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Occupational biomechanics
ABSTRACTS
23.6.11 (126425) Chaftin, D B and Andersson, G B J Occupational biomechanics John Wiley
& Sons, New York, 2nd edn (1991) 518 PP This book reflects the heightened worldwide interest in low back pain and upper limb or cumulative trauma disorders. Additionally, in this second new edition, is up-to-date there information on the nature of muscle and joint actions, further amplifying the analysis of the physical dynamics of occupational strain begun in the first edition. Retaining much of the same topical structure of the original, this edition examines: the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system; anthropometry in occupational biomechanics; mechanical work-capacity evaluation; bioinstrumentation in occupational biomechanics; occupational biomechanical models; methods of classifying and evaluating manual work; manual materials handling limits; guidelines for seated work; biomechanical considerations in machine control and workplace designs; handtool design guidelines; and worker selection and training criteria. 23.6.12 (126430) Nowak, E ‘Practical application of anthropometric research in rehabilitation’ Znt J Znd Ergon Vol 9 No 2 (1992) pp 109-115 (6 refs) The objective of this paper is to present methods of dynamic anthropometry used in ergonomics and to put forward proposals on suitable modification of these methods for the needs of rehabilitation. Movement ranges of the head, hand, foot, arm and leg have been measured on a healthy grown-up population and used as a basis for the assessment of the efficiency of the rehabilitated part of the body. The paper presents some measuring devices and the method of assessing motor efficiency. 23.6.13 (126433) Hallbeck,
M S and McMullin, D L
‘The effect of gloves, wrist position, and age on peak three-jaw chuck pinch force: a pilot study’ in Visions. Proc Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting San Francisco, California, 2-6
September 1991. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1 (1991) pp 753-757 In many industries, environmental and/ or safety considerations require the use of gloves. In an effort to quantify the effects of gloves on peak three-jaw chuck pinch force, wrist position, glove
Vol 23 No 6 December
1992
type, age, gender, and dominantlnonwere differences hand dominant examined. Tool and/or task designs that utilize less static pinch-muscle effort and neutral wrist postures are assumed to be less likely to cause CTSs. Six glove types - bare hand, thermal, knit, reinforced knit, a layered combination of thermal and knit, and a layered combination of thermal and reinforced knit - were used as the independent variables. Subjects were selected from three age categories: 20-25, 4U5 and 60-65. For each pinch exertion condition, one of four wrist positions was employed: neutral, 45” extension, 45” flexion, and 65” flexion. Five subjects within each age-gender category were tested giving a total of 30 subjects. Each subject was asked to build up to his or her maximal voluntary contraction using a modified Caldwell regimen, and hold that pinch level for 4 s. Results were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significant effects tested using post hoc analysis. Significant main effects were found to be wrist position, hand, glove type, and gender.
23.6.14 (126434) Jackson, A S, Osburn, H G, Laughery, K R and Vaubel, K P
‘Strength demands of chemical plant work tasks’ in Visions. Proc Human Factors Society 35th Annual
ance was due to strength, not gender. Logistic regression models provided probability estimates of the function of successful work task performance for isometric strength levels.
23.6.15 (126456) Marras,
W S and Schoenmarklin,
R W
‘Wrist motions and CTD risk industrial and service environments’
in in
Queinnec, Y and Daniellou, F (eds) Designing for Everyone: Proc 11th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association Paris. Taylor & Francis, London, Vol 1 (1991) pp 36-38
(2 refs) Cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) have become a growing concern in industry recently. Most assessments of the actions required by these workers have focused upon crude indicators of factors that would increase the force upon tendons surrounding the wrist. However, hand-intensive work, by its very nature, usually requires significant motions of the wrist that may influence tendon force. An industrial study was performed to test this hypothesis. It was found that wrist accelerations in the flexion-extension plane were most closely associated with the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).
Meeting
California, 2-6 Francisco, San September 1991. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1 (1991) pp 758-762 (12 refs) The purpose of this study was to define the strength demands of materialshandling tasks required of chemical plant workers. The study involved two interrelated steps. First, the relationship between strength and work sample test performance was examined; and second, a model was developed that quantified the strength required by the work sample task. A task analysis identified the physically demanding materialshandling tasks. Five work sample tests were developed to simulate biomechanically the work tasks observed at the plant. _ The work sample tests required the subject to either lift objects or hold them in place in 9 s. Each work sample test was scored pass/fail. The sum of isometric grip, arm lift, and torso left strength tests (IS) was used to measure strength. All tests were administered to 118 men and 66 women. A test performance by gender ANOVA showed that work sample test performance was a function of IS. The men’s isometric strength was significantly higher then the women’s, but the gender by test interaction was not statistically significant. This result showed that work sample test perform-
23.6.16 (127202) Asfour, S S, Akcin, Genaidy, A M
M, Tritar, M and
‘Physiological models and guidelines for the design of high frequency shoulder lifting tasks’ in Visions. Proc Human Factors
Society 3sth Annual
Meeting
California, 2-6 Francisco, San September 1991. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1 (1991) pp 814-817 (8 refs) The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of weight of load, frequency of handling, and age of industrial workers on endurance time and physiological responses for prolonged lifting tasks from shoulder to reach height. Sixteen male industrial workers participated in this study. The independent variables were the frequency of handling, the weight of load, and the age of workers. The dependent variables were endurance time, oxygen consumption, minute ventilation, heart rate and the subjective responses of the subjects (ratings of perceived exertion). The results indicated that: (1) endurance time decreased with increasing frequency or load; (2) endurance time, heart rate, oxygen consumption and minute ventilation were significantly affected by frequency and load; (3) age did not have a significant effect on
23.6.11 (126425) Chaftin, D B and Andersson, G B J Occupational biomechanics John Wiley
& Sons, New York, 2nd edn (1991) 518 PP This book reflects the heightened worldwide interest in low back pain and upper limb or cumulative trauma disorders. Additionally, in this second new edition, is up-to-date there information on the nature of muscle and joint actions, further amplifying the analysis of the physical dynamics of occupational strain begun in the first edition. Retaining much of the same topical structure of the original, this edition examines: the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system; anthropometry in occupational biomechanics; mechanical work-capacity evaluation; bioinstrumentation in occupational biomechanics; occupational biomechanical models; methods of classifying and evaluating manual work; manual materials handling limits; guidelines for seated work; biomechanical considerations in machine control and workplace designs; handtool design guidelines; and worker selection and training criteria. 23.6.12 (126430) Nowak, E ‘Practical application of anthropometric research in rehabilitation’ Znt J Znd Ergon Vol 9 No 2 (1992) pp 109-115 (6 refs) The objective of this paper is to present methods of dynamic anthropometry used in ergonomics and to put forward proposals on suitable modification of these methods for the needs of rehabilitation. Movement ranges of the head, hand, foot, arm and leg have been measured on a healthy grown-up population and used as a basis for the assessment of the efficiency of the rehabilitated part of the body. The paper presents some measuring devices and the method of assessing motor efficiency. 23.6.13 (126433) Hallbeck,
M S and McMullin, D L
‘The effect of gloves, wrist position, and age on peak three-jaw chuck pinch force: a pilot study’ in Visions. Proc Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting San Francisco, California, 2-6
September 1991. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1 (1991) pp 753-757 In many industries, environmental and/ or safety considerations require the use of gloves. In an effort to quantify the effects of gloves on peak three-jaw chuck pinch force, wrist position, glove
Vol 23 No 6 December
1992
type, age, gender, and dominantlnonwere differences hand dominant examined. Tool and/or task designs that utilize less static pinch-muscle effort and neutral wrist postures are assumed to be less likely to cause CTSs. Six glove types - bare hand, thermal, knit, reinforced knit, a layered combination of thermal and knit, and a layered combination of thermal and reinforced knit - were used as the independent variables. Subjects were selected from three age categories: 20-25, 4U5 and 60-65. For each pinch exertion condition, one of four wrist positions was employed: neutral, 45” extension, 45” flexion, and 65” flexion. Five subjects within each age-gender category were tested giving a total of 30 subjects. Each subject was asked to build up to his or her maximal voluntary contraction using a modified Caldwell regimen, and hold that pinch level for 4 s. Results were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significant effects tested using post hoc analysis. Significant main effects were found to be wrist position, hand, glove type, and gender.
23.6.14 (126434) Jackson, A S, Osburn, H G, Laughery, K R and Vaubel, K P
‘Strength demands of chemical plant work tasks’ in Visions. Proc Human Factors Society 35th Annual
ance was due to strength, not gender. Logistic regression models provided probability estimates of the function of successful work task performance for isometric strength levels.
23.6.15 (126456) Marras,
W S and Schoenmarklin,
R W
‘Wrist motions and CTD risk industrial and service environments’
in in
Queinnec, Y and Daniellou, F (eds) Designing for Everyone: Proc 11th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association Paris. Taylor & Francis, London, Vol 1 (1991) pp 36-38
(2 refs) Cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) have become a growing concern in industry recently. Most assessments of the actions required by these workers have focused upon crude indicators of factors that would increase the force upon tendons surrounding the wrist. However, hand-intensive work, by its very nature, usually requires significant motions of the wrist that may influence tendon force. An industrial study was performed to test this hypothesis. It was found that wrist accelerations in the flexion-extension plane were most closely associated with the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).
Meeting
California, 2-6 Francisco, San September 1991. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1 (1991) pp 758-762 (12 refs) The purpose of this study was to define the strength demands of materialshandling tasks required of chemical plant workers. The study involved two interrelated steps. First, the relationship between strength and work sample test performance was examined; and second, a model was developed that quantified the strength required by the work sample task. A task analysis identified the physically demanding materialshandling tasks. Five work sample tests were developed to simulate biomechanically the work tasks observed at the plant. _ The work sample tests required the subject to either lift objects or hold them in place in 9 s. Each work sample test was scored pass/fail. The sum of isometric grip, arm lift, and torso left strength tests (IS) was used to measure strength. All tests were administered to 118 men and 66 women. A test performance by gender ANOVA showed that work sample test performance was a function of IS. The men’s isometric strength was significantly higher then the women’s, but the gender by test interaction was not statistically significant. This result showed that work sample test perform-
23.6.16 (127202) Asfour, S S, Akcin, Genaidy, A M
M, Tritar, M and
‘Physiological models and guidelines for the design of high frequency shoulder lifting tasks’ in Visions. Proc Human Factors
Society 3sth Annual
Meeting
California, 2-6 Francisco, San September 1991. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1 (1991) pp 814-817 (8 refs) The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of weight of load, frequency of handling, and age of industrial workers on endurance time and physiological responses for prolonged lifting tasks from shoulder to reach height. Sixteen male industrial workers participated in this study. The independent variables were the frequency of handling, the weight of load, and the age of workers. The dependent variables were endurance time, oxygen consumption, minute ventilation, heart rate and the subjective responses of the subjects (ratings of perceived exertion). The results indicated that: (1) endurance time decreased with increasing frequency or load; (2) endurance time, heart rate, oxygen consumption and minute ventilation were significantly affected by frequency and load; (3) age did not have a significant effect on