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On hydraulic limes, artificial stones, and different novel applications of soluble alkaline silicates
On Ilydraulic Limes, Artificial &lones, ~c, and increasing resislance to traction. The pressure ought 1o be equally distribuwd by absence of flexure, and this can only be done by d e l ~ t h : 3d. The rails should be laterally.inflexible, or great friction will ensue t-., , ~e rockin,, of the enzine anti carriages They should be laterally slra ~ht, or a continuous sinuous movement will take place. 41h. The junctions of the rails should be so arranged that, while allow.. ing fi)r expansion and contraction, the strength of resistancei both vertically and laterally, should be as great at all the joints as at the intermediate portions. : 5th. An eiiMent connexion should exist between the two opposite rails, to kee l) them parallel. 6=At. The surface of the rails beneath the wheels should be so hard and touzh, that they will neither crush nor laminate beneath the rolling loads. 7th. The bearing surface of the rails or supports on the ballast should be of such area that the rolling loads will not disturb it. 8~h. The height of the wheel surface above the bearing surface on the ball~st should be the minimum, while the bearing surface is the maxiIll I.IIll,
9th. The rail should bed into the ground, to keep it steady laterally, and prevent rocking. lO;h. The depth of the rail below the bearing surface of the ground shouht be so much in excess of the rise above the ground as to eonstilate a suspensive principle, in oppositiml to the principle of a prop, which is the common mode of structure. Where only light loads are required, the prop plan may be used tbr convenience ; but it is not the form of greatest t)ermanenec. llth. In maintaining the line of way, care must be taken to provide good drainage for wet weather, and easy ,neans of watering in dry weather. The construction of any railway, great or small, and its mechanical fitness, may be tested by these rules. Various modes of construction may be used, but all should be firm without loose jolting ; and though timber: sleepers have their advantages, no doubt greater permanence may be attained by an iron structure. Cast iron, if in sufficient masses, will do ; but wrought iron is the best : and, to absorb mischievous vibration, loose timber blocks, analogous to wood paving, and not structural~ may be apIrlied as a portion of the -ballast at a cheap rate. (To be Continued.)
On IIydraulic Limes, Jtrtifidal Stones, and Diderot .5eovd Applications ~f Soluble .3tkaline Silicates. By M. Fa. KUHL~Am* Entrusted, about the close of the year 1840, with some trials relative to some abundant efflorescence, which was formed on a perfectly new building, and which was considered to be dueto the formation of nitre, I was soon convinced that the efflorescent salts were formed to a great extent: of carbonate of soda, and that the lime which had been used (hydraulia 4*From the Lon& Journal of the 8oeiet.y of Arts, July, 1855. 19"
222
Civil Engineering.
lime, from the neighborhood of Tournay,) was the cause of the efilores. cence which had been observed. A closer"examination soon taught me that all limes, and particularly hydraulic limes and natural cements, contained appreciable quantities of potash and soda. Theory oftly&'a~dic Limes.~In a work which I had the honor of presenting to the Academy, at a meeting held on the 5th of May, 1841~I endeavored to explain the part which potash and soda might play in stones and cements, and I adlnitted that these alkalies served to brin{~the silirm to the lime, and thus to tbrm silicates, which, by means of the application of water~ solidified a portion of lhe mass, producing the tormation of a hydrate, analagous I() that which lakes pla('e with 1 laster [ have pointed out since then to the Academy numerous facts as the hasis of this theory, and that, among others, of the immediale change t',(~,,-~ tht lime to hydraulic lime, by simply treatin~ with a solution of silicate of potash, lf, after lhc burning of the limestone, potash is in cm~lact with silica, the silicate which is formed must necessarily re-act, and this can only take place as soon as the burnt lirne is brought into comact with water. I have greatly added {o tiny experiments on this head, and I have established the l;act that, wi:h ti~t lime and silicate of potash, both of them pulverized and mixed in the proportion of 10 to 12 of silicate to 100 of lime, a l i m e c a n he obtailmd which shall have all the ehara(:leristics of hydraulic lime. Iffliese substances are not well pulverized the re-action will be very incomplete, and an eitbct will subse(luently be produced, bringing on disintegralion. If fl'om my tbrmer trials there results the 1)os.~ibility of converting a titt lime in> an hydraulic m(~rtar, by sprinkling it with a solution of an alkaline silicate, in my more receipt trials I have tbund a means of pro(luciL~gat once with a vitreous silicate and lime, hydrauliceementsofar~y required degree ofstrenglh "['his will enable us to form, at a reasonable expense, buildings to stand the aclion of water, in places where fat limes alone are now found. Powdered silicate of potash in some sort becomes an agent for producing this hydraulic property, of which future experiments will determine the value. .&'l~dal Stones.--Looking at the great ailinity of lime for silica dissolved in potash, [ was natmally led to examine the action of alkalil~e silicates on calcareous stones. Here I was still more fortunate, for the alkaline silicates became at onee the means of a variety of applications of the highest utility. Let us look at what is said on this point in the Comptes Rendus of the Sneiely's meetings. " B y mixing some powdered chalk in a solution of silicate of potash, a cement is obtained, which hardens slowly in the air, a.~suming a degree of stiithess, which, under certain circumstances, renders it applicable for the restoration of public monuments and the manufacture of moulded articles. "Chalk, whether in an artificial paste or in its natural state, plunged into a solution of silicate of potash, takes up, even when cold, a quantity of silica, which may be increased considerably by exposing the ehalk alternately to the action of the siliceous solution and the air. The chalk assumes a smooth appearance, a compact grain, and a color more or less yellow, according as it is more or less impregnated with iron.
On II#draulic Limes, .~rl;ficiol Stones, ~;c.
~
-Stone thus prepared is susceptible of a high polish. The hardnessl which is at first but supertlcial~ penetrates by degrees into the eentre~ even where there is considerable thickness. It appears capable o f b e comi,g of incontestible utility in the formation of works of sculpture and ornaments of the most delicate workmanship; for when the silicifying process~.'silicalizalion"--has been etfi~cte(l on well-dried chalk, witllout which good results are not tmssible, the surfime remains unalterable, ,' Some attempts made to iender this stone applicable lbr lithography give promise o1' great success. "This method of eonvertinff soft limestone into silicious limestone is likely In become a great acquisition in the art of huihling. Ornaments, unaltL'cted by damp~ aml of great hardness, may thu.~ be obtained at little cost; and, in many cases, a pl,ster made wi',h a solution of silicate of potash will preserve fmin sullsequcnt decay aneit'iit inonulnents tormed of s.ft limestone. 'J'his same piasttq" llHly beeolne of general applieatioa ill ti~ose countries where, as in Chainpagne, dw.lk forms ahnost the o,lly Iluildila!r utaterial." I have shown experimentally that that mm part of the silica flora the silicate becornes separated by tim aelion of tile carbonic acid of the air, but that tliose parts of the silicate which have COllie into contact with a sutti,:iei:t quantily of earlmna~e of lime pass into lhe stute of silicate of lime. My work, presented to the Academy in 1841, pointed outnunierous industrial pnrposes to which the inllm%nating of porous bodies of mineral suhstanees nlig!It be applied, whether tile objects operated upon were or~anic or inorganic. Cm~sidering these applications of the art as nfthe first importance in building, l have atteinpted to extend them~ and I have just laid bel\~l'e the Academy a new series of observations. tl, rmonizi~g 1De S,'ruh,s cf lDe Silic{fied Stone.--[ have given the name of "silicalizalion" to this remarkable conversion of soft and porous lillestone into siliceous and co,npa<:t linwstone. As the operation of this i>roeess to articles of sculpture and building materials gives rise to a coloring very fi'equently so marked as to render the joinings more apparent and tile veins more distinct, I have been compelled to seek a remedy for this objection. The,'e are two essential and general points to be met. Chalk walls are too white, while some kimls of ferruginous limestones are too sombre in their shades. "fo obviate this inconvenience, I perform thes/l/calizagion of limestones which are too white with a double silicate of potash and magnesia. This is a vitreous substance, which forms a brown solution, and which wh(.n ,,sod in the process causes a little oxide of manganese to be deposited in the ar!itieial siliceous pasle. Oxide of cobalt, too, will combin% though in very small quaatities, with silicate of potash. Silica precipitated by a current of carbonic acid is of a brilliant azure blue. '_Phis siiieate may be used in the treatment of white marbles. When the shades of the stone are too decided, and that is the most common defect, 1 obtain good results by mixing in the silicate solution. a small quantity of artificial sulphate of barytes, which, in penetrating the porous stone, whilst it tbrms a layer of silica, remains fixed, entering~ as we shall see below, into a state ofehemical combination. As regards the joints, they may be made with common cements, the shades of which
2"24
Civil Engineering.
may be rendered lighter by means of some while substances, but they may he still more entirely concealed with broken pieces of the stone i.'self mixed with silicate of potash, the whole being well pulverized previm~s to its use, and applied in a state of liquid paste. ColorbW tlte Nto~e.--In lhe course ot my researches for giving to these silicitied stones shades which would cause those portions of our building,~ which had been snbmil~ed to this process to harmonize with lhose which bad not, [ was led to submit the stones to an actual dyeing process loy impregnating them in the first instance with certain metallic salts, which, t)y preeipita'don, would produce the required color. Thus, impregnating tl~e stones with salts of lead or copper, and afterwards bringing it into contact with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, or a so]ulion of hydrosulphuret of ammonia, [ obtain at will gre,!', black, or brown shades ; wi~h salt of copper and ferrocyanide of potassium 1 get shades of copper color, &e. tn d~e present case I have made an observation which in a et~emical point of view is not devoid of interest. I have slated that the porous limestm~cs, when submitted at a boiling heat to solutions of metallic sulphates whose bases are insoluble in water, give rise during d~e whole reac,lio% to a disengagement of carbonic acid, and to the iixh~g in sutfieient depths metallic oxides in intimate combination with sulphate oflhne. When the metallic sulphates have a colored base, very beautifill tints of different and perfect shades are obtained. Thus, with sutphate of iron we get the production of a tint in red rust, more or less deep according as we operate with solntions of green vitriol more or less concentrated ; wi~h sulphate of copper the stone takes a magnificent green tint ; with sulphate of manganese brown shades are ohtained ; with a mixture of sulphate of iron and sulphate of copper we.get a chocolate color, i have, also, experimented with sulphates of nickel, chromium, cobalt, &e., and with mixtures of these sulphates. The affinities which determine the reactions in question are su[geiently powerful to cause the metallic oxides to be completely absorbed by the stone, so much so, that certain oxides, such as that of copper, for instance, entirely disappear fi'om tile solutions after boiling with an excess of chalk. It is remarkable, that when in operating with mixtures of salts of copper and salts of iron or of manganes% the oxides of iron and manganese are the first to be thrown down. When we operate with sulphates having a colorless base, such as sulphate of zinc, magnesia, or alumina, we equally obtain the preeipitatioa from the oxide, and their penetration to a certain depth in the stone, ~ith a disengagemer~t of carbonic acid. The hi-sulphate of lime gives analagous results. In general, when we intend to use colored stones in buildings, &c., or to tbrm mosaics, it wilt be tbund useful to increase their hardness by the silicifying process. We may proceed in the same way ",~'ith articles in shell, white coral, &C., in which the color may be produced by the same process, acting at different pressures.
I ,~'ill conclude this head with an important observation, which ig lhat
.american Palenls which issued in 21ugust, 1855.
*2~fi
the double sulphates which, are formed in penetrating the stone, m a k e a body with it, and increase its hardness to such an extent, that wher~ eev. lain sulphates are employed, such as that of zinc, the.silicifying process becomes unnecessary. The editor of"Cosmos" adds, the process which has just been de. scribed, is likely to lead to lhe production of a great and new industry, splendid specimens of which are to be found in the Exposition Univers~.lle, placed in the central gallery of the ".3m, exe, '~ on the banks of the liver, opposite the produce from the mines of Anzin. We shall examil~e l~lese specimens with care, and give a detailed account of the,n when we tre~t of the section of the chemical arts. The display made hy the eele~. brated chemist of Lille is one which deserves great attention. Cos~lo$. ./t Railway Speculation.* The East Lancashire Railway Company have adopted means similar to Ibose some ye~3rssince started by sotae of the metrnp~litan eomp~mies, to indt~ce bt~ilding operations in the vicinity of their line. To any person xvbo will build houses within two miles of their stations at Maghull, Ormskirk, Burscough, or Town Gret'u, of the clear annual value of 50/. per annum, they guarantee the privilege of nominating one resident, who shall travel free, as a first-class passenger, between these places and the Liverpool Exchange staliol b during a term varying from seven to eighteen years~ according to the position of the houses erected. Railway 7'ravehn~,.l The "Liverpool Chronicle" reports that "the Judge of the County court, Liverpool, lately decided in "Nash v. the London and North \\'estt)rn," that passengers \¥hose luggage had been missent by railway officials are not in his court entitled to recover any expenses or loss of lime in seeking after or waiting for such luggage, and that passengers should understand that they are entitled to sue for the fitll value of such lu,,,~'~e immediately on the loss or missending happening, without wattling for or incurring ~,uy expense in seeking alier the luggage, however beneficial to the Company any eitbrts may be for the purpose." r,
O~
•
o
v
~ O
AMERICAN
PATENTS.
Li~,'tff American Patents which issuedfrom August 7, to August 28, 1855,(inel~tsive,) zolth Exemplifications. AUGUST 7. 1. For a Machine for Println~ Textile Fabrics: James Melville, Roebank Works, Great Britain, and Joseph Bureh, ¢,3raig Hall, Great Britain. Clalm.--', 1st, The mode of printing in two or more colors by means of a "movable colorapparatus, in connexion with the pattern printing roller traversinglaterally on a *From the London Builder, No. 6-~5. ~From Herapath's Journal, No. 826.
9th. The rail should bed into the ground, to keep it steady laterally, and prevent rocking. lO;h. The depth of the rail below the bearing surface of the ground shouht be so much in excess of the rise above the ground as to eonstilate a suspensive principle, in oppositiml to the principle of a prop, which is the common mode of structure. Where only light loads are required, the prop plan may be used tbr convenience ; but it is not the form of greatest t)ermanenec. llth. In maintaining the line of way, care must be taken to provide good drainage for wet weather, and easy ,neans of watering in dry weather. The construction of any railway, great or small, and its mechanical fitness, may be tested by these rules. Various modes of construction may be used, but all should be firm without loose jolting ; and though timber: sleepers have their advantages, no doubt greater permanence may be attained by an iron structure. Cast iron, if in sufficient masses, will do ; but wrought iron is the best : and, to absorb mischievous vibration, loose timber blocks, analogous to wood paving, and not structural~ may be apIrlied as a portion of the -ballast at a cheap rate. (To be Continued.)
On IIydraulic Limes, Jtrtifidal Stones, and Diderot .5eovd Applications ~f Soluble .3tkaline Silicates. By M. Fa. KUHL~Am* Entrusted, about the close of the year 1840, with some trials relative to some abundant efflorescence, which was formed on a perfectly new building, and which was considered to be dueto the formation of nitre, I was soon convinced that the efflorescent salts were formed to a great extent: of carbonate of soda, and that the lime which had been used (hydraulia 4*From the Lon& Journal of the 8oeiet.y of Arts, July, 1855. 19"
222
Civil Engineering.
lime, from the neighborhood of Tournay,) was the cause of the efilores. cence which had been observed. A closer"examination soon taught me that all limes, and particularly hydraulic limes and natural cements, contained appreciable quantities of potash and soda. Theory oftly&'a~dic Limes.~In a work which I had the honor of presenting to the Academy, at a meeting held on the 5th of May, 1841~I endeavored to explain the part which potash and soda might play in stones and cements, and I adlnitted that these alkalies served to brin{~the silirm to the lime, and thus to tbrm silicates, which, by means of the application of water~ solidified a portion of lhe mass, producing the tormation of a hydrate, analagous I() that which lakes pla('e with 1 laster [ have pointed out since then to the Academy numerous facts as the hasis of this theory, and that, among others, of the immediale change t',(~,,-~ tht lime to hydraulic lime, by simply treatin~ with a solution of silicate of potash, lf, after lhc burning of the limestone, potash is in cm~lact with silica, the silicate which is formed must necessarily re-act, and this can only take place as soon as the burnt lirne is brought into comact with water. I have greatly added {o tiny experiments on this head, and I have established the l;act that, wi:h ti~t lime and silicate of potash, both of them pulverized and mixed in the proportion of 10 to 12 of silicate to 100 of lime, a l i m e c a n he obtailmd which shall have all the ehara(:leristics of hydraulic lime. Iffliese substances are not well pulverized the re-action will be very incomplete, and an eitbct will subse(luently be produced, bringing on disintegralion. If fl'om my tbrmer trials there results the 1)os.~ibility of converting a titt lime in> an hydraulic m(~rtar, by sprinkling it with a solution of an alkaline silicate, in my more receipt trials I have tbund a means of pro(luciL~gat once with a vitreous silicate and lime, hydrauliceementsofar~y required degree ofstrenglh "['his will enable us to form, at a reasonable expense, buildings to stand the aclion of water, in places where fat limes alone are now found. Powdered silicate of potash in some sort becomes an agent for producing this hydraulic property, of which future experiments will determine the value. .&'l~dal Stones.--Looking at the great ailinity of lime for silica dissolved in potash, [ was natmally led to examine the action of alkalil~e silicates on calcareous stones. Here I was still more fortunate, for the alkaline silicates became at onee the means of a variety of applications of the highest utility. Let us look at what is said on this point in the Comptes Rendus of the Sneiely's meetings. " B y mixing some powdered chalk in a solution of silicate of potash, a cement is obtained, which hardens slowly in the air, a.~suming a degree of stiithess, which, under certain circumstances, renders it applicable for the restoration of public monuments and the manufacture of moulded articles. "Chalk, whether in an artificial paste or in its natural state, plunged into a solution of silicate of potash, takes up, even when cold, a quantity of silica, which may be increased considerably by exposing the ehalk alternately to the action of the siliceous solution and the air. The chalk assumes a smooth appearance, a compact grain, and a color more or less yellow, according as it is more or less impregnated with iron.
On II#draulic Limes, .~rl;ficiol Stones, ~;c.
~
-Stone thus prepared is susceptible of a high polish. The hardnessl which is at first but supertlcial~ penetrates by degrees into the eentre~ even where there is considerable thickness. It appears capable o f b e comi,g of incontestible utility in the formation of works of sculpture and ornaments of the most delicate workmanship; for when the silicifying process~.'silicalizalion"--has been etfi~cte(l on well-dried chalk, witllout which good results are not tmssible, the surfime remains unalterable, ,' Some attempts made to iender this stone applicable lbr lithography give promise o1' great success. "This method of eonvertinff soft limestone into silicious limestone is likely In become a great acquisition in the art of huihling. Ornaments, unaltL'cted by damp~ aml of great hardness, may thu.~ be obtained at little cost; and, in many cases, a pl,ster made wi',h a solution of silicate of potash will preserve fmin sullsequcnt decay aneit'iit inonulnents tormed of s.ft limestone. 'J'his same piasttq" llHly beeolne of general applieatioa ill ti~ose countries where, as in Chainpagne, dw.lk forms ahnost the o,lly Iluildila!r utaterial." I have shown experimentally that that mm part of the silica flora the silicate becornes separated by tim aelion of tile carbonic acid of the air, but that tliose parts of the silicate which have COllie into contact with a sutti,:iei:t quantily of earlmna~e of lime pass into lhe stute of silicate of lime. My work, presented to the Academy in 1841, pointed outnunierous industrial pnrposes to which the inllm%nating of porous bodies of mineral suhstanees nlig!It be applied, whether tile objects operated upon were or~anic or inorganic. Cm~sidering these applications of the art as nfthe first importance in building, l have atteinpted to extend them~ and I have just laid bel\~l'e the Academy a new series of observations. tl, rmonizi~g 1De S,'ruh,s cf lDe Silic{fied Stone.--[ have given the name of "silicalizalion" to this remarkable conversion of soft and porous lillestone into siliceous and co,npa<:t linwstone. As the operation of this i>roeess to articles of sculpture and building materials gives rise to a coloring very fi'equently so marked as to render the joinings more apparent and tile veins more distinct, I have been compelled to seek a remedy for this objection. The,'e are two essential and general points to be met. Chalk walls are too white, while some kimls of ferruginous limestones are too sombre in their shades. "fo obviate this inconvenience, I perform thes/l/calizagion of limestones which are too white with a double silicate of potash and magnesia. This is a vitreous substance, which forms a brown solution, and which wh(.n ,,sod in the process causes a little oxide of manganese to be deposited in the ar!itieial siliceous pasle. Oxide of cobalt, too, will combin% though in very small quaatities, with silicate of potash. Silica precipitated by a current of carbonic acid is of a brilliant azure blue. '_Phis siiieate may be used in the treatment of white marbles. When the shades of the stone are too decided, and that is the most common defect, 1 obtain good results by mixing in the silicate solution. a small quantity of artificial sulphate of barytes, which, in penetrating the porous stone, whilst it tbrms a layer of silica, remains fixed, entering~ as we shall see below, into a state ofehemical combination. As regards the joints, they may be made with common cements, the shades of which
2"24
Civil Engineering.
may be rendered lighter by means of some while substances, but they may he still more entirely concealed with broken pieces of the stone i.'self mixed with silicate of potash, the whole being well pulverized previm~s to its use, and applied in a state of liquid paste. ColorbW tlte Nto~e.--In lhe course ot my researches for giving to these silicitied stones shades which would cause those portions of our building,~ which had been snbmil~ed to this process to harmonize with lhose which bad not, [ was led to submit the stones to an actual dyeing process loy impregnating them in the first instance with certain metallic salts, which, t)y preeipita'don, would produce the required color. Thus, impregnating tl~e stones with salts of lead or copper, and afterwards bringing it into contact with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, or a so]ulion of hydrosulphuret of ammonia, [ obtain at will gre,!', black, or brown shades ; wi~h salt of copper and ferrocyanide of potassium 1 get shades of copper color, &e. tn d~e present case I have made an observation which in a et~emical point of view is not devoid of interest. I have slated that the porous limestm~cs, when submitted at a boiling heat to solutions of metallic sulphates whose bases are insoluble in water, give rise during d~e whole reac,lio% to a disengagement of carbonic acid, and to the iixh~g in sutfieient depths metallic oxides in intimate combination with sulphate oflhne. When the metallic sulphates have a colored base, very beautifill tints of different and perfect shades are obtained. Thus, with sutphate of iron we get the production of a tint in red rust, more or less deep according as we operate with solntions of green vitriol more or less concentrated ; wi~h sulphate of copper the stone takes a magnificent green tint ; with sulphate of manganese brown shades are ohtained ; with a mixture of sulphate of iron and sulphate of copper we.get a chocolate color, i have, also, experimented with sulphates of nickel, chromium, cobalt, &e., and with mixtures of these sulphates. The affinities which determine the reactions in question are su[geiently powerful to cause the metallic oxides to be completely absorbed by the stone, so much so, that certain oxides, such as that of copper, for instance, entirely disappear fi'om tile solutions after boiling with an excess of chalk. It is remarkable, that when in operating with mixtures of salts of copper and salts of iron or of manganes% the oxides of iron and manganese are the first to be thrown down. When we operate with sulphates having a colorless base, such as sulphate of zinc, magnesia, or alumina, we equally obtain the preeipitatioa from the oxide, and their penetration to a certain depth in the stone, ~ith a disengagemer~t of carbonic acid. The hi-sulphate of lime gives analagous results. In general, when we intend to use colored stones in buildings, &c., or to tbrm mosaics, it wilt be tbund useful to increase their hardness by the silicifying process. We may proceed in the same way ",~'ith articles in shell, white coral, &C., in which the color may be produced by the same process, acting at different pressures.
I ,~'ill conclude this head with an important observation, which ig lhat
.american Palenls which issued in 21ugust, 1855.
*2~fi
the double sulphates which, are formed in penetrating the stone, m a k e a body with it, and increase its hardness to such an extent, that wher~ eev. lain sulphates are employed, such as that of zinc, the.silicifying process becomes unnecessary. The editor of"Cosmos" adds, the process which has just been de. scribed, is likely to lead to lhe production of a great and new industry, splendid specimens of which are to be found in the Exposition Univers~.lle, placed in the central gallery of the ".3m, exe, '~ on the banks of the liver, opposite the produce from the mines of Anzin. We shall examil~e l~lese specimens with care, and give a detailed account of the,n when we tre~t of the section of the chemical arts. The display made hy the eele~. brated chemist of Lille is one which deserves great attention. Cos~lo$. ./t Railway Speculation.* The East Lancashire Railway Company have adopted means similar to Ibose some ye~3rssince started by sotae of the metrnp~litan eomp~mies, to indt~ce bt~ilding operations in the vicinity of their line. To any person xvbo will build houses within two miles of their stations at Maghull, Ormskirk, Burscough, or Town Gret'u, of the clear annual value of 50/. per annum, they guarantee the privilege of nominating one resident, who shall travel free, as a first-class passenger, between these places and the Liverpool Exchange staliol b during a term varying from seven to eighteen years~ according to the position of the houses erected. Railway 7'ravehn~,.l The "Liverpool Chronicle" reports that "the Judge of the County court, Liverpool, lately decided in "Nash v. the London and North \\'estt)rn," that passengers \¥hose luggage had been missent by railway officials are not in his court entitled to recover any expenses or loss of lime in seeking after or waiting for such luggage, and that passengers should understand that they are entitled to sue for the fitll value of such lu,,,~'~e immediately on the loss or missending happening, without wattling for or incurring ~,uy expense in seeking alier the luggage, however beneficial to the Company any eitbrts may be for the purpose." r,
O~
•
o
v
~ O
AMERICAN
PATENTS.
Li~,'tff American Patents which issuedfrom August 7, to August 28, 1855,(inel~tsive,) zolth Exemplifications. AUGUST 7. 1. For a Machine for Println~ Textile Fabrics: James Melville, Roebank Works, Great Britain, and Joseph Bureh, ¢,3raig Hall, Great Britain. Clalm.--', 1st, The mode of printing in two or more colors by means of a "movable colorapparatus, in connexion with the pattern printing roller traversinglaterally on a *From the London Builder, No. 6-~5. ~From Herapath's Journal, No. 826.