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ON PHTHISIS IN MONKEYS AND OTHER ANIMALS.
145
trunk, which had sharp edges. A phy- !
As to the
ecchymosis
or
livid spots
surgeon visited the body on the found on the thorax and arms of the denext day (thirty-two hours after her death ‘ ceased, and which the reporters attributed had been discovered), and reported that to blows or falls, M. Louis observes, that thev found ecchymosis and contusions on they are the ordinary appearances found on the arms, thorax, and particularly over those who die in a state of intoxication, the third, fourth, and fifth ribs. The neck and among others quotes the following sician and
and upper part of the breast were also case in confirmation from MORGAGNI. A The head was swelled, blood ! beggar went to bed drunk, and died sudThis was at the was extravasated under the skin of the denly during the night. face, and the nose was filled with clotted ’ end of January 1746. On the next evenhe was carried to the Anatomical Hall blood. On the eyelid there was a wound of nine or ten lines in extent, which pePadua, and on the third day after his netrated to the orbit, and which might death he was dissected. Morgagni found have been caused by a sharp instrument, the body still warm. The scrotum was but could not in their opinion have caused ecchymosed, and of a red colour, and the sudden death. On opening the trunk of was filled with blood, which was efthe body, all the internal parts were fused, not only under the skin, but among found in a natural state. all the muscles; the membrane that sepaThe reporters gave it as their opinion rated them and the glands appeared enthat the ecchymosis, the swelling of the LOUIS remarks that these spots head, and the extravasated blood, were should have been particularly examined, in occasioned either by a fall, or by blowss order to have founded any charge on them. from an opposing body; and that thefemale It appeared further, that the body was had died either from the hemorrhage oc- examined at the end of the month of July. casioned by the wounds or from suffoca- Might there not have been some incipient tion. putrefaction present, and would not this On combining the result of this inspec- account for the swelling of the head, the tion with the fact that the defunct for- lividness of the thorax, and other similar merly had repeated quarrels with her son symptoms ? As to the wound in the eye, and daughter-in-law, it became the pre- the reporters themselves leave its effects vailing opinion that they had murdered her. uncertain, while the cause might have The superior court of Arras, before whom been accidental. the case was tried, condemned Montbailly On these grounds, Louis gave it as his and his wife to be broken on the wheel, opinion, that the report was inconclusive, and it was actually executed on him. The and that there were no proofs of assassiwife claimed a delay on account of her nation. The superior Court of Arras acpregnancy, which was granted. During cordingly in 1772 revoked their decision, this interval a revision of the trial was exonerated the memory of Montbailly, procured, and the celebrated Louis was and enjoined the physicians and surgeons consulted as to the point whether the thereafter to extend the examinations to facts stated proved that the woman was every part of the bodies of those found assassinated. The result of his investiga- dead; and also to state in their reports the tion was, that there was no certain proof scientific reasons for all opinions they of the commission of murder, and that might give. all the circumstances enumerated were stronger proofs of the individual having died from apoplexy than from any other cause. The following are some of his ON reasonings and remarks. Intemperance predisposes to sangui- PHTHISIS IN MONKEYS neous apoplexy, and the reporters have AND OTHER ANIMALS. neglected their duty in not opening the head of the deceased, since by doing so the condition of the internal parts would Dr. REYXAUD, one of the most aceii.-have explained the cause of the hemorof the French pathologists, lately read of ina in a state rhage. Again, person toxication, and predisposed to this com- a memoir before the Academy of Medicine. plaint, would, on falling against any sharp- Paris, on the tuberculous affection in mon. edged substance, naturally lose a con- keys, compared with the same affection in siderable quantity of blood, and also have the arteries and veins of the head much man. The following are the principal distended. He totally discards the idea facts established by this interesting piece that the hemorrhage from the wound of comparative pathology, to which we the eye was the ca,use of death. refer those who wish for more extensive
ecchymosed.
ing
in
face
I gorged.
rate
of
146 exact information on the subject. 4. In all these respects the tuberculous in the Archives de Mede- affection in children forms a sort of interlink between the disease in the cine, vol. 25, p. 149-171, and p.301- mediate human adult, and in this family inferior 326. to ourselves in the zoological scale. The following facts will serve at once to 1. Nearly all the quadrumana brought to Europe die tuberculous. This has been illustrate, confirm, and limit these general attributed to confinement and to change of climate; but till we know of what dis-Dr. Reynaud examined more than twenthat died at the Garden of eases they die in their wild state and in ty monkeys their native country, such opinions must Plants in Paris. All with one exception phthisical. They had tubercles in remain conjectural. the lungs, and likewise in several other 2. The tuberculous deposition is more Fifteen cases of which he took abundant, and at the same time is diffused organs. form the basis of his observations. notes, through a greater number of organs, than The species examined were various; but in man. neither this, nor sex, nor age, nor time of 3. The organs which the deposit affects residence in Europe, influenced the uniIn the monkey it is formity of the lesion, which was constantly are not the same. generally found in the kidneys, the spleen, and the liver;often in the heart, very rare- In the fifteen cases one was not tuberly in the mesenteric glands, or on the peri- culous ; fourteen had tubercles in the toneum-never in the small intestine. lungs; in three they were confined to the The reverse of this occurs in man. The lungs; in one they were extensively dewhile there were lung is the most frequent seat of the dis- veloped in these ease in both; but in the monkey the spleen a few tuberculous points in the mesenteric is affected to almost the same extent, and glands. In the ten remaining cases, tuthe tubercles soften with almost equal existed in several organs simultaor more
It is
published
i
principles.
died
tuberculous.
organs,
ra-bercles
neously.
pidity.
They were detected
Dr. Reynaud had rarely an opportunitydivisions. In man, ulcerations of these of examining the osseous or the nervous parts occur in the majority of cases. Louis systems. The liver was fat (gros) in no attributed them to the inflammation exinstance; in man, on the contrary, this cited by the matter expectorated. Now it lesion occurred in 40 out of 120 cases ob- is singular, that in the monkey the cough served by Louis.* Pericarditis was met is always dry, and unaccompanied by with in four of the cases ; it was deve- expectoration. loped subsequently to the tubercles, and The bronchial g7ands were always more appeared to be regulated by the same laws or less implicated in the tuberculous afas pleuritis in the phthisical. fection. In one case their enlargement The lungs were in several cases entirely had completely ohliteratecl the left and thus obstructed respiration or in part converted into tuberculous ter ; none of the tissues remained ; all had in the corresponding lung, which, as well as the side of thorax, was much conundergone the same transformation. cerations were discovered twice in the tracted. larynx; never in the trachea or its two The spleen in two cases contained a few crude tubercles. In the six remaining Phtlilsie Palinonaire, p. US, 118. it was completely stuffed with this
mat-II bronchus,
Ul-
cases
147
morbid product, enlarged, deformed, and ed;-whether
we regard sex, age, or speoften adherent to the peritoneum. The cies,-tubercles follow one constant order their development-that of organic blootl in the cells formed reddish clots, in the midst of which were tuberculous degradation. points. Tubercles in various stages of We will add but one remark,—tubercles development replaced the tissue organ ; this deposit was sometimes con. have been found, but that very rarely, in tained in caverns lined with a false mem- the fcetus and new-born children.* Tobrane. In one case the tubercles were! wards the 3rd year they develop rapidly, isolated and crude in the lungs; in the and are at their maximum. Is probably spleen, on the contrary, they were large, and softened in the centre, thus consti- there a certain order in the series of diseases through which the human form tuting a true splenic phthisis. Dr. Reynaud has made it highly pro- passes, bearing some analogy with the gra7., bable that these alterations take place in dual evolution of its organization ? Do its the blood contained in the cells, and do morbid and processes products, at various not commence in the tissue of the spleen of its existence, correspond with periods itself. The stethoscope and percussion enable those of permanent and lower organizaus to detect the changes which take place tions in the animal series ? Is there, for in the thorax of these animals, as the folinstance, a class of animals below which lowing short abstract of a case will show: no tubercles are formed or deposited, in. A Papion, aged about five years, in Euthis respect answering to their non-existrope eight months, coughed, and had dyspuoua. The left side of the chest was clear ence, or, at least, their comparatively very on percussion, the right was dull. The rare existence, in the human feetus ? Turespiration on the left side was vesicular, bercles have been observed in nearly all mixed with rale; on the right it was the orders of mammiferx, in man, in the cavernulous, silvery, and gurgling. There carnivora (lion, dog), roquadrumana, was cough, but no expectoration. The dentia of heart could be pachydermæ (horse, pig), the (rabbit), pulsations scarcely counted. ruminantia (cow, antelope, sheep), cetaInspection—On the left side there was cea. We had an opportunity of examina recent effusion of blood, and false memsome crude isolated tubercles of vabranes in the pleura. Some crude and ing rious sizes in the lungs of a porpoise dissoftened tubercles were found in the lung. sected The right lung contained a great number lately by Dr. Grant. The learned said they were generally found of tubercles isolated, and in irregular masses. One of the inferior lobes was the lungs of those animals. Tubercles converted into a large, purulent, tubercu- have also formed in the second class of’ lous mass. The bronchial glands were the parrot comenlarged and tuberculous. The spleen vertebratas. In birds, contained a great many tubercles in monly dies tuberculous.! Are tubercles various stages of softening, and caverns ever formed in reptiles, in the turtle, of various sizes. The liver contained a crocodile, snake, or frog, in fishes, or any few yellow crude tubercles. In the kidanimals? neys there were one or two. The epiploon I We have not space for a detailed ac· was covered with little semi-transparent granulations. The heart, pericardium, sto- count of all that pathologists have disin the comparative anatomy of mach, and intestines, were healthy. The mesenteric glands unaltered. disease ; but it may be fairly adAccording to Louis and Dr. Reynaud’s that so far as observation has calculations, the left lung is more fre- mitted, hitherto extended, tubercles are much quently tuberculous than the right, and to a greater degree; females are more su b- more frequently found in animals that ject to phthisis than males-children than live on vegetable than in those that live adults ; and in the division of animals on animal food. which approaches nearest to ourselves, tuberculization is at its maximum of fre* quency, extent, and diffusion. " Then," Papavoine: "My colleague, Guyot, examined new-bom childreu, without Stiding one titbersays Dr. R., " whether we consider man 409 culous. to the lung apparently most t See And,al’s Anatomie Pathologique, vol. 1, to tubercles, and belonging to Sur After tmu Ttiberetileuse." Meckp 430. Dupu) that side of the body which, compared el Der Antomie Peihulonisclien," art. Tuberkeln. with the other, seems inferiorly developCarswell’s drawings at the London University. ’
I in
of the -
professor in
cold-blooded covered this
relatively disposed
"
"
trunk, which had sharp edges. A phy- !
As to the
ecchymosis
or
livid spots
surgeon visited the body on the found on the thorax and arms of the denext day (thirty-two hours after her death ‘ ceased, and which the reporters attributed had been discovered), and reported that to blows or falls, M. Louis observes, that thev found ecchymosis and contusions on they are the ordinary appearances found on the arms, thorax, and particularly over those who die in a state of intoxication, the third, fourth, and fifth ribs. The neck and among others quotes the following sician and
and upper part of the breast were also case in confirmation from MORGAGNI. A The head was swelled, blood ! beggar went to bed drunk, and died sudThis was at the was extravasated under the skin of the denly during the night. face, and the nose was filled with clotted ’ end of January 1746. On the next evenhe was carried to the Anatomical Hall blood. On the eyelid there was a wound of nine or ten lines in extent, which pePadua, and on the third day after his netrated to the orbit, and which might death he was dissected. Morgagni found have been caused by a sharp instrument, the body still warm. The scrotum was but could not in their opinion have caused ecchymosed, and of a red colour, and the sudden death. On opening the trunk of was filled with blood, which was efthe body, all the internal parts were fused, not only under the skin, but among found in a natural state. all the muscles; the membrane that sepaThe reporters gave it as their opinion rated them and the glands appeared enthat the ecchymosis, the swelling of the LOUIS remarks that these spots head, and the extravasated blood, were should have been particularly examined, in occasioned either by a fall, or by blowss order to have founded any charge on them. from an opposing body; and that thefemale It appeared further, that the body was had died either from the hemorrhage oc- examined at the end of the month of July. casioned by the wounds or from suffoca- Might there not have been some incipient tion. putrefaction present, and would not this On combining the result of this inspec- account for the swelling of the head, the tion with the fact that the defunct for- lividness of the thorax, and other similar merly had repeated quarrels with her son symptoms ? As to the wound in the eye, and daughter-in-law, it became the pre- the reporters themselves leave its effects vailing opinion that they had murdered her. uncertain, while the cause might have The superior court of Arras, before whom been accidental. the case was tried, condemned Montbailly On these grounds, Louis gave it as his and his wife to be broken on the wheel, opinion, that the report was inconclusive, and it was actually executed on him. The and that there were no proofs of assassiwife claimed a delay on account of her nation. The superior Court of Arras acpregnancy, which was granted. During cordingly in 1772 revoked their decision, this interval a revision of the trial was exonerated the memory of Montbailly, procured, and the celebrated Louis was and enjoined the physicians and surgeons consulted as to the point whether the thereafter to extend the examinations to facts stated proved that the woman was every part of the bodies of those found assassinated. The result of his investiga- dead; and also to state in their reports the tion was, that there was no certain proof scientific reasons for all opinions they of the commission of murder, and that might give. all the circumstances enumerated were stronger proofs of the individual having died from apoplexy than from any other cause. The following are some of his ON reasonings and remarks. Intemperance predisposes to sangui- PHTHISIS IN MONKEYS neous apoplexy, and the reporters have AND OTHER ANIMALS. neglected their duty in not opening the head of the deceased, since by doing so the condition of the internal parts would Dr. REYXAUD, one of the most aceii.-have explained the cause of the hemorof the French pathologists, lately read of ina in a state rhage. Again, person toxication, and predisposed to this com- a memoir before the Academy of Medicine. plaint, would, on falling against any sharp- Paris, on the tuberculous affection in mon. edged substance, naturally lose a con- keys, compared with the same affection in siderable quantity of blood, and also have the arteries and veins of the head much man. The following are the principal distended. He totally discards the idea facts established by this interesting piece that the hemorrhage from the wound of comparative pathology, to which we the eye was the ca,use of death. refer those who wish for more extensive
ecchymosed.
ing
in
face
I gorged.
rate
of
146 exact information on the subject. 4. In all these respects the tuberculous in the Archives de Mede- affection in children forms a sort of interlink between the disease in the cine, vol. 25, p. 149-171, and p.301- mediate human adult, and in this family inferior 326. to ourselves in the zoological scale. The following facts will serve at once to 1. Nearly all the quadrumana brought to Europe die tuberculous. This has been illustrate, confirm, and limit these general attributed to confinement and to change of climate; but till we know of what dis-Dr. Reynaud examined more than twenthat died at the Garden of eases they die in their wild state and in ty monkeys their native country, such opinions must Plants in Paris. All with one exception phthisical. They had tubercles in remain conjectural. the lungs, and likewise in several other 2. The tuberculous deposition is more Fifteen cases of which he took abundant, and at the same time is diffused organs. form the basis of his observations. notes, through a greater number of organs, than The species examined were various; but in man. neither this, nor sex, nor age, nor time of 3. The organs which the deposit affects residence in Europe, influenced the uniIn the monkey it is formity of the lesion, which was constantly are not the same. generally found in the kidneys, the spleen, and the liver;often in the heart, very rare- In the fifteen cases one was not tuberly in the mesenteric glands, or on the peri- culous ; fourteen had tubercles in the toneum-never in the small intestine. lungs; in three they were confined to the The reverse of this occurs in man. The lungs; in one they were extensively dewhile there were lung is the most frequent seat of the dis- veloped in these ease in both; but in the monkey the spleen a few tuberculous points in the mesenteric is affected to almost the same extent, and glands. In the ten remaining cases, tuthe tubercles soften with almost equal existed in several organs simultaor more
It is
published
i
principles.
died
tuberculous.
organs,
ra-bercles
neously.
pidity.
They were detected
Dr. Reynaud had rarely an opportunitydivisions. In man, ulcerations of these of examining the osseous or the nervous parts occur in the majority of cases. Louis systems. The liver was fat (gros) in no attributed them to the inflammation exinstance; in man, on the contrary, this cited by the matter expectorated. Now it lesion occurred in 40 out of 120 cases ob- is singular, that in the monkey the cough served by Louis.* Pericarditis was met is always dry, and unaccompanied by with in four of the cases ; it was deve- expectoration. loped subsequently to the tubercles, and The bronchial g7ands were always more appeared to be regulated by the same laws or less implicated in the tuberculous afas pleuritis in the phthisical. fection. In one case their enlargement The lungs were in several cases entirely had completely ohliteratecl the left and thus obstructed respiration or in part converted into tuberculous ter ; none of the tissues remained ; all had in the corresponding lung, which, as well as the side of thorax, was much conundergone the same transformation. cerations were discovered twice in the tracted. larynx; never in the trachea or its two The spleen in two cases contained a few crude tubercles. In the six remaining Phtlilsie Palinonaire, p. US, 118. it was completely stuffed with this
mat-II bronchus,
Ul-
cases
147
morbid product, enlarged, deformed, and ed;-whether
we regard sex, age, or speoften adherent to the peritoneum. The cies,-tubercles follow one constant order their development-that of organic blootl in the cells formed reddish clots, in the midst of which were tuberculous degradation. points. Tubercles in various stages of We will add but one remark,—tubercles development replaced the tissue organ ; this deposit was sometimes con. have been found, but that very rarely, in tained in caverns lined with a false mem- the fcetus and new-born children.* Tobrane. In one case the tubercles were! wards the 3rd year they develop rapidly, isolated and crude in the lungs; in the and are at their maximum. Is probably spleen, on the contrary, they were large, and softened in the centre, thus consti- there a certain order in the series of diseases through which the human form tuting a true splenic phthisis. Dr. Reynaud has made it highly pro- passes, bearing some analogy with the gra7., bable that these alterations take place in dual evolution of its organization ? Do its the blood contained in the cells, and do morbid and processes products, at various not commence in the tissue of the spleen of its existence, correspond with periods itself. The stethoscope and percussion enable those of permanent and lower organizaus to detect the changes which take place tions in the animal series ? Is there, for in the thorax of these animals, as the folinstance, a class of animals below which lowing short abstract of a case will show: no tubercles are formed or deposited, in. A Papion, aged about five years, in Euthis respect answering to their non-existrope eight months, coughed, and had dyspuoua. The left side of the chest was clear ence, or, at least, their comparatively very on percussion, the right was dull. The rare existence, in the human feetus ? Turespiration on the left side was vesicular, bercles have been observed in nearly all mixed with rale; on the right it was the orders of mammiferx, in man, in the cavernulous, silvery, and gurgling. There carnivora (lion, dog), roquadrumana, was cough, but no expectoration. The dentia of heart could be pachydermæ (horse, pig), the (rabbit), pulsations scarcely counted. ruminantia (cow, antelope, sheep), cetaInspection—On the left side there was cea. We had an opportunity of examina recent effusion of blood, and false memsome crude isolated tubercles of vabranes in the pleura. Some crude and ing rious sizes in the lungs of a porpoise dissoftened tubercles were found in the lung. sected The right lung contained a great number lately by Dr. Grant. The learned said they were generally found of tubercles isolated, and in irregular masses. One of the inferior lobes was the lungs of those animals. Tubercles converted into a large, purulent, tubercu- have also formed in the second class of’ lous mass. The bronchial glands were the parrot comenlarged and tuberculous. The spleen vertebratas. In birds, contained a great many tubercles in monly dies tuberculous.! Are tubercles various stages of softening, and caverns ever formed in reptiles, in the turtle, of various sizes. The liver contained a crocodile, snake, or frog, in fishes, or any few yellow crude tubercles. In the kidanimals? neys there were one or two. The epiploon I We have not space for a detailed ac· was covered with little semi-transparent granulations. The heart, pericardium, sto- count of all that pathologists have disin the comparative anatomy of mach, and intestines, were healthy. The mesenteric glands unaltered. disease ; but it may be fairly adAccording to Louis and Dr. Reynaud’s that so far as observation has calculations, the left lung is more fre- mitted, hitherto extended, tubercles are much quently tuberculous than the right, and to a greater degree; females are more su b- more frequently found in animals that ject to phthisis than males-children than live on vegetable than in those that live adults ; and in the division of animals on animal food. which approaches nearest to ourselves, tuberculization is at its maximum of fre* quency, extent, and diffusion. " Then," Papavoine: "My colleague, Guyot, examined new-bom childreu, without Stiding one titbersays Dr. R., " whether we consider man 409 culous. to the lung apparently most t See And,al’s Anatomie Pathologique, vol. 1, to tubercles, and belonging to Sur After tmu Ttiberetileuse." Meckp 430. Dupu) that side of the body which, compared el Der Antomie Peihulonisclien," art. Tuberkeln. with the other, seems inferiorly developCarswell’s drawings at the London University. ’
I in
of the -
professor in
cold-blooded covered this
relatively disposed
"
"