in India today almost entirely consists of off-grid, small scale utilization, mostly observed in illuminating street and home lightning in cities, towns, and solar lamp in villages. Other assorted areas of practical application of renewable energy, remarkably are, heating; ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) (Tripathy, 2013).Solar energy can also be applicable in running various household devices, as well as an alternative fuel for cars and airplanes.
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Conclusion
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Increased demands for the energy supply around the world, gave rise to find an alternative energy source other than the conventional sources. Sun’s solar radiation is present in abundance and is sought to be most feasible alternative source for developing countries such as India.Although solar energy is a viable source of energy, it has potentials ahead in energy sector with suitable research and development and proper utilization for electricity conversion. Indian government has introduced different goals and incentive schemes for the installation of large amount of solar capacity in the country. Also, success of various projects and distinct schemes imitated by the Indian Government such as JNNSM in 2009, for the utilization of solar energy as renewable source of energy has gained India a global reputation and recognition. However, it has yet to pick up a stable momentum.The government of India still faces with major challenges in assigning solar energy the chief role of electricity production. If India wants its renewable energy goals to be effectively accomplished by their times, it must engage more efficiently with the country’s potential to transform its geographical position to its benefit. References
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PII:
S2210-5379(19)30288-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2020.100372
Reference:
SUSCOM 100372
To appear in:
Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems
Received Date:
13 October 2019
Accepted Date:
9 January 2020
Please cite this article as: Singh Y, Pal N, Obstacles and Comparative Analysis in the Advancement of Photovoltaic Power Stations in India, Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2020.100372
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Obstacles and Comparative Analysis in the Advancement of Photovoltaic Power Stations in India Yaduvir Singh1 and Nitai Pal2 1,2
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
Highlights:-
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Solar Energy in India Geographical distribution of solar energy capacity in India Indian Solar Energy Challenges The JNNSM, Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) is one of the foremost initiatives taken by the government of India in 2009, with a goal of installing more than 100 GW of solar energy in the country by the year 2022. Need of Solar Energy Photovoltaic Progress in India Recent Trends Solar Electricity for Industrial Applications in India Solar Institutes/Agencies of Government of India Future Plan of solar power projects in India for Next Decade.
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Abstract:
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Energy has a viable role-play in the socio-economicequilibrium of a country and improving overall quality of existence. Diminishing fossil fuel resources and high risks of environmental contamination associated with them has made it necessary to look for alternative and renewable resources. Due to development and necessity of new alternative renewable energy sources, bio-fuels, solar or wind energy, etc., are gaining constant popularity. Both the state and central government of India and have supported research over solar photovoltaic power during last decade. The present study discuss renewable energy and to be specific solar photovoltaic energy inclination in India along with the comparative studies of current and future developments. This paper also reviews policies and promotional steps taken by the Indian government. Finally, this review paper will assist to realize the present status, challenges and barrier for better planning and administration in setting up and utilizing alternative energy resources.
Keywords: Solar Energy generation, Renewable energy, JNNSM, Photovoltaic (PV), Rooftop Solar Installation, Solar Plants.
Introduction:
There has been a tremendous growth in the operationalization of solar energy as an energy source. Factors such as realisation of unavailability of conventional sources of energy, technological advances, climatic and environmental conditions, increasing public awareness, have developed strong interest.Developing countries consider that photo-voltaic (PV) power is more affordable and can deliver more energy in coming times than other renewable powers. In India, central government and state governments have supported more research over solar photovoltaic power and improvement during last decade. Today solar energy has gained approval and recognition as alternative energy source globally; also, the future of solar technology appears as bright as sun with its acceptability in the market.
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Energy is the latest concern of the world right now. Energy consumption is rising considerably and is likely to continue in forthcoming years (Sahoo, 2016). The Worldwide electricity production as of year 2005 was 17450 TWh out of which 40% of total power was produced from coal, 16% came from hydro-power, 20% from combustion of gases, 16% from nuclear power reactors, 7% from crude oils and hardly 2% from the alternative sources of energy (geothermal power, wind energy, or solar energy etc.) (Prakash, & Bhat, 2009), (Branker, et al. 2011).
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The sources of renewable energy are abundantly present in nature all around us. While we have an easy access to renewable resources of energy than other sources, renewable energy segment reaches only 13.5% of total energy demands globally (Kandpal, & Broman, 2014). By far,it has been concluded that the whole world is alarmed by an issue of energy crisis. From past century world has been using the conserved sources of energy (petroleum, crude oil, coal, gases) and now is perplexed with the future of such resources. Out of other renewable sources such as biomass, bio-gas, wind energy, thermal or geothermal energy, solar is going to rule all other source of energy in coming years, as accounted by the International Energy Agency (IEA) (Tanaka, 2008). Figure 1 shows a global cumulative Solar PV Capacity for today and tomorrow.
Figure 1 - Global Cumulative Solar PV Capacity
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Solar energy seems to be the best sought energy source for India and other developing countries in the near future as well. A huge amount of energy is dissipated from the sun that reaches the earth, which can be utilized for energy production. Utilization of the natural resources for energy production is much beneficial than the utilization of fossil-fuels, both economically as well as commercially. India gets an abundant amount of sunlight which gives it a possible potential to set it’s foots as global giant in solar energy generation. Indian government’s plan of action for the solar missions like the JNNSM mission, a goal set forth of around 20GW of solar installations by year 2022, various incentive and subsidy schemes are set to make India solar reliable country.
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To compete with efficiently and economically in the electricity industry, India has been pursuing global revolutions in solar segment since the year 1998, under the regulations of ERC Act of 1998. Solar contractors across the country are competing to set up greater solar power capacity than others; an amount of 12.87GW of capacity has been updated within last 3.5 years. Indian solar installations grew leaps and bounds by 123% to a record of 9.6GW in 2017, more than two fold of the 4.3GW installed in 2016 (GSR, 2018).
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Solar Energy in India
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Renewable energy sources now have 32.2% share of total capacity installed in the country. The installed capacity solar energy has grown more rapid than fossil fuels and conventional sources for energy production during 2017. India stands as the 6th largest country in electricity production. The trend is to gradually overpower fossil-fuels, making solar energy the household name (Deublein, &Steinhauser, 2011).
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Lying between 8° and 37.6° North Latitude, situated in the north of Equator, majority of Indian landmass falls in the tropical region receiving maximum solar radiation, especially in summers. Figure 2 – shows Physical map Indian solar radiation.Relative studies of climatic conditions of the countryreveal that India receives an estimated 300 days of peak sunlight each year, making ‘India with best favorable conditions in the world to receive and use solar energy’, (World Bank, 2017). The National Institute of Solar Energy’s studies show that the country has the vast potential to generate up to 748.98 GW of solar energy (Kumar et al., 2010).
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Figure 2- Physical map Indian solar radiation
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The government of India initiated support to the segment had a positive impact in encouraging the Indian solar sector to have an exponential growth in the past 3 years, adding up to 370% of installed solar capacity, (Thomas, &Ramberg, 2015). Currently, India is meeting 53% of its energy supplies from coal; it is predicted that the reserves of coal in India will not last for a long time. (Thielemann, et al. 2007). Out of about 72 percent of the population of residing in the villages, barely half of the rural population in India gets a limited amount of electricity. It is right moment when the government decided to take a step forward, toward renewable ways to provide electricity to the population residing in these villages. Figure 3 shows the distribution of solar capacity installed in India
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Figure 3 - Geographical distribution of solar energy capacity in India
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Indian Solar Energy Challenges
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With Increased need of electricity, the prospective utilization of solar power has increased. PV installation in India consists mostly of off-grid and small scale utilizations, such as street lights, and lighting systems in homes in towns and cities, solar lanterns in the rural areas, and other electrical appliances of small sizes. Other assorted areas of practical application of renewable energy, remarkably are, air-conditioning, heating, cold storages, ventilation systems, etc. (Sharma, Tiwari,&Sood, 2012), (Tripathy, 2013).
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Generation of electricity from the renewable resources such as solar is presumably gaining more importance in contrast to the large amount of negative impacts on the environment caused by the electricity generated from the fossil-fuels. This issue has drawn a substantial awareness in the operations of policy framing and project development strategies in India.The JNNSM mission is one of the foremost initiatives taken by the government of India in 2009, with a goal of installing more than 20 GW of solar energy in the country by the year 2022. Figure 4 gives a brief of the targeted solar goal of JNNSM’s mission2022.The solar PV is an efficient power source that can meet the energy demands of rural areas of the country. Solar energy can have various purposes in the agricultural, commercial, industrial, and domestic, uses.
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Figure 4: JNNSM’s 2022 Solar Goal
1. Advantages
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It is not only advantageous and environment-friendly, but also a secure source, to provide the energy needs of India, including about 50% of the underprivileged rural cohabitants who live way far from the reach of the electricity grid. Few of the advantages and disadvantages of solar PV are listed below
Environment Friendly: CO2, SO2 and other pollutants are not released into the environment.
Abundant and Secure: Solar energy is abundant, boundless and cost effective. Therefore, for energy deficient country like India, solar energy is best alternative source of power generation.
Grid Independent: Solar energy system installation is grid free and can be easily installed at anyplace, for example roof-tops, in-house, large fields etc. It is most suitable for the rural areas where grid is out of reach.
Solar energy has its utilization in various applications such as cooling, heating, cooking, drying, lighting, etc. It can also be used in running devices such as calculators, cars, planes, e-rickshaw, etc., apt for the rural and urban population of India.
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2. Disadvantages
In spite of being advantageous as a feasible alternative source of energy for developing country like India, there are disadvantages such as: High initial cost of installation of solar PV for energy generation. Proper installation and maintenance is mandate for the functioning of the PV system. Not available during night or available as an instant power supply. Therefore power backups make use of extensive fossil fuels in kerosene oil lamps, diesel generators, etc. during power cuts.
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Low energy production as compared to other conventional sources. Viability of system is weather prone, therefore affected by factors like sun, wind, and rain.
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3. Need of Solar Energy
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Few of the challenges currently faced by Indian power sector running on conventional energy (Bhattacharyya, 1994)are: Country’s vast population is living in more than 600,000 villages, 1/3rd of which are located away from the electricity grid.
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Per capita energy consumption of 704 kWh
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Nearly around 600 million Indians are still deprived of electricity and dwell in darkness due to distant location of grids. 1/3rd of power is lost during transfer from grid to homes (30% T & D losses).
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India has goals set forward to make itself a global leader through various schemes and plans, such as JNNSM, international treaties, providing incentives and subsidies, etc. However, there lie major challenges that are to be dealt with. 4. Milestones for India
Dependent on raw material imports for manufacturing of PV cells.
Lack of comprehensive planning and framework policy necessary for the accelerated growth of RE installations.
Lack of awareness among people about the PV cells
Despite of subsidies and incentives provided by the government, the penetration of the RE system is still low in urban areas.
Shortage of proper manpower and trained professionals needed for the RE power.
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One of the major issues is scanty land area for the setups, which further becomes unusable for any other purpose for years.
It is noteworthy that estimated land requirement for an effective PV solar power plant is roughly 1 km for 20–60 MW (MW) of energy. (Morjaria,et al.2014), (Capellán-Pérez, et al.2017). Government’s Support for ‘Solar in India’
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National program started in 1975 was one of the largest PV programs initiated in the world (Sharma, Srivastava, & Kumar, 2015). The total installed capacity of 39.6 MW in India in 2010 was exclusively based on the solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. An approximate 20 percent of the total capacity had utilizations in off-grid uses. (Sharma, Tiwari, &Sood, (2012).Indian government via ‘National Clean Energy Fund’ (The Capital Subsidy Scheme), sanctioned about Rs. 47 crores for the setup of solar panels and Photovoltaic systems, for installation of more than 1.2 lakh solar powered lights in year 2011-12 (Nautiyal,2012).
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Exemption of taxes on solar cells imports by GBI, souvenir of Rs. 12.4/KWh an incentive against direct purchase from the authorized developers. Solar projects connected to High Tension grid with a capacity between 100KW to 2MW are eligible under this scheme. Additional Inducement returns of Rs. 4K to 6K, on solar powered water heaters purchases is given by the government. Another benefit of 80% allowance for projects under depreciation with products such as blinkers, traffic lights, streetlights, solar lamps/lanterns, etc. when manufactured under the specific guidelines of MNRE. Subsidy to R&D of 100 percent to the government sector and 50% to the private sector is given by the MNRE to advance R&D in renewable energy technology (Kumar et al. 2010). Photovoltaic Progress inIndia Recent Trends
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Solar as a solution:
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In India and its neighboring countries, solar energy is gradually forcing-out coal as its main energy source. With about 300 days of sunlight/year, India has best potential conditions to use solar energy as its prime energy source. Realization of limited availability of conventional sources of energy, technological advances, the economic climate, ecological issues, increased public awareness, and number of ongoing debates has built strong interests in solar technologies in the recent years. India as a developing country considers that photo-voltaic (PV) power is more affordable and can deliver more energy in coming centuries than other renewable powers. Also, Central and state governments in India have supported and emphasized more R&D on solar photovoltaic power and its improvements during last decade. (Gupta, & Anand, 2013). The electricity cost from solar PV is presently 1/4th of what it was in 2009 and subjected to fall upto 66% by upcoming years, (Luque, &Hegedus, S. 2011). It is also apparent from an auction, in which India achieved to get a tax as low as Rs. 2.44/unit for Rajasthan’s latest project.
Government has set determined goals for a total of 160GW energy from solar and wind energy combined by 2022. This is believed to assist millions of citizens to illuminate their houses, and also make it possible for many children in rural areas to study at nights, provide families viable alternatives for food preservation and entertainment systems such as TVs, music systems, refrigerators and coolers (Kwarteng, Bourne, &Dupont, 2015). Solar Photovoltaic Program (SPP)
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States of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Haryana and Punjab have incredible potential to trap solar radiation due to their favorable locations, (see Figure 2). (Ramaiah,2009).The desert Thar in Rajasthan is one of the best potential places in the country to have large solar projects on going, generating solar energy close to 1500 MW power, with international support. An approximate area of 35,000 km2 of land in Thar Desert is selected for future solar power plants capable to generate 700 GW to 2100 GW total clean and green energy. State of Gujarat has been developing large power plants as well, all set to produce thousands of MW per year. Another largest solar power plant is being developed in Karnataka, with projected massive generation of around 2000MW of electricity to power around 700,000 households in India. (Aggarwal et al., 2014). In past few years Indian government has sanctioned master plan idealising the development and upgradation of around 50 of Indian cities to growing solar cities.
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Spaces on rooftops and wastelands around buildings can be unutilized for generating solar power. Power generated by individual households, buildings, or any other areas can be used to fulfill the requirement of the building occupants. Any remaining energy can be fed back into the nearest power grid. The installation of roof-top SPVs can replace diesel gensets at time of power cuts. Cost of solar energy generation is declining whereas cost of energy from conventional sources is increasing day by day. Off-grid solar photo voltaic systems / applications like Solar Water Pumps, solar home lightning systems, solar lanterns, solar streetlights, and solar power plants of about maximum capacity upto 100 kWp for each area would be eligible to be covered under the “Off-grid and Domestic Solar Application” scheme (Garg, 2015).
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There are about more than 80,000 villages in the country which are far from outreach of electricity/electricity grid. SECI (Solar Energy Corporation of India) implemented Solar Park Projects in the rural areas and villages; it was found an estimated 18000 villages could not reach conventional power grids. 5000 such villages are expected to connect to electricity through solar revolution during the Tenth National Plan. (Sharma, Tiwari, &Sood, 2012). About 2700 number of villages and rural communities has been connected to Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) scheme so far. (Kamalapur, & Kumar, 2011). Photovoltaic
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A solar photovoltaic cell is capable of producing electricity on exposure to sunlight. It is made up of thin wafers of semiconductor substances (silicon) bound together. Solar panels consist of multiple PV cells that are utilized in photovoltaic energy production. The photovoltaic materials used for making these cells include copper indium selenide/sulfide, cadmium telluride, amorphous or polycrystalline silicon, mono-crystalline silicon, etc. There has been a considerable upbeat and advancement in technology for manufacturing PV cells, due to the recent budding need of renewable energy.According to the utilization and type of technology employed, a single PV unit can exist of 36 or 72 cells, all linked together in a series configuration. There are four distinctive applications of solar PVs, as suggested by the International Energy Agency (IEA) (Zhang, et al. (2012), (Tamimi, Cañizares, & Bhattacharya, 2013), viz:
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1) Off-grid (domestic) - Residential systems of up to 20 kW solar systems on individual house, buildings/dwellings
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2) Off-grid (non-domestic) - Commercial systems of up to 1 MW solar systems, for commercial use such as hospitals, office buildings, schools, and retail complexes, etc.
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3) Grid connected (distributed) - Utility scale systems starting from 1 MW, installed on buildings or grounds directly 4) Grid connected (centralized) – small systems of varying sizes connected centrally
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Applications of different type of systems have different costs and take different timeframe to complete. Application of off-grid Solar PV systems is still remains a chief source of electricity for the remote areas in developing countries, where grid connectivity is poor. In mid 1990s, offgrid applications were mostly standalone, for example rural electric supply, telecommunications, and communities in remote areas. Grid connected systems have since increased on a rapid scale with introduction of various schemes around the world. BIPV systems are more popular than other type of systems and are established much more frequently. JNNSM 2009
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Indian solar mission also known as Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) of the National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) was introduced in the year 2009. (Khare, Nema, &Baredar, 2013). JNNSM will be executed in 3 different phases, covering in following ways (Sharma, &Harinarayana, 2013): (a) 1st phase - included remaining period of 11th Plan and 1st year of 12th Plan (year 20122013) (b) 2nd phase - included remaining four years of 12th Plan (years 2013-2017) (c) 3rd phase - includes five years of 13th Plan (years 2017-2022) (MNRE Annual Report)
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Figure 5 – 1st and 2nd phase subsidies assigned to SPV projects
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Aspiring for the deployment of large scaled solar power generation, grid connected, decentralized and distributed off-grid provisions. For the first phase it was proposed for generating 200MW off grid power and installation of around 70 lakh meter square solar radiation collectors. The first phase was successfully implemented. Figure 5 shows subsidies assigned to SPV projects during 1st and 2nd phases. Government hopes to produce more than 20GW of energy from grid solar power, 2MW from the off-grid solar PVs, and have an amount of 200 lakh meter square of collectors installed by the year 2022.
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Figure 6 - cumulative Installation of SPV device during Phase 1
JNNSM’s phase 1 was managed by the NTPC’s VidyutVyapar Nigam (NVVN), also the main part of NTPC’s power trade. It was selected for purchasing energy at CERC specified rates from the independent solar producers. This mission was an important project for the support and promotion of rooftop PVs utilization.Figure 6 - cumulative Installation of SPV device during Phase 1
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Figure 7: Targets and achievements during phase I (2012-2013)
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Figure 7 highlights the targeted and achievement goal of JNNSM, the target of 1100 MW have been achieved successfully by the term. Table 1 depicts cumulative targets of different phases with respect to type of application.
Application Utility scale grid*
Phase 1 (2010–2013) 1K–2K Megawatts
2. 3.
Solar collectors Off-grids #
70 Lakh meter2 2 GW
Phase 2 (2013–2017) 4K–10K Megawatts
Phase 3 (2017–2022) 20K Megawatts
15 Lakh meter2 10 GW
20 Lakh meter2 20 GW
including (* rooftops / # rural setups)
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Table 1 – cumulative targets set for the JNNSM mission
Solar Electricity for Industrial Applications in India
In view of the factors such as an exceeded requirement of clean power, decreasing costs of
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producing solar energy, inventive industries and companies in this field have been showing interests with significant number of plans and projects. It is also to be noted that the government itself supports these companies with various incentive and subsidy schemes. Indian Central government, under Special Schemes by SIPS has approved 12 such proposals. Altogether, these proposals are estimated to bring in around Rs. 27 thousand crore investments. With support of SIPS, the government provided motivational 20% of capital expenses as incentives to the units located in special economic zone (SEZ) for first 10 years while divisions outside of this zone received 25% of spur. In past few years, India took various leading steps to employ sources of immense renewable energy (Tripathy, 2013). India is capable of manufacturing an estimated amount of 2 million silicon wafers per year (Iyer,2015). The planning included promotion of various technologies of renewable energy for the medium terms and supply systems for the long terms. There are 9 companies that successfully manufacturing solar cells, around 60 companies dealing in system integration and somewhere 23 companies involved with the manufacturing of solar modules. According to a historical study 11MWp modules were produced in year 1999, with enriching
100 million US dollars. The overall rural electrification and development is the major requirement and goal of various national schemes. Various channel partners at different segments of the scheme help in significant project implementation and reduction in transaction/ administrations costs as well as time. The Channel Partners could include the following:a) System panel Integrators b) Project planners and developers
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e) Non-profit organisations f) Vendors of solar panels and equipment
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Solar Institutes/Agencies of Governmentof India
a.Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI)
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For promotion of solar energy the institutes / nodal agencies set up by MNRE (Ramachandra, 2011):
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Established on 20th September 2011, (SECI) acts as non-profit company, working as an execution and adaptation institution for the solar energy sector. The SECI was constituted and controlled by the MNRE itself. b. National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE)
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NISE is an independent arm of MNRE, and government’s top R&D institution for solar energy. FuturePlan of solar power projects in Indiafor Next Decade:
Investments Plan and R&D
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Indian government, recognizing the requirement and importance of alternative sources of energy proposed many subsidy and various incentive schemes for the support of the augmented growth and development of solar segment.MNRE provides upto 70 percent subsidies on set up cost of solar PV plant in the North and Eastern regions, while 30% subsidy in the other areas of India. Tenders in this regard have already been submitted by many companies such as Moser Baer PV Technologies, Solar Semiconductors, Reliance Industries, Tata BP Solar India, Signet Solar systems, VavasiTelegence, EPV Solar Pvt. Ltd. etc. It is obvious that by now the solar power sector is receiving a fairly large amount of focus at the moment. MBPV produces a total of 50 Megawatts thin silicon films, 90 Megawatts of crystalline cells, and 90 Megawatts of crystalline modules per year.
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Tata-BP Solar a company dealing with solar manufacturing and installation is moving forward with the motto “investing significantly in infrastructure to expand its manufacturing capacity to 300 Megawatts”. It’s a joint venture of BP Solar and Tata Power aiming for expansion and reaching remote parts with collaboration of finance and telecom sectors.India’s foremost 1MW solar power plant which is connected to main electricity grid has been started in Jamuria, Asansol (WB). In merely 3 months, It has achieved the target of generation more than 30KW. Raichur district of Karnataka will have another 1MW plant constructed soon. Another two setups of 2 megawatts have been constructed in the districts of Kolar and Belgaum in Karnataka respectively. MNRE confirmed a tender of solar plant of 28MW recently. In this regards private companies are building interests and coming forth with proposals from different areas. Solar Thermal Power Plants
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Among a number of technologies dealing in deploying sun’s solar radiations for electricity production, the two major technologies have gained popularity, viz:
2) Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) power plants
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1) Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) power plants
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A CPV provides an entirely diverse application of solar plants. This is because a CSP can thermally store the solar energy. It means that it can deliver power during the day and also night. The CSP technology uses a mirror configuration to divert the sun’s rays onto a photovoltaic surface. (Liu, et al. (2016).CSPs assimilate thermal energy into storage systems that can be utilized in generating electrical energy at nights or during hazy days. This ability to store solar energy makes concentrating solar power a flexible and dispatchable source of renewable energy. CSPs can also be combined with conventional fossil-fuels, geo-thermal or bio-gas plants to assist electricity production.
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There are 7 upcoming solar CPV projects of installation 1000MW scheduled to complete under the first phase of the JNNSM. Table 2 shows various solar PV plants to be constructed under the JNNSM mission. Table 2 shows list of installed or upcoming Solar PV in different areas of country. The government’s sustained support for various roof-top solar SPVs and large solar farms has helped India in gaining a remarkable recognition in the global solar map. In the future support for large solar farms tends to increase from 5 MW capacities to 20-25 MW capacities.
S. No.
Table 2 - Solar PV Power Plants under JNNSM (upto 5 MW) Project
Area
State
1
Camelot Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.
Maharashtra
2
Khaya Solar Projects
Nagore
Rajasthan
3
Viraj Renewable Energy
Jodhpur
Rajasthan
4
DDE Renewable Energy
Nagore
Rajasthan
5
Maharashtra Seamless Ltd
Jaisalmer
Rajasthan
6
Vasavi Solar Power
7
Karnataka Power Corpn. Ltd
Nagore
Rajasthan
8
Green Tech Power Pvt. Ltd.
Jodhpur
Rajasthan
9
Newton Solar Pvt. Ltd
Nagore
Rajasthan
10
Fine Hope Allied Energy
Jodhpur, RA
Rajasthan
11
Rithwik Projects Pvt. Ltd,
Anantapur
AP
12
Electrical Manufacturing Co.Ltd
Allahabad
UP
13
Punj Lloyd
Jodhpur
Rajasthan
14
Sai Sudhir Energy
Anantapur
AP
15
Welspun Solar AP
Anantapur
AP
16
Precision TechnikP.Ltd
Jaisalmer
Rajasthan
17
OswalWoollen Mills
Jodhpur
Rajasthan
18
Coastal Projects Ltd
Chitradurg
Karnataka
19
Amrit Animation P.Ltd
Jaisalmer
Rajasthan
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* source MNRE
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Cost of Setting up a Solar Thermal Power Plants
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Karnataka
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Potential of Solar Energy
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Major benefit of solar energy is cost reductions, mainly for the solar panels made from polycrystalline silicon that cut down 50% of total construction costs in past couple of years. Solar thermal power plant costs largely depend on type of technology is being utilized, a thin film solar plants cost less and solar trackers costs more. The average costing of a large solar plant is usually Rs. 170-180/watt or so, while setting up a large solar thermal power plant with parabolic troughs or towers costs an estimated Rs. 300-350/watt.
Renewable Energy: Heat and electricity produced from any natural resource that can be refilled frequently is termed as renewable energy. These sources are in various forms taken from sun, underground geo-thermal energy, wind, bio-fuels, oceans, etc.
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Solar Energy: The process of utilization of sun’s light and heat energy in any form of energy through various technologies is known as Solar Energy. The solar energy from sun can be utilized in many ways such as solar cooker, solar heater, and solar photovoltaic for electricity generation, imitation of artificial photosynthesis, solar buildings, etc. The major benefits of using renewable solar sources are listed below: a) b) c) d) e)
Reduces pollution Noise free Reliance on an indigenous source Affordable mostly Inexhaustible and indefinite
f) Import-independent resource g) Increase the countries‟ energy security h) Lowers the costs of rationalized global warming i) Enhances sustainability Developing countries have begun investing and building solar power plants, as the best alternative to replacing other sources of energy generation (Singh, 2009). India has a great potential in this direction as it lies in the tropic region and receives ample sunlight throughout the year to utilize it for solar power generation.
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One of the prospective utilization of solar power could be in cold storage systems. PV installation in India today almost entirely consists of off-grid, small scale utilization, mostly observed in illuminating street and home lightning in cities, towns, and solar lamp in villages. Other assorted areas of practical application of renewable energy, remarkably are, heating; ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) (Tripathy, 2013).Solar energy can also be applicable in running various household devices, as well as an alternative fuel for cars and airplanes.
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Conclusion
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Increased demands for the energy supply around the world, gave rise to find an alternative energy source other than the conventional sources. Sun’s solar radiation is present in abundance and is sought to be most feasible alternative source for developing countries such as India.Although solar energy is a viable source of energy, it has potentials ahead in energy sector with suitable research and development and proper utilization for electricity conversion. Indian government has introduced different goals and incentive schemes for the installation of large amount of solar capacity in the country. Also, success of various projects and distinct schemes imitated by the Indian Government such as JNNSM in 2009, for the utilization of solar energy as renewable source of energy has gained India a global reputation and recognition. However, it has yet to pick up a stable momentum.The government of India still faces with major challenges in assigning solar energy the chief role of electricity production. If India wants its renewable energy goals to be effectively accomplished by their times, it must engage more efficiently with the country’s potential to transform its geographical position to its benefit. References
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