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On sea level, temperature and salinity variations in the Central Tropical Pacific and on Pacific Ocean Islands
684
Oceanographic Abstracts
3. A poor summer vegetation, mainly consisting of small diatoms, provalled in coastal waters. The major part of the Atlantic area supported a rich spring vegetation, where a number of diatom species of medium or large cell size were predominant. At the western Atlantic localities, however, the phytoplankton was quite sparse. The communities in Arctic waters varied in composition, but typical cold-water species were lacking. 4. The size of standing stocks was expressed in terms of cell surface at¢~. A comparison with primary production data (Berge, 1961) demonstrated that the rich Atlantic vegetation was responsible for high production rates, while the less abundant phytoplankton in other areas generally correlated with lower production values. The reasons for some minor disagreements were discussed. 5. The transition to summer conditions in coastal waters probably took place towards the end of April. In Atlantic waters, the vernal blooming started at the beginning of May, and lasted during the entire month. The spring increase in Arctic waters had not yet started at the time of sampling. 6. The investigation brought further evidence that there are considerable yearly variations in the qualitative as well as in the quantitative aspects of the spring development in all parts of the Norwegian Sea. PARK K., W. T. WILLIAMS,J. M. PRESCOTTand D. W. HOOD, 1962. Amino acids in deep-sea water. Science, 138 (3539): 531-532. Approximately seventeen different amino acids in acid hydrolyzates of dissolved organic material in sea water to depths of 3500 m from the central Gulf of Mexico have been identified by ion-exchange resin chromatography. They arc glutamic acid, lysine, gylcine, aspartic acid, serine, alanine, leucine, valine plus cystine, isoleucine, ornithin¢, methionine sulfoxide, threonine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, histidine, arginine, prolin¢, and methionine. The results indicate that the dissolved organic material in deep-sea water may make an important contribution to the organic budget of the sea. P~gt~s J. M., 1962. Sur une collection d'Ascidies de la c6te Israelienne de la mer Rouge et de la peninsule de Siani. Contributions to the knowledge of the Red Sea No. 24. Sea Fish. ICes. Sta., Haifa, Israel, Bull., No. 30: 39-47. This is the first report on Ascidians from the Red Sea coast of Israel. Nineteen species are listed. Among these, one is new (Tridiaeranum symbiticurn), another one was unknown in the Red Sea
(Ecteinascidia conklini).
This list is certainly very incomplete. Most interesting is the list of six species from the mangrove of Abu Zahad. POULTISRT. C., 1963. Sonar signals of the sea lion. Science, 139 (3556): 753-757. Tape recordings were made of the underwater noises of captive sea lions swimming in a concrete pool at night. When approaching pieces offish that were thrown into the water, the sea lions emitted trains of sound signals like those of the bat and the porpoise. A detailed analysis of these noises shows that they meet the criteria of a pulse-modulated sonar system and, in fact, reveal an amazing sophistication so far as echo-ranging is concerned. 1L~,MS^YEg K., 1963. Integrated navigation. J. Inst. Navig., 16 (1): 74-83. Each navigational aid has its advantages and disadvantages and for that reason the optimum aid will be a combination of several aids. The best way of combining the aids seems to be by means of an automatic dead reckoning computer which continuously computes position from true air-speed and wind-speed and other data which can be fed into the existing navigational aids by means of a data transformer. Data from the integrated system can be transmitted by data link to air traffic control to correct the flight programme, etc. This paper, which was presented at Dusseldorf at the German Navigation Society's meeting (5-7 June 1962), surveys tbe field of integrated navigation systems and describes a number of possibilities. Formulae are derived for the accuracy of Vortac and D.R. and Vortac and doppler. ROmNsoN A. R., 1962. The instability of a thermal ocean circulation. J. Mar. Res., 20 (3): 189-200. A thermally driven meridional vortex in a diffusive ocean of finite depth is shown to be unstable. The dispersion relation at marginal stability is obtained approximately. RoDEN G. L, 1963. On sea level, temperature and salinity variations in the Central Tropical Pacific and on Pacific Ocean Islands. J. Geophys. Res., 68 (2): 455-472. Spectrums of oceanographic and meteorological variables are investigated for the frequency range between 0 and 6 c/yr. It is found that the root mean square amplitudes of the annual and non-periodic oscillations are of the same order of magnitude. Sea level changes at neighbouring islands are coherent and in phase. Changes at distant islands are coherent only at low frequencies, and their phase depends upon whether the islands are affected by the same wind regime. There is a strong and direct relation between changes of sea level and of sea temperature at low fr~uencies, but there is no relation between changes of sea level and of atmospheric pressure. Air temperature and sea temperature oscillations are directly related to each other, except where rainfall affects the former, in which case ther~ is no relation. In the intratropical convergence zone a significant and inverse relation exists between air
Oceanographic Abstracts
685
temperature and rainfall. Salinity and rainfall fluctuations are related inversely to each other, but the coherence varies considerably from island to island. Sea temperature and wind speed oscillations are related inversely to each other in the N E trade wind region. The statistical results from the island station analysis are in fair agreement with those obtained from large-scale hydrographic surveys. ROMAgOVSKY B. and T. EDELSTEnq, 1961. Preliminary survey o f the microflora and microfaune occurring on experimental anti=fouling panels in the Kishon Harbour. Prec. Gen. Fish. Coun., Med., Prec. and Techn. Pap., 6 (Tech. Pap. 42): 285-287. A survey of the main groups of microscopic animals and plants occurring on experimental panels in the Kishon region was carried out. The neritic and sessile character of some of these organisms is considered. Rosr, x ~ R. TH. and D. DE LANGEN,1963. A compleximetric method for the determination of dissolved oxygen in water. Analyt. Chim. Acta, 28: 78-81. A new method is proposed for the determination of dissolved oxygen in water. The iron (III) formed from FeS at pH 7-5 is titrated with EDTA solution in the presence of a salicylic acid indicator after adjustment of the pH to about 2"4. The method is slightly less precise than the Winkler method for pure waters but more accurate for polluted waters; it is simple and convenient for field use. ROTSCHI H., 1962. Sur l'emploi du salinom~tre Australien du C.S.LR.O. (1958). Oc~anogr. Phys. Annie G~ophys. Int., Part. Franeais, Centre Nat. Recherche Sci., Set. 10, (1): 69-76. The comparative experiments show that, provided certain precautions axe taken, which are easily accessible to a modestly equipped laboratory, one can place the accuracy of the procedure of the C.S.I.R.O. (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) for measurement of salinity by electrical measurements between that of the Knudsen method and that proposed by Strickland. The latter, based on chemical analysis, has a high degree of precision. SAKAMOTO I., 1962. On the action mechanism of the osmotic balance regulated by the T-C1 character in water masses upon the movements of the pelagic fish school. J. Oceanogr. See., Jap., 20th Ann. Vol. : 650-662. The mechanism by which the T-C1 character may regulate the movement of fish schools is considered: 1. The T-CI characteristic may simply indicate the peculiar factors for each water mass. 2. An accumulative effect as pointed out by V. S. Black (1951), that water temperature and salinity alter the sensitivity of fish sense organs through their influence on the hormone balance. 3. The water temperature and salinity form an independent, new physiocbemical environmental factor that exerts a physiological mechanism in the life of fish. In this paper, osmotic pressure was noted as an example of the third mechanism. Assumptions were made that schools of teleosts adapted to the optimum environment take the osmotic difference between the body fluid and sea water, as the optimum osmotic balance, and that they, thereafter, migrate so as to keep this balance constant. From this assumption, an environmental theory taking the osmotic balance as an independent factor was developed. Based on this principle, it was concluded that the conditions for alteration of the concentration o f body fluids effected by the T-C1 alteration is negligible. Schools of pelagic fish would respond to a fluctuation =]= 0"1%o of environmental chlorinity or to a water temperature change ~= 2 ,~ 3°C as the principal norm in the selection of a new environment. Accordingly, the optimum water temperature for a pelagic fish school is determined by the range of selection of the osmotic balance and the T-C! character of the water mass to which fish are adapted. Moreover, even the same fish school will have a different value and range of optimum water temperature according to the T-C1 character of the water mass selected. The traditional concept o f t b e favourable water temperature can be used in showing the range of its natural ' schooling' temperature. Applying this theory to environmental conditions for the yellow-tail, Seriola quinqueradiata, TEMMINCK and SCSLEGEL, it was shown that the results of oceanographic observations would be very useful. SANDERS J. E., 1962. A new internal curved-gate core retainer. J. Mar. Res., 20 (3): 217-222. The new type of core retainer described here uses two internal curved gates cut from cylindrical sections. The radius of curvature of the gates is identical to the inside diameter of the sampling tube. Small levers connect from gates to an external sliding sleeve that moves up and down on the outside of the cutting head attachment. The external sleeve remains in its up-position during penetration and the internal curve gates are held open. Because these gates are counter-sunk, they do not in any way obstruct the entry of sediment into the tube. During extraction, the external sleeve is forced into its down-position; it thereby closes the two internal curved gates, which assume the form of a vaulted arch and seal the end of the tube. SANKARAt,rKtrrrY C., 1961. On a new genus of Porcellanidae (Crustacea-Anomura). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. Ind., 3 (1 and 2): 92-95. A new genus Pseudoporcellanella (Family Porcellanidae) was created to accommodate a new species P. raanoliensis. The description of the new genus and species is given and its affinities discussed.
Oceanographic Abstracts
3. A poor summer vegetation, mainly consisting of small diatoms, provalled in coastal waters. The major part of the Atlantic area supported a rich spring vegetation, where a number of diatom species of medium or large cell size were predominant. At the western Atlantic localities, however, the phytoplankton was quite sparse. The communities in Arctic waters varied in composition, but typical cold-water species were lacking. 4. The size of standing stocks was expressed in terms of cell surface at¢~. A comparison with primary production data (Berge, 1961) demonstrated that the rich Atlantic vegetation was responsible for high production rates, while the less abundant phytoplankton in other areas generally correlated with lower production values. The reasons for some minor disagreements were discussed. 5. The transition to summer conditions in coastal waters probably took place towards the end of April. In Atlantic waters, the vernal blooming started at the beginning of May, and lasted during the entire month. The spring increase in Arctic waters had not yet started at the time of sampling. 6. The investigation brought further evidence that there are considerable yearly variations in the qualitative as well as in the quantitative aspects of the spring development in all parts of the Norwegian Sea. PARK K., W. T. WILLIAMS,J. M. PRESCOTTand D. W. HOOD, 1962. Amino acids in deep-sea water. Science, 138 (3539): 531-532. Approximately seventeen different amino acids in acid hydrolyzates of dissolved organic material in sea water to depths of 3500 m from the central Gulf of Mexico have been identified by ion-exchange resin chromatography. They arc glutamic acid, lysine, gylcine, aspartic acid, serine, alanine, leucine, valine plus cystine, isoleucine, ornithin¢, methionine sulfoxide, threonine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, histidine, arginine, prolin¢, and methionine. The results indicate that the dissolved organic material in deep-sea water may make an important contribution to the organic budget of the sea. P~gt~s J. M., 1962. Sur une collection d'Ascidies de la c6te Israelienne de la mer Rouge et de la peninsule de Siani. Contributions to the knowledge of the Red Sea No. 24. Sea Fish. ICes. Sta., Haifa, Israel, Bull., No. 30: 39-47. This is the first report on Ascidians from the Red Sea coast of Israel. Nineteen species are listed. Among these, one is new (Tridiaeranum symbiticurn), another one was unknown in the Red Sea
(Ecteinascidia conklini).
This list is certainly very incomplete. Most interesting is the list of six species from the mangrove of Abu Zahad. POULTISRT. C., 1963. Sonar signals of the sea lion. Science, 139 (3556): 753-757. Tape recordings were made of the underwater noises of captive sea lions swimming in a concrete pool at night. When approaching pieces offish that were thrown into the water, the sea lions emitted trains of sound signals like those of the bat and the porpoise. A detailed analysis of these noises shows that they meet the criteria of a pulse-modulated sonar system and, in fact, reveal an amazing sophistication so far as echo-ranging is concerned. 1L~,MS^YEg K., 1963. Integrated navigation. J. Inst. Navig., 16 (1): 74-83. Each navigational aid has its advantages and disadvantages and for that reason the optimum aid will be a combination of several aids. The best way of combining the aids seems to be by means of an automatic dead reckoning computer which continuously computes position from true air-speed and wind-speed and other data which can be fed into the existing navigational aids by means of a data transformer. Data from the integrated system can be transmitted by data link to air traffic control to correct the flight programme, etc. This paper, which was presented at Dusseldorf at the German Navigation Society's meeting (5-7 June 1962), surveys tbe field of integrated navigation systems and describes a number of possibilities. Formulae are derived for the accuracy of Vortac and D.R. and Vortac and doppler. ROmNsoN A. R., 1962. The instability of a thermal ocean circulation. J. Mar. Res., 20 (3): 189-200. A thermally driven meridional vortex in a diffusive ocean of finite depth is shown to be unstable. The dispersion relation at marginal stability is obtained approximately. RoDEN G. L, 1963. On sea level, temperature and salinity variations in the Central Tropical Pacific and on Pacific Ocean Islands. J. Geophys. Res., 68 (2): 455-472. Spectrums of oceanographic and meteorological variables are investigated for the frequency range between 0 and 6 c/yr. It is found that the root mean square amplitudes of the annual and non-periodic oscillations are of the same order of magnitude. Sea level changes at neighbouring islands are coherent and in phase. Changes at distant islands are coherent only at low frequencies, and their phase depends upon whether the islands are affected by the same wind regime. There is a strong and direct relation between changes of sea level and of sea temperature at low fr~uencies, but there is no relation between changes of sea level and of atmospheric pressure. Air temperature and sea temperature oscillations are directly related to each other, except where rainfall affects the former, in which case ther~ is no relation. In the intratropical convergence zone a significant and inverse relation exists between air
Oceanographic Abstracts
685
temperature and rainfall. Salinity and rainfall fluctuations are related inversely to each other, but the coherence varies considerably from island to island. Sea temperature and wind speed oscillations are related inversely to each other in the N E trade wind region. The statistical results from the island station analysis are in fair agreement with those obtained from large-scale hydrographic surveys. ROMAgOVSKY B. and T. EDELSTEnq, 1961. Preliminary survey o f the microflora and microfaune occurring on experimental anti=fouling panels in the Kishon Harbour. Prec. Gen. Fish. Coun., Med., Prec. and Techn. Pap., 6 (Tech. Pap. 42): 285-287. A survey of the main groups of microscopic animals and plants occurring on experimental panels in the Kishon region was carried out. The neritic and sessile character of some of these organisms is considered. Rosr, x ~ R. TH. and D. DE LANGEN,1963. A compleximetric method for the determination of dissolved oxygen in water. Analyt. Chim. Acta, 28: 78-81. A new method is proposed for the determination of dissolved oxygen in water. The iron (III) formed from FeS at pH 7-5 is titrated with EDTA solution in the presence of a salicylic acid indicator after adjustment of the pH to about 2"4. The method is slightly less precise than the Winkler method for pure waters but more accurate for polluted waters; it is simple and convenient for field use. ROTSCHI H., 1962. Sur l'emploi du salinom~tre Australien du C.S.LR.O. (1958). Oc~anogr. Phys. Annie G~ophys. Int., Part. Franeais, Centre Nat. Recherche Sci., Set. 10, (1): 69-76. The comparative experiments show that, provided certain precautions axe taken, which are easily accessible to a modestly equipped laboratory, one can place the accuracy of the procedure of the C.S.I.R.O. (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) for measurement of salinity by electrical measurements between that of the Knudsen method and that proposed by Strickland. The latter, based on chemical analysis, has a high degree of precision. SAKAMOTO I., 1962. On the action mechanism of the osmotic balance regulated by the T-C1 character in water masses upon the movements of the pelagic fish school. J. Oceanogr. See., Jap., 20th Ann. Vol. : 650-662. The mechanism by which the T-C1 character may regulate the movement of fish schools is considered: 1. The T-CI characteristic may simply indicate the peculiar factors for each water mass. 2. An accumulative effect as pointed out by V. S. Black (1951), that water temperature and salinity alter the sensitivity of fish sense organs through their influence on the hormone balance. 3. The water temperature and salinity form an independent, new physiocbemical environmental factor that exerts a physiological mechanism in the life of fish. In this paper, osmotic pressure was noted as an example of the third mechanism. Assumptions were made that schools of teleosts adapted to the optimum environment take the osmotic difference between the body fluid and sea water, as the optimum osmotic balance, and that they, thereafter, migrate so as to keep this balance constant. From this assumption, an environmental theory taking the osmotic balance as an independent factor was developed. Based on this principle, it was concluded that the conditions for alteration of the concentration o f body fluids effected by the T-C1 alteration is negligible. Schools of pelagic fish would respond to a fluctuation =]= 0"1%o of environmental chlorinity or to a water temperature change ~= 2 ,~ 3°C as the principal norm in the selection of a new environment. Accordingly, the optimum water temperature for a pelagic fish school is determined by the range of selection of the osmotic balance and the T-C! character of the water mass to which fish are adapted. Moreover, even the same fish school will have a different value and range of optimum water temperature according to the T-C1 character of the water mass selected. The traditional concept o f t b e favourable water temperature can be used in showing the range of its natural ' schooling' temperature. Applying this theory to environmental conditions for the yellow-tail, Seriola quinqueradiata, TEMMINCK and SCSLEGEL, it was shown that the results of oceanographic observations would be very useful. SANDERS J. E., 1962. A new internal curved-gate core retainer. J. Mar. Res., 20 (3): 217-222. The new type of core retainer described here uses two internal curved gates cut from cylindrical sections. The radius of curvature of the gates is identical to the inside diameter of the sampling tube. Small levers connect from gates to an external sliding sleeve that moves up and down on the outside of the cutting head attachment. The external sleeve remains in its up-position during penetration and the internal curve gates are held open. Because these gates are counter-sunk, they do not in any way obstruct the entry of sediment into the tube. During extraction, the external sleeve is forced into its down-position; it thereby closes the two internal curved gates, which assume the form of a vaulted arch and seal the end of the tube. SANKARAt,rKtrrrY C., 1961. On a new genus of Porcellanidae (Crustacea-Anomura). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. Ind., 3 (1 and 2): 92-95. A new genus Pseudoporcellanella (Family Porcellanidae) was created to accommodate a new species P. raanoliensis. The description of the new genus and species is given and its affinities discussed.