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On some Silvestri species of Machilidae (Microcoryphia, Insecta) which types are in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
Pedobiologia 44, 268–284 (2000) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/pedo
PROCEEDINGS OF VTH INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON APTERYGOTA, CORDOBA 1998
On some Silvestri species of Machilidae (Microcoryphia, Insecta) which types are in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris Luis F. Mendes1, Miguel Gaju-Ricart2, Carmen Bach de Roca3 and Rafael Molero-Baltanás2 1 Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, R. da Junqueira 14, P-1 349-007 Lisboa, Portugal 2 Departamento de Biologia Animal (Zoologia), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Espan ˜ a, Spain 3 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Espan ˜ a, Spain
Accepted: 30. December 1999
Summary Types of some of the Silvestri’s species of Machilidae (Microcoryphia) described in 1906 and in 1907, deposited in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, in Paris, are studied in detail; notes are added to the original descriptions or the species are redescribed. Machilis bouvieri, from Tonkin, only known by the female, is considered to fit in Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis); Machilis perrieri from Congo, previously considered as probably belonging to Janetschekilis, is confirmed in this Afrotropical genus; Praemachilis confucius is redescribed as the easternmost known species of Silvestrichilis; and Praemachilis longistylis, from China like the preceding taxon, is also redescribed as one more species of the eastern Palaearctic Allopsontus (Kaplinilis); the female remains unknown in this last species and, so, its subgeneric position is discussed on the base of the male only. Key words: Silvestri’s types, Paris Museum, new combinations, redescriptions
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Corresponding author
0031–4056/00/44/03–04–268 $ 12.00/0
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Introduction Most of the species of Microcoryphia described by F. Silvestri are nowadays well recognizable, either directly by their original descriptions or by more recent notes and/or redescriptions. Their generic position is, otherwise, almost always understood. This is not the case, however, of a few species originally described (Silvestri 1906, 1907) under Machilis and under Praemachilis, which types are deposited in the collection of the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, in Paris, France, and which generic status has remained obscure till now: Machilis bouvieri Silvestri, 1906, Machilis perrieri Silvestri, 1907, Praemachilis confucius Silvestri, 1906 and Praemachilis longistylus Silvestri, 1906. The alcohol preserved specimens, in medium condition, have been dissected and mounted in Tendeiro liquid, to enable their detailed study. Each species is redescribed or notes are added to the original description.
Taxonomic study Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis) bouvieri (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. [= Machilis Bouvieri Silvestri, 1906 – Redia, 3: 328] Material examined: 1 female holotype with three labels handmade by Silvestri himself. Label l – Museum Paris, Tonkin, Lichtenfelder, 100–97, Machilis Bouvieri Silv., Type female – “Redia” vol. III fasc. 2o – 1905- p.328; Label 2 – Tonkin, Lichtenfelder 100–97; Label 3 – Machilis Bouvieri Silv., Female Typus ! Mounted in Tendeiro liquid in one slide, the maxillary and labial palps, P I and abdominal coxosternites VIX; remaining part in alcohol. Redescription: Body length: 11.0 mm. Scale pattern unknown; pigment absent or disappeared due to long permanence in alcohol. Head without special characteristics, with numerous short setae along the clypeus and labrum. Compound eyes almost black (alcohol), clearly wider than long (l/w = 0.76–0.81) and with a short contact line (cl/l = 0.40–0.43). Paired ocelli sole-shaped, big, light coloured, said to be (Silvestri 1906) probably greyish (“... Ocelli lati, argentei ?...”). Antennae damaged, the scapus about twice longer than wide, the flagellum almost completely lacking (preserved part, shorter than the scapus and scaleless). Maxillary palp (Figs. 1–3) robust, with a group of 7–8 very strong setae in the ventral apical area of article IV. Hyaline dorsal strong spines in the apex of article V and along VI and VII, as follows: V: 4; VI: 14; VII: 13; apical spine short and quite robust, shorter than the preceding pair. Distal article conical, elongated, the ratio n/n-1 = 0.55. Labial palp as in Fig. 4, delicate, covered with short setae, its apical article claviform elongated, with dense setae. Conules (Fig. 5) thin and erect, as long as the neighbouring setae. P I (the only one present) typical, devoid of ventral spines though with some quite strong and long ventral setae, the tibia long as 0.9 mm. Coxites II-V with 2+2 eversible vesicles. Abdominal sternites acute-angled, the angle of 80–85°; coxites (with the exception of the IX) devoid of setae or spines; stylets typical, those of the VIIIth and IXth coxites with abundant strong setae, denser in the apical area. IXth coxite with an apical tuft of about 7 spines (Figs. 6–7). Ratio sty-
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Figs. 1–7. Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis) bouvieri (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Holotype female: 1. Maxillary palp; 2. Ibid., distal ventral spines of article IV; 3. Ibid., apical spines of article VII; 4. Labial palp (the area with sensorial conules delimited); 5. Ibid., sensorial conule; 6. IXth coxite apical spines; 7. Coxite and stylet IX and ovipositor. Scales: 0.1 mm
let (without apical spine) / coxite (A) and apical spine / stylet (without apical spine) (B) as follows: A – V: 0.49; VIII: 0.80; IX: 0.62; B – V: 0.50; VIII: 0.37; IX: ? Ovipositor of the primary type (= tertiary type after Sturm & Bach 1995), extending beyond the IXth stylets by about 1.5 times the stylets length (Fig. 7). Gonapophysis VIII (Figs. 8–10) with 63–64 divisions, all of them (with the exception of the 2 basal ones) with setae; medio-distal and distal units (Figs. 8–9) longer than wide, the more proximal ones wider than long (Fig. 10). Some of the outer setae very long and stout, those of divisions 12–15, 2–2.5 times longer than the article, those of the medio-proximal ones, similar but stronger. Gonapophysis IX much more delicate, with
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Figs. 8–13. Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis) bouvieri (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Holotype female: 8. VIIIth gonapophyses distal units; 9. Ibid., divisions 12 and 13; 10. Ibid., divisions 30 and 31; 11. IXth gonapophyses, distal units; 12. Ibid., divisions 11-13; 13. Ibid., units 24 and 25. Scale: 0.1 mm 62–64 divisions (Figs. 11–13), the 20-–22 proximal ones glabrous, the remaining with short and delicate setae. Discussion: The species was described upon one only female and no more material is available. After dissection, it shows to fit well within Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis) (Paclt 1972; Mendes 1990), with the solely exception of the legs spines, that are lacking in this Vietnam (or south-eastern Chinese ?) species; further, the piliform scales of the terminal filaments, quite evident in several species in this subgenus, are impossible to trace. Among the described Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis), the Tonkin species seems to ap-
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proach P. coreanus, from Southern Korea (Silvestri 1943), P. okajimae, from Japan (Silvestri 1943; Machida 1985), P. savioi, from central Eastern China (Silvestri 1936), P. ussuriensis, from the Primorskii Territory, eastern Russia (Kaplin 1980) and P. silvestrii, from Northern Korea (Mendes 1991 (1993)), all of them – opposite to the remaining species – sharing elongated ovipositor. P. savioi, of the “long-eyed type”, shows, further, a much more delicate labial palp, spines in the legs, and longer IXth coxites. P. coreanus, with a much shorter ovipositor, presents, besides, distinct compound eyes, spines on the legs and proportionally longer IXth stylet. P. ussuriensis shows distinct compound eyes (ratio l/w similar to 1.0), spines on the legs, different labial palps and a shorter ovipositor, with a lower number of divisions, among minor differences. P. silvestrii, with spines in the legs also, shows less widened compound eyes, distinct maxillary palp (quite different dorso-apical spines), thinner labial palp and wider urosternites. P. okajimae, eventually the species sharing with the Silvestri’s taxon an higher number of morphological features, presents a shorter ovipositor, distinct paired ocelli, thinner labial palp and more acute urosternites, and is devoid, like all the previously reported taxa, of the strong spinous setae noticed to occur in the ventral distal area of article IV of the maxillary palp in P. bouvieri. P. meridionalis from the Vietnam (Mendes 1981), eventually the closer species under the geographical point of view, presents a much shorter ovipositor (only a little longer than the level of the IXth stylets), a lower number of divisions in the gonapophyses, quite distinct stylets/coxite ratios and a very different distribution of the spines along the IXth coxite, among other differences. Allopsontus (? Kaplinilis) longistylis (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. [= Praemachilis longistylis Silvestri, 1906, Redia, 3: 331] Material examined: 1 male holotype with three labels handmade by Silvestri himself. Label 1 – Muséum Paris, Pekin, A. David, 7041–92, Praemachilis longistylis Silv., Type male – “Redia” vol. III, fasc. 2o, 1905, p.331. Label 2 – Praemachilis longistylis Silv., male Typus. Label 3 – Pekin, A. David, 7041–92. Mounted in Tendeiro liquid in one slide, the preserved part of maxillary palp, the labial palp, both P I, one P II, one P III and abdominal coxosternites V, VIII and IX; remaining part in alcohol. Redescription: Body length: 15.0 mm. Scale pattern unknown, the pigment ? lacking ? (more than 1 century in alcohol). Head as in Fig. 14; clypeus with abundant stiff light brown setae and with 1+1 infra-lateral tufts of straight, dark brown thin spines. Labrum with very strong setae and with a few spines (similar to those of the clypeal tufts but more delicate and less numerous) in the lateral proximal areas. Compound eyes uniformly olive brown (alcohol), not much convex, the ratios l/w : 1.0–1.1 and cl/l : 0.46–0.47. Paired ocelli ovoid, light coloured (?) and sub-lateral (not as in Fig. 7A but as in Fig. 7B of Silvestri 1906). Antennae incomplete, the scapus about twice longer than wide, the flagellum almost completely lacking. Maxillary palp badly damaged, only articles I-III preserved (Fig. 15). Ventral surface of article I (Fig. 16) with a dense tuft of strong and elongated dark brown setae (registered by Silvestri, op.cit. as “... articulo secundo infra inflato et setis sat brevis omnino vestito...”) the ventral surface of the remaining preserved articles with a very dense cloth of minute stiff thin setulae (Fig. 17) that in the original description are no-
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Figs. 14–21. Allopsontus (? Kaplinilis) longistylis (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Holotype male: 14. Head; 15. Preserved part of maxillary palp (delimited the ventral area with specialized chaetotaxy); 16. Ibid., detail of the Ist article strong setae; 17. Ibid., detail of the ventral spiralized setae; 18. Labial palp (spinules not represented); 19. Ibid., detail of the outer area of the distal article; 20. Ibid., inner area; 21. Ibid., sensorial conules. Scales: 0.1 mm ticed to be present all along the ventral area of the palp (“... Palpi maxillares...infra pilis brevissimis vestiti ...”); these micro-spinules are, as registered to several species in the genus, more or less clearly, though always, spiralled. Labial palp as in Figs. 18–21. Long ciliar setae abundant in the outer surface of the proximal and along the second article, much scarcer in the apical one. First article devoid of helycoidally sculptured, stiff spinules, these ones extremely numerous in the outer surface of the second article (extending a little dorsally and ventrally to the inner surface) and in all the apical article. Conules robust, typical. P I robust (Fig. 22), the femur clearly widened; outer sensorial field sub-ovoid, in sub-median distal position and composed by 7–8 rows of rosette-like structures (more than 100 units); distal ventral third of the femur with a rounded field of short and de-
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licate brownish spines as in Fig. 23 (almost all of the spines lost, however their impressions well visible). Ventral typical spines restricted to the tarsus (Fig. 24) though abundant setae do occur, some of them strong but flexuous. P II (Fig. 25) and P III (Fig. 26) with delicate coxal stylets, the ventral spines (some robust impressions has not been considered as they may correspond to strong setae) with the distribution: P I – Fe: 0- the femural spine field not considered; Ti: 0; Ta: 2 + (5-6) + (1-2). P II – Fe: 2; Ti: 7; Ta: 2 + 10 + 3. P III – Fe: 0; Ti: 3 (?); Ta: 3 + 12 + 6. Length of tibias: P I: 0.9-1.0 mm; P II: 1.1 mm; P III: 1.5 mm. Coxites II–VII with 1+1 eversible vesicles only, the sternites wide and more or less right-angled (angle of 90–92°). Upper outer area of each coxite with several minute cilia, the stylet robust, with a strong and short apical spine surrounded by abundant
Figs. 22–25. Allopsontus (? Kaplinilis) longistylis (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Holotype male: 22. P I (delimited the sensorial field); 23. Ibid., outer surface of femur with sensorial field; 24. Ibid., detail of the tarsus; 25. P II. Scales: 0.1 mm
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brownish spines (these ones do exist along the stylet’s distal third) (Figs. 27–28). Coxite VIII similar, the sternite obtuse-angled, much wider than long (Fig. 29). Coxite IX (Figs. 30–31) completely devoid of setae or spines, the stylets with strong spines along the distal half, those of the distal third short and very robust. Ratio stylet (without apical spine) / coxite (A) and apical spine / stylet (without apical spine) (B) as follows: A – V: 1.01; VIII: 1.23; IX: 1.41-1.43; B – V: 0.12; VIII: 0.1; IX: 0.05 Paramera (Figs. 30 and 32) very similar to what was described and figured by Wygodzinsky (1962) to „Machilanus“ bitschi, with 1 + (6-7) divisions, being the most proximal and the most distal ones much bigger than the remaining. Penis typical, with transformed apical chaetotaxy, the ratio bp/tp = 1.25.
Figs. 26–32. Allopsontus (? Kaplinilis) longistylis (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb.. Holotype male: 26. P III; 27. Vth coxite and stylet; 28. Ibid., apex of stylet; 29. VIIIth coxite and stylet; 30. IXth coxite and stylet, and genitalia; 31. Ibid., apex of stylet; 32. Paramera, detail of the setae of one of the median divisions. Scales: 0.1 mm
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Discussion: A. longistylis (Silvestri 1906) is considered to fit into the subgenus Allopsontus (Kaplinilis) with some doubts, mainly because of the absence of females in the original and unique sample. It cannot belong to Allopsontus s.s., to A. (Allopsontoides), to A. (Machilanus) (Mendes 1990) nor to A. (Allopsontinus) (Kaplin 1993) on account of the number of eversible vesicles. It is considered, otherwise, as out of A. (Anisopsontus) due to the type of setae present in the maxillary and labial palps; all the known taxa of this subgenus are devoid of dense thin setulae in the labial palp (abundant in the Silvestri’s species) and present numerous ciliar setae along the maxillary palp (absent – or rare ? – in A. longistylis); besides, the only A. (Anisopsontus) provided with a furrow of dense ventral stiff setulae along all the maxillary palp articles, A. (An.) pulchellus from Kazakhstan (Kaplin 1982) is quite distinct from the species just redescribed due to the type of femural field, a characteristic that will present also (Mendes 1990) some weight in what the diagnosis among the subgenera is concerned. Relatively to the subgenus A. (Kaplinilis), A. bifarius and A. confaratus, both from Mongolia (Wygodzinsky 1970) and A. atrans, from Kirghizia (Kaplin 1982), present the setulae furrow restricted to the median and apical (IV or V–VII) maxillary palp articles, and only two species, A. dzungaricus, from the Alatau (Russia) (Kaplin 1985) and A. intergerivus from Tuva (Eastern Russia) and Mongolia (Wygodzinsky 1970) share these dense setulae along the maxillary palp with A. longistylis; however, A. intergerivus shows very different compound eyes and a quite dissimilar femural field, and lacks setulae along the labial palp and A. dzungaricus presents a quite different femural field. Besides, none of the described taxa of Allopsontus has been reported with specialized strong and dense dark setae on the ventral area of the first maxillary palp article neither the occurrence of clypeolabral specialized chaetotaxy is known along this genus; both these features seem exclusive from A. longistylis. Silvestrichilis confucius (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. [= Praemachilis confucius Silvestri, 1906, Redia, 3: 329] Material examined: 1 male holotype, 1 female allotype 1 incomplete male, with three labels handmade by Silvestri himself: Label 1 – Museum Paris, Chine, N. David, 612–73, Praemachilis confucius Silv., Co-type male female Unkiaphon, Schensi mer. Label 2 – Chine, N. David, 612–73, Unkiaphon, Schensi mer. Label 3 – Praemachilis confucius Silv., Co-type ! Male female. Mounted in two slides, in Tendeiro liquid, half side of the male holotype and half side of the female allotype, in both the complete genitalia; remaining part and incomplete male in alcohol. Redescription: Body length: 9 mm (both sexes); antennae length: maximum preserved of 6.0 mm (allotype). Scale pattern unknown. Pigment presence and distribution unknown. Head without special features, the clypeus and labrum with some elongated setae restricted to the male sex. ?Traces of pigment in the middle frons and behind the compound eyes? Eyes wider than long, blackish (alcohol) poorly convex (see Silvestri 1906, Fig. 5); in the male, ratios l/w 0.75–0.78 and cl/l: 0.40–0.42 and in the female 0.80–0.82 and 0.50–0.51. Paired ocelli light, sub-rectangular and in sub-lateral position, as originally represented. Antennae damaged; scapus about twice longer than wide; most distally preserved
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Figs. 33–42. Silvestrichilis confucius (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Types: 33. Male maxillary palp, preserved part; 34. Female maxillary palp; 35. Ibid., apex of the distal article; 36. Male labial palp (delimited the area with conules); 37. Female labial plap; 38. Male P I (delimited the sensorial field); 39. Ibid., femural sensorial field; 40. Ibid., tarsus; 41. Ibid., detail of the tarsus 2 spines; 42. Male P II, tibia and tarsus. Scales: 0.1 mm
chain of flagellum with 8–9 units, each one wider than long and with a crown of setae (only their insertions visible), isolated thin sub-cylindrical sensilla and scales. Male maxillary palp badly damaged (Fig. 33), only the three basal articles preserved; basal article with a robust and wide dorsal outer apophysis. Female maxillary palp (Fig. 34) without special characteristics, the apical article elongated and almost sub-cylindrical. Hyaline dorsal spines delicate, on the apical area of article V and along articles VI and VII, as follows: V: 2; VI: 8; VII: 7; distal spine (Fig. 35) shorter and stronger than the preceding pair. Ratio n/n-1: 1.07. Labial palp of male as in Fig. 36, with delicate setae, the apical article much wider
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Figs. 43–51. Silvestrichilis confucius (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Types: 43. Male P III, tibia and tarsus; 44. Female P I; 45. Ibid., tarsus; 46. Female P II, tibia and tarsus; 47. Female P III, tibia and tarsus; 48. Male VIIIth coxite and stylet, and anterior paramera; 49. Male IXth coxite and stylet, posterior paramera and penis; 50. VIIIth paramerum; 51. IXth paramera and penis. Scales: 0.1 mm
than long, the thin apical conules abundant and distributed along the distal margin. In the female the palp is clearly less widened (Fig. 37) being the apical article claviform and longer than wide. P I of male as in Figs. 38–41, the femur widened and with an outer sensorial field extending for about all its distal half. Ratios of the sensorial field (accordingly to Janetschek 1959, p: 30) as follows: D/SFL: 0.71; D/SFW: 0.98; SFW/SFL: 0.80; SFL/FL: 0.57 and SFW/FW: 0.65 (being D – the distance between the most proximal limit of the sensorial field and the center of the proximal border of femur, SFL – the length of the sensorial field, SFW – the width of the sensorial field, FL – the femur
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length and FW – the femur width). P II and P III (Figs. 42–43) with coxal stylets. P I of female not modified, as in Figs. 44–45, the P II and P III similar to those of the male (Figs. 46–47). Legs spines present, represented by two types (much more clear in the male): typical elongated and oblique spines (a) and shorter and stronger, normally (or not so oblique) inserted spines (b) being these ones restricted to the second tarsomer, their distribution in both sexes as follows: Male: P I – Ti: 2; Ta: 1 (a) + (4 (a) + 3 (b)) + 2 (a); P II – Ti: 3; Ta: 3 (a) + (5–6 (a) + 2-3 (b)) + 3 (a); P III – Ti: 4; Ta: 2 (a) + (4 (a) + 2–3 (b)) + 5 (a). Female: P I – Ti: 0; Ta: 2 (a) + (5 (a) + 2 (b)) + 2 (a); P II: Ti: 1; Ta: 3(a) + (5 (a) + 2 (b)) + 3 (a); P III: Ti: 5–?7?; Ta: 6 (a) + (3 (a) + 4 (b)) + 3 (a). Length of tibias of male: P I: 0.63 mm; P II: 0.56–0.58 mm; P III: 0.81 mm; of the female: P I: 0.55 mm; P II: 0.48 mm; P III: 0.61–0.62 mm. Coxites II–VIII almost completely scaly, the minute cilia very scarce. One only pair of eversible vesicles in articles II–VII. Sternites II–VI almost right-angled, the hind angle of 85–90°. Coxite VIII (Fig. 48) with 0–1 outer distal spine, the IX (Figs. 49–50) with a longitudinal irregular row of 4–6 spines along the inner border. Stylets typical, the terminal spine thin and medium size. Ratios stylet (without apical spine) / coxite (A) and apical spine / stylet (without the apical spine) (B) as follows: Male (A)
Figs. 52–57. Silvestrichilis confucius (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Types: 52. Female IXth coxite and stylet, and ovipositor; 53. VIIIth gonapophyses, distal units; 54. Ibid., divisions 7–13; 55. Ibid., divisions 17–22 (A-inner seta; B-outer seta); 56. IXth gonapophyses, distal articles; 57. Ibid., articles 14–16 (A-inner seta; B-outer seta). Scales: 0.1 mm
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– V: 0.47; VIII: 0.67; IX: 0.84–0.88. (B) – V: 0.36; VIII: 0.32; IX: 0.17–0.20. Female (A) – V: 0.51–0.52; VIII: 0.85-0.90; IX: 0.73. (B) – V: 0.43; VIII: 0.25–0.26; IX: ? Paramera VIII (Figs. 48 and 50) not clearly annulated (1 + 5 ?, 1 + 6 ? divisions), the glandular setae restricted to the 2–3 apical visible units. Paramera IX (Figs. 49 and 51) with 1+6 divisions, clearly annulated and with the typical chaetotaxy. Penis shorter than the level of the hind paramera, the ratio bp/tp: 1.28. Ovipositor of the primary type, attaining about 4/5 of the stylets length (Fig. 52). Gonapophysis VIII with 55–57 divisions, those of the apical region regenerating (Fig. 53); medio-distal units as in Figs. 54–55; inner seta (A in Fig. 55) replaced by a very short and inconspicuous cilium from division 24 on, being this one present till the most proximal division; outer seta (B in Fig. 55) occurring each 2–3 units till the 26th, from where on it changes in a minute cilium (distributed also in one of 2–3 divisions) till the basal unity. Gonapophysis IX with 53–61 divisions, also apically damaged (the terminal big seta is missing); distal units as in Fig. 56, the medio-distal ones as in Figs. 56 and 57; inner seta (A in Fig. 57) disapearing at the level of division 16, the outer seta (B in the same Fig.) quite delicate at units 21 and 22 and disapearing at the 23rd; the basal 30–38 divisions remain completely glabrous. None of the seta of the IXth gonapophysis is transformed in the hook-shaped structures typical of several species in the genus. Discussion: Silvestrichilis confucius (Silvestri 1906), with a not very low contact line / length of eye ratio, seems to approach S. heterotarsus from Bulgaria (Silvestri 1942) with cl/l: 0.5, and a group of species distributed along the eastern Palaearctic Region viz. S. alaiensis from Kirghizia (Kaplin 1982) with cl/l: 0.38–0.50, S. grandipalpis and S. khuitangi, both from Turkmenia (Kaplin 1992) and both with cl/l: 0.5 and S. molchanovi from Tadjkhstan with cl/l: 0.37–0.40 (Kaplin 1982). All the remaining taxa known under Silvestrichilis share much shorter contact lines, being always the ratio cl/l lower than 0.35, though 3 species approaches this value, namely S. macedonica (Stach 1958) from Bulgaria (lc/l: 0.34), S. golovatchi (Kaplin 1990) from Caucasus (lc/l: 0.28–0.34) and S. cercoconicus (Bach 1979) from North-eastern Spain (cl/l: 0.31). All the reported species with the only exception of S. molchanovi and S. heterotarsus present, however, in the IXth gonapophysis the “hook-shaped spines” that have been noticed as typical to a great number of species in the genus (lacking in S. confucius); they present, further, a much longer ovipositor, clearly extending beyond the level of the hind stylets and, at least in the tadjik species, with a much higher number of divisions. S. molchanovi shows, besides, an higher number of modified spines in the second tarsomer, shorter penis, wider abdominal sternites, longer IXth stylets and a much bigger number of spines along the IXth coxite and S. heterotarsus shows a quite distinct leg chaetotaxy and spines in the postero-lateral margins of the abdominal coxites; a future detailed description of the complete shape and chaetotaxy of the male maxillary palp of the Silvestri’s Chinese species and the description of a femural field in S. heterotarsus (lacking in the original description) will show further diagnostic features. S. trispina from Israel (Wygodzinsky 1939, 1974) and Turkey (Wygodzinsky 1950), with a non-modified ovipositor (devoid of hook-shaped setae), presents a much more reduced contact line between the compound eyes (ratio cl/l < 0.35), a longer ovipositor and a quite distinct femural field, among other dissimilarities.
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Janetschekilis perrieri (Silvestri, 1907) n.comb. [= Machilis Perrieri Silvestri, 1907, Ann. Sci. nat., 6: 364] Material examined: 1 male holotype with two labels handmade by Silvestri himself: Label 1 – Museum Paris, Congo Fr., N’Djolé, Cap. Farnnean, 1905, Machilis Perrieri Silv., Type ! Male. Label 2 – Machilis Perrieri Silv., Male Typus ! Dissected and mounted in one slide in Tendeiro liquid, the legs of one side and the coxiternites V, VIII and IX, these last ones with the genitalia; remaining part in alcohol, here included a minute paper “bag” with one maxillary palp and the labium and labial palps, the coxosternite IV and one P III (they are dissected but have never been mounted). As previously reported (Mendes 1990, 1989 (1992)), this species, described under Machilis, was considered as belonging almost certainly to Janetschekilis; even when he describes Janetschekilis, Wygodzinsky (1958) suggests that Machilis perrieri Silvestri “... might come near this group...”. The present study of the only known specimen of this species allows to rectify that the Congolese taxon belongs undoubtedly to Janetschekilis, and a few notes and figures are added to the original description. Indeed, the Congolese taxon lacks ventral spiniform setae or spines in the legs, presents a widened labial palp distal article, is devoid of femural sensorial field, presents 2+2 eversible vesicles in abdominal segments II–VI and shows thin and elongated stylets terminal spines, characteristics that are typical of this Afrotropical genus. The presence of piliform setae on the posterior filaments could not be rectified due to the condition of the specimen, but they have been originally noticed (Silvestri 1907, p: 367, reports “... Cercus medianus ... interne squamis nonnullis longis angusti extrorsum oblique directis...”) Notes: A few characteristics and some figures are added to the original description as follows: 1. The compound eyes are almost round, being their ratios l/w: 1.01–1.05 and cl/l: 0.52–0.54; their colour and pattern are impossible to trace (alcohol). 2. The maxillary palp apical article is elongated and sub-conical, being the ratio n/n-1: 0.85. The hyaline spines of the dorsal surface of the apical articles are distributed as follows: V: 3–4; VI and VII: 11–12; the spines of the Vth article are restricted to its apical area. 3. The legs are, as stated, devoid of ventral spines or spiniform setae, but they present dense elongated and strong setae; these ones are much more dense in the P II and P III, and occur mainly in the outer surface of trochanter and along the ventral surface of femur. The stylets, present in P II and P III are long and delicate. The length of the tibias are: P I (Fig. 58): 0.78 mm; P II: 0.59 mm; P III (Fig. 59): 0.90 mm. 4. The coxosternites are typical, being the apical stylets spine thin and elongated. The IXth coxite (Figs. 60–61) presents 4 apical ventral strong spines. Ratios stylet (without apical spine) / coxite (A) and apical spine / stylet (without apical spine) (B) as follows: A – V: 0.43–0.44; VIII: 0.60–0.61; IX: 0.77; B – V: 0.76–0.85; VIII: 0.69–0.70; IX: 0.59–0.60 5. The VIIIth paramera (Fig. 62) have 1 + (5–6) divisions and are typical. The IXth paramera (Figs. 60 and 63) show 1 + 8 units and are clearly shorter than the penis; this one presents the ratio bp/tp: 1.5.
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Figs. 58–63. Janetschekilis perrieri (Silvestri, 1907) n.comb. Holotype male: 58. P I; 59. P III; 60. IXth coxite and stylet, posterior paramera and penis; 61. Ibid., detail of the coxite spines; 62. VIIIth paramerum; 63. IXth paramerum and penis. Scales: 0.1 mm
Discussion: Janetschekilis perrieri (Silvestri 1907) is, as discussed when J. palpispina was described from Nigeria (Mendes 1989 (1992)), completely distinct from this species on account of the compound eyes and paired ocelli proportions as well as due to the maxillary and labial palps characteristics; the Silvestri’s species shows, further, a much longer penis that clearly surpasses the level of the paramera, a feature that allows its immediate distinction relatively to J. grandipalpis (Silvestri 1908) and to J. prima and J. secunda (Wygodzinsky 1958); the same can be stated about J. dolichopsis (Silvestri op.cit.) despite of the juvenility of its only known male.
Acknowledgements The type material concerning the reported species was loaned by Dr. Jean Marc Thibaud, from the Paris Museum, to whom the authors are deeply grateful.
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References Bach de Roca, C. (1979) Descripcion de una nueva especie de Silvestrichilis de España (Insecta, Apterygota, Microcoryphia). Miscel-lánia Zoológica 5, 25–31. Janetschek, H. (1959) Weitere Machilida aus dem Balkan. Acta Musei Macedonici Scientiarum Naturalium 6 (6) (58), 120–140. Kaplin, V.G. (1980) New species of bristle-tails (Microcoryphia, Machilidae) from the Kurilskii Ostrova and Primorskii Krai. Taxonomiy Nasekomy Dalalnego Vostoka 3–9 (in russian). Kaplin, V.G. (1982) New data on the fauna of Thysanura of Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Middle Asia. Mongol Orni Xavz (Insects of Mongolia) 8, 16–61 (in russian). Kaplin, V.G. (1985) A new species of bristle-tails of the genus Machilanus (Thysanura, Machilidae) from Djungarsky Alatau. Zoologiceskij Zhurnal 64 (3), 459–461 (in russian). Kaplin, V.G. (1990) On the insect fauna of the family Machilidae (Thysanura) from the Caucasus. Zoologiceskij Zhurnal 69 (7), 147–152 (in russian). Kaplin, V.G. (1992) New species of bristle-tails of the genus Silvestrichilis (Thysanura, Machilidae) from Kuhitang. Zoologiceskij Zhurnal 71, 146–152 (in russian). Kaplin V.G. (1993) Bristle-tails of the genus Allopsontus (Thysanura, Machilidae) of the World fauna. Zoologiceskij Zhurnal 72 (3), 53–67 (in russian). Machida, R. (1985) A redescription of Pedetontus okajimae Silvestri, 1943 (Microcoryphia, Machilidae). Kontyu, Tokyo, 53 (3), 527–533. Mendes, L.F. (1981) Sur quelques Microcoryphia de l’Asie Orientale: notes et descriptions (Insecta; Apterygota). Nouvelle Revue d’ Entomologie 11, 15–28. Mendes, L.F. (1989 (1992)) New data on the thysanuran (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma: Apterygota) from Nigeria, with description of two new species. Garcia de Orta (Zool) 16 (1/2), 211–224. Mendes, L.F. (1990) An annotated list of generic and specific names of Machilidae (Microcoryphia, Insecta) with identification keys for the genera and geographical notes. Estudos, Ensaios e Documentos 155, 1–127. Mendes, L.F. (1991(1993)) New contribution towards the knowledge of the Northern Korean thysanurans (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma: Insecta). Garcia de Orta (Zool) 18 (1/2), 67–78. Paclt, J. (1972) Grundsätzliches zur Chorologie und Systematik der Felsenspringer. Zoologischer Anzeiger 188 (5/6), 422–429. Silvestri, F. (1906) Note sui Machilidae. III. Descrizione di un nuovo genere e di sei nuove specie. Redia, Firenze, 3, 325–335. Silvestri, F. (1907) Quelques formes nouvelles de la famille des Machilides. Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Zool) (9) 6, 361–370. Silvestri, F. (1908) Tisanuri raccolti da L. Fea alle isole del Capo Verde, alla Guinea portoghese e alla isole S. Thome, Principe e Fernando Poo. Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Genova (3) 4 (44), 133–187. Silvestri, F. (1936) Descrizione di alcuni Machilidae (Thysanura) della Cina. Notes entomologiques chinoises du Museum Heude, Shanghai, 3, 103–115. Silvestri, F. (1942) Contributto alla conoscenza dei Lepismatidae e Machilidae (Thysanura) della Bulgaria. Mitteilungen aus dem koeniglichen naturwissenschaftlichen Institut in Sofia 15, 27–32. Silvestri, F. (1943) Contributto alla conoscenza dei Machilidae (Insecta, Thysanura) del Giappone. Bolletino del Laboratorio di Zoologia generale i agraria di Portici 32, 283–306. Stach, J. (1958) The Machilidae (Thysanura) of Bulgaria. Acta zoologica cracoviensis 3 (1), 1–7. Sturm, H., Bach de Roca, C. (1993) On the systematics of the Archaeognatha (Insecta). Entomologia Generalis 18 (1/2), 55–90. Wygodzinsky, P. (1939) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Thysanuren Palaestinas. Bulletin de la Societé Fouad Ier d’ Entomologie 23, 73–85.
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Wygodzinsky, P. (1950) Results of the zoological scientific expedition of the National Museum in Praha to Turkey. Acta entomologica Musei nationalis Pragae 26 (377), 1–9. Wygodzinsky, P. (1958) On some Thysanura and Machilida from French West Africa. Bulletin de l’ I.F.A.N. (A) 20 (4), 1145–1175. Wygodzinsky, P. (1962) Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Thysanura und Machilida Afghanistans. Opuscula Entomologica 27 (3), 219–228. Wygodzinsky, P. (1970) Results of the Zoological Explorations of Dr. E. Kaszab in Mongolia. 202. Thysanura and Microcoryphia (Insecta). American Museum Novitates 2401, 1–25. Wygodzinsky, P. (1974) Notes and descriptions of Machilidae from the Old World (Microcoryphia, Insecta). American Museum Novitates 2555, 1–21.
PROCEEDINGS OF VTH INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON APTERYGOTA, CORDOBA 1998
On some Silvestri species of Machilidae (Microcoryphia, Insecta) which types are in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris Luis F. Mendes1, Miguel Gaju-Ricart2, Carmen Bach de Roca3 and Rafael Molero-Baltanás2 1 Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, R. da Junqueira 14, P-1 349-007 Lisboa, Portugal 2 Departamento de Biologia Animal (Zoologia), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Espan ˜ a, Spain 3 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Espan ˜ a, Spain
Accepted: 30. December 1999
Summary Types of some of the Silvestri’s species of Machilidae (Microcoryphia) described in 1906 and in 1907, deposited in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, in Paris, are studied in detail; notes are added to the original descriptions or the species are redescribed. Machilis bouvieri, from Tonkin, only known by the female, is considered to fit in Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis); Machilis perrieri from Congo, previously considered as probably belonging to Janetschekilis, is confirmed in this Afrotropical genus; Praemachilis confucius is redescribed as the easternmost known species of Silvestrichilis; and Praemachilis longistylis, from China like the preceding taxon, is also redescribed as one more species of the eastern Palaearctic Allopsontus (Kaplinilis); the female remains unknown in this last species and, so, its subgeneric position is discussed on the base of the male only. Key words: Silvestri’s types, Paris Museum, new combinations, redescriptions
1
Corresponding author
0031–4056/00/44/03–04–268 $ 12.00/0
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Introduction Most of the species of Microcoryphia described by F. Silvestri are nowadays well recognizable, either directly by their original descriptions or by more recent notes and/or redescriptions. Their generic position is, otherwise, almost always understood. This is not the case, however, of a few species originally described (Silvestri 1906, 1907) under Machilis and under Praemachilis, which types are deposited in the collection of the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, in Paris, France, and which generic status has remained obscure till now: Machilis bouvieri Silvestri, 1906, Machilis perrieri Silvestri, 1907, Praemachilis confucius Silvestri, 1906 and Praemachilis longistylus Silvestri, 1906. The alcohol preserved specimens, in medium condition, have been dissected and mounted in Tendeiro liquid, to enable their detailed study. Each species is redescribed or notes are added to the original description.
Taxonomic study Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis) bouvieri (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. [= Machilis Bouvieri Silvestri, 1906 – Redia, 3: 328] Material examined: 1 female holotype with three labels handmade by Silvestri himself. Label l – Museum Paris, Tonkin, Lichtenfelder, 100–97, Machilis Bouvieri Silv., Type female – “Redia” vol. III fasc. 2o – 1905- p.328; Label 2 – Tonkin, Lichtenfelder 100–97; Label 3 – Machilis Bouvieri Silv., Female Typus ! Mounted in Tendeiro liquid in one slide, the maxillary and labial palps, P I and abdominal coxosternites VIX; remaining part in alcohol. Redescription: Body length: 11.0 mm. Scale pattern unknown; pigment absent or disappeared due to long permanence in alcohol. Head without special characteristics, with numerous short setae along the clypeus and labrum. Compound eyes almost black (alcohol), clearly wider than long (l/w = 0.76–0.81) and with a short contact line (cl/l = 0.40–0.43). Paired ocelli sole-shaped, big, light coloured, said to be (Silvestri 1906) probably greyish (“... Ocelli lati, argentei ?...”). Antennae damaged, the scapus about twice longer than wide, the flagellum almost completely lacking (preserved part, shorter than the scapus and scaleless). Maxillary palp (Figs. 1–3) robust, with a group of 7–8 very strong setae in the ventral apical area of article IV. Hyaline dorsal strong spines in the apex of article V and along VI and VII, as follows: V: 4; VI: 14; VII: 13; apical spine short and quite robust, shorter than the preceding pair. Distal article conical, elongated, the ratio n/n-1 = 0.55. Labial palp as in Fig. 4, delicate, covered with short setae, its apical article claviform elongated, with dense setae. Conules (Fig. 5) thin and erect, as long as the neighbouring setae. P I (the only one present) typical, devoid of ventral spines though with some quite strong and long ventral setae, the tibia long as 0.9 mm. Coxites II-V with 2+2 eversible vesicles. Abdominal sternites acute-angled, the angle of 80–85°; coxites (with the exception of the IX) devoid of setae or spines; stylets typical, those of the VIIIth and IXth coxites with abundant strong setae, denser in the apical area. IXth coxite with an apical tuft of about 7 spines (Figs. 6–7). Ratio sty-
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Figs. 1–7. Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis) bouvieri (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Holotype female: 1. Maxillary palp; 2. Ibid., distal ventral spines of article IV; 3. Ibid., apical spines of article VII; 4. Labial palp (the area with sensorial conules delimited); 5. Ibid., sensorial conule; 6. IXth coxite apical spines; 7. Coxite and stylet IX and ovipositor. Scales: 0.1 mm
let (without apical spine) / coxite (A) and apical spine / stylet (without apical spine) (B) as follows: A – V: 0.49; VIII: 0.80; IX: 0.62; B – V: 0.50; VIII: 0.37; IX: ? Ovipositor of the primary type (= tertiary type after Sturm & Bach 1995), extending beyond the IXth stylets by about 1.5 times the stylets length (Fig. 7). Gonapophysis VIII (Figs. 8–10) with 63–64 divisions, all of them (with the exception of the 2 basal ones) with setae; medio-distal and distal units (Figs. 8–9) longer than wide, the more proximal ones wider than long (Fig. 10). Some of the outer setae very long and stout, those of divisions 12–15, 2–2.5 times longer than the article, those of the medio-proximal ones, similar but stronger. Gonapophysis IX much more delicate, with
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Figs. 8–13. Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis) bouvieri (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Holotype female: 8. VIIIth gonapophyses distal units; 9. Ibid., divisions 12 and 13; 10. Ibid., divisions 30 and 31; 11. IXth gonapophyses, distal units; 12. Ibid., divisions 11-13; 13. Ibid., units 24 and 25. Scale: 0.1 mm 62–64 divisions (Figs. 11–13), the 20-–22 proximal ones glabrous, the remaining with short and delicate setae. Discussion: The species was described upon one only female and no more material is available. After dissection, it shows to fit well within Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis) (Paclt 1972; Mendes 1990), with the solely exception of the legs spines, that are lacking in this Vietnam (or south-eastern Chinese ?) species; further, the piliform scales of the terminal filaments, quite evident in several species in this subgenus, are impossible to trace. Among the described Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis), the Tonkin species seems to ap-
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proach P. coreanus, from Southern Korea (Silvestri 1943), P. okajimae, from Japan (Silvestri 1943; Machida 1985), P. savioi, from central Eastern China (Silvestri 1936), P. ussuriensis, from the Primorskii Territory, eastern Russia (Kaplin 1980) and P. silvestrii, from Northern Korea (Mendes 1991 (1993)), all of them – opposite to the remaining species – sharing elongated ovipositor. P. savioi, of the “long-eyed type”, shows, further, a much more delicate labial palp, spines in the legs, and longer IXth coxites. P. coreanus, with a much shorter ovipositor, presents, besides, distinct compound eyes, spines on the legs and proportionally longer IXth stylet. P. ussuriensis shows distinct compound eyes (ratio l/w similar to 1.0), spines on the legs, different labial palps and a shorter ovipositor, with a lower number of divisions, among minor differences. P. silvestrii, with spines in the legs also, shows less widened compound eyes, distinct maxillary palp (quite different dorso-apical spines), thinner labial palp and wider urosternites. P. okajimae, eventually the species sharing with the Silvestri’s taxon an higher number of morphological features, presents a shorter ovipositor, distinct paired ocelli, thinner labial palp and more acute urosternites, and is devoid, like all the previously reported taxa, of the strong spinous setae noticed to occur in the ventral distal area of article IV of the maxillary palp in P. bouvieri. P. meridionalis from the Vietnam (Mendes 1981), eventually the closer species under the geographical point of view, presents a much shorter ovipositor (only a little longer than the level of the IXth stylets), a lower number of divisions in the gonapophyses, quite distinct stylets/coxite ratios and a very different distribution of the spines along the IXth coxite, among other differences. Allopsontus (? Kaplinilis) longistylis (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. [= Praemachilis longistylis Silvestri, 1906, Redia, 3: 331] Material examined: 1 male holotype with three labels handmade by Silvestri himself. Label 1 – Muséum Paris, Pekin, A. David, 7041–92, Praemachilis longistylis Silv., Type male – “Redia” vol. III, fasc. 2o, 1905, p.331. Label 2 – Praemachilis longistylis Silv., male Typus. Label 3 – Pekin, A. David, 7041–92. Mounted in Tendeiro liquid in one slide, the preserved part of maxillary palp, the labial palp, both P I, one P II, one P III and abdominal coxosternites V, VIII and IX; remaining part in alcohol. Redescription: Body length: 15.0 mm. Scale pattern unknown, the pigment ? lacking ? (more than 1 century in alcohol). Head as in Fig. 14; clypeus with abundant stiff light brown setae and with 1+1 infra-lateral tufts of straight, dark brown thin spines. Labrum with very strong setae and with a few spines (similar to those of the clypeal tufts but more delicate and less numerous) in the lateral proximal areas. Compound eyes uniformly olive brown (alcohol), not much convex, the ratios l/w : 1.0–1.1 and cl/l : 0.46–0.47. Paired ocelli ovoid, light coloured (?) and sub-lateral (not as in Fig. 7A but as in Fig. 7B of Silvestri 1906). Antennae incomplete, the scapus about twice longer than wide, the flagellum almost completely lacking. Maxillary palp badly damaged, only articles I-III preserved (Fig. 15). Ventral surface of article I (Fig. 16) with a dense tuft of strong and elongated dark brown setae (registered by Silvestri, op.cit. as “... articulo secundo infra inflato et setis sat brevis omnino vestito...”) the ventral surface of the remaining preserved articles with a very dense cloth of minute stiff thin setulae (Fig. 17) that in the original description are no-
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Figs. 14–21. Allopsontus (? Kaplinilis) longistylis (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Holotype male: 14. Head; 15. Preserved part of maxillary palp (delimited the ventral area with specialized chaetotaxy); 16. Ibid., detail of the Ist article strong setae; 17. Ibid., detail of the ventral spiralized setae; 18. Labial palp (spinules not represented); 19. Ibid., detail of the outer area of the distal article; 20. Ibid., inner area; 21. Ibid., sensorial conules. Scales: 0.1 mm ticed to be present all along the ventral area of the palp (“... Palpi maxillares...infra pilis brevissimis vestiti ...”); these micro-spinules are, as registered to several species in the genus, more or less clearly, though always, spiralled. Labial palp as in Figs. 18–21. Long ciliar setae abundant in the outer surface of the proximal and along the second article, much scarcer in the apical one. First article devoid of helycoidally sculptured, stiff spinules, these ones extremely numerous in the outer surface of the second article (extending a little dorsally and ventrally to the inner surface) and in all the apical article. Conules robust, typical. P I robust (Fig. 22), the femur clearly widened; outer sensorial field sub-ovoid, in sub-median distal position and composed by 7–8 rows of rosette-like structures (more than 100 units); distal ventral third of the femur with a rounded field of short and de-
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licate brownish spines as in Fig. 23 (almost all of the spines lost, however their impressions well visible). Ventral typical spines restricted to the tarsus (Fig. 24) though abundant setae do occur, some of them strong but flexuous. P II (Fig. 25) and P III (Fig. 26) with delicate coxal stylets, the ventral spines (some robust impressions has not been considered as they may correspond to strong setae) with the distribution: P I – Fe: 0- the femural spine field not considered; Ti: 0; Ta: 2 + (5-6) + (1-2). P II – Fe: 2; Ti: 7; Ta: 2 + 10 + 3. P III – Fe: 0; Ti: 3 (?); Ta: 3 + 12 + 6. Length of tibias: P I: 0.9-1.0 mm; P II: 1.1 mm; P III: 1.5 mm. Coxites II–VII with 1+1 eversible vesicles only, the sternites wide and more or less right-angled (angle of 90–92°). Upper outer area of each coxite with several minute cilia, the stylet robust, with a strong and short apical spine surrounded by abundant
Figs. 22–25. Allopsontus (? Kaplinilis) longistylis (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Holotype male: 22. P I (delimited the sensorial field); 23. Ibid., outer surface of femur with sensorial field; 24. Ibid., detail of the tarsus; 25. P II. Scales: 0.1 mm
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brownish spines (these ones do exist along the stylet’s distal third) (Figs. 27–28). Coxite VIII similar, the sternite obtuse-angled, much wider than long (Fig. 29). Coxite IX (Figs. 30–31) completely devoid of setae or spines, the stylets with strong spines along the distal half, those of the distal third short and very robust. Ratio stylet (without apical spine) / coxite (A) and apical spine / stylet (without apical spine) (B) as follows: A – V: 1.01; VIII: 1.23; IX: 1.41-1.43; B – V: 0.12; VIII: 0.1; IX: 0.05 Paramera (Figs. 30 and 32) very similar to what was described and figured by Wygodzinsky (1962) to „Machilanus“ bitschi, with 1 + (6-7) divisions, being the most proximal and the most distal ones much bigger than the remaining. Penis typical, with transformed apical chaetotaxy, the ratio bp/tp = 1.25.
Figs. 26–32. Allopsontus (? Kaplinilis) longistylis (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb.. Holotype male: 26. P III; 27. Vth coxite and stylet; 28. Ibid., apex of stylet; 29. VIIIth coxite and stylet; 30. IXth coxite and stylet, and genitalia; 31. Ibid., apex of stylet; 32. Paramera, detail of the setae of one of the median divisions. Scales: 0.1 mm
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Discussion: A. longistylis (Silvestri 1906) is considered to fit into the subgenus Allopsontus (Kaplinilis) with some doubts, mainly because of the absence of females in the original and unique sample. It cannot belong to Allopsontus s.s., to A. (Allopsontoides), to A. (Machilanus) (Mendes 1990) nor to A. (Allopsontinus) (Kaplin 1993) on account of the number of eversible vesicles. It is considered, otherwise, as out of A. (Anisopsontus) due to the type of setae present in the maxillary and labial palps; all the known taxa of this subgenus are devoid of dense thin setulae in the labial palp (abundant in the Silvestri’s species) and present numerous ciliar setae along the maxillary palp (absent – or rare ? – in A. longistylis); besides, the only A. (Anisopsontus) provided with a furrow of dense ventral stiff setulae along all the maxillary palp articles, A. (An.) pulchellus from Kazakhstan (Kaplin 1982) is quite distinct from the species just redescribed due to the type of femural field, a characteristic that will present also (Mendes 1990) some weight in what the diagnosis among the subgenera is concerned. Relatively to the subgenus A. (Kaplinilis), A. bifarius and A. confaratus, both from Mongolia (Wygodzinsky 1970) and A. atrans, from Kirghizia (Kaplin 1982), present the setulae furrow restricted to the median and apical (IV or V–VII) maxillary palp articles, and only two species, A. dzungaricus, from the Alatau (Russia) (Kaplin 1985) and A. intergerivus from Tuva (Eastern Russia) and Mongolia (Wygodzinsky 1970) share these dense setulae along the maxillary palp with A. longistylis; however, A. intergerivus shows very different compound eyes and a quite dissimilar femural field, and lacks setulae along the labial palp and A. dzungaricus presents a quite different femural field. Besides, none of the described taxa of Allopsontus has been reported with specialized strong and dense dark setae on the ventral area of the first maxillary palp article neither the occurrence of clypeolabral specialized chaetotaxy is known along this genus; both these features seem exclusive from A. longistylis. Silvestrichilis confucius (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. [= Praemachilis confucius Silvestri, 1906, Redia, 3: 329] Material examined: 1 male holotype, 1 female allotype 1 incomplete male, with three labels handmade by Silvestri himself: Label 1 – Museum Paris, Chine, N. David, 612–73, Praemachilis confucius Silv., Co-type male female Unkiaphon, Schensi mer. Label 2 – Chine, N. David, 612–73, Unkiaphon, Schensi mer. Label 3 – Praemachilis confucius Silv., Co-type ! Male female. Mounted in two slides, in Tendeiro liquid, half side of the male holotype and half side of the female allotype, in both the complete genitalia; remaining part and incomplete male in alcohol. Redescription: Body length: 9 mm (both sexes); antennae length: maximum preserved of 6.0 mm (allotype). Scale pattern unknown. Pigment presence and distribution unknown. Head without special features, the clypeus and labrum with some elongated setae restricted to the male sex. ?Traces of pigment in the middle frons and behind the compound eyes? Eyes wider than long, blackish (alcohol) poorly convex (see Silvestri 1906, Fig. 5); in the male, ratios l/w 0.75–0.78 and cl/l: 0.40–0.42 and in the female 0.80–0.82 and 0.50–0.51. Paired ocelli light, sub-rectangular and in sub-lateral position, as originally represented. Antennae damaged; scapus about twice longer than wide; most distally preserved
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Figs. 33–42. Silvestrichilis confucius (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Types: 33. Male maxillary palp, preserved part; 34. Female maxillary palp; 35. Ibid., apex of the distal article; 36. Male labial palp (delimited the area with conules); 37. Female labial plap; 38. Male P I (delimited the sensorial field); 39. Ibid., femural sensorial field; 40. Ibid., tarsus; 41. Ibid., detail of the tarsus 2 spines; 42. Male P II, tibia and tarsus. Scales: 0.1 mm
chain of flagellum with 8–9 units, each one wider than long and with a crown of setae (only their insertions visible), isolated thin sub-cylindrical sensilla and scales. Male maxillary palp badly damaged (Fig. 33), only the three basal articles preserved; basal article with a robust and wide dorsal outer apophysis. Female maxillary palp (Fig. 34) without special characteristics, the apical article elongated and almost sub-cylindrical. Hyaline dorsal spines delicate, on the apical area of article V and along articles VI and VII, as follows: V: 2; VI: 8; VII: 7; distal spine (Fig. 35) shorter and stronger than the preceding pair. Ratio n/n-1: 1.07. Labial palp of male as in Fig. 36, with delicate setae, the apical article much wider
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Figs. 43–51. Silvestrichilis confucius (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Types: 43. Male P III, tibia and tarsus; 44. Female P I; 45. Ibid., tarsus; 46. Female P II, tibia and tarsus; 47. Female P III, tibia and tarsus; 48. Male VIIIth coxite and stylet, and anterior paramera; 49. Male IXth coxite and stylet, posterior paramera and penis; 50. VIIIth paramerum; 51. IXth paramera and penis. Scales: 0.1 mm
than long, the thin apical conules abundant and distributed along the distal margin. In the female the palp is clearly less widened (Fig. 37) being the apical article claviform and longer than wide. P I of male as in Figs. 38–41, the femur widened and with an outer sensorial field extending for about all its distal half. Ratios of the sensorial field (accordingly to Janetschek 1959, p: 30) as follows: D/SFL: 0.71; D/SFW: 0.98; SFW/SFL: 0.80; SFL/FL: 0.57 and SFW/FW: 0.65 (being D – the distance between the most proximal limit of the sensorial field and the center of the proximal border of femur, SFL – the length of the sensorial field, SFW – the width of the sensorial field, FL – the femur
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length and FW – the femur width). P II and P III (Figs. 42–43) with coxal stylets. P I of female not modified, as in Figs. 44–45, the P II and P III similar to those of the male (Figs. 46–47). Legs spines present, represented by two types (much more clear in the male): typical elongated and oblique spines (a) and shorter and stronger, normally (or not so oblique) inserted spines (b) being these ones restricted to the second tarsomer, their distribution in both sexes as follows: Male: P I – Ti: 2; Ta: 1 (a) + (4 (a) + 3 (b)) + 2 (a); P II – Ti: 3; Ta: 3 (a) + (5–6 (a) + 2-3 (b)) + 3 (a); P III – Ti: 4; Ta: 2 (a) + (4 (a) + 2–3 (b)) + 5 (a). Female: P I – Ti: 0; Ta: 2 (a) + (5 (a) + 2 (b)) + 2 (a); P II: Ti: 1; Ta: 3(a) + (5 (a) + 2 (b)) + 3 (a); P III: Ti: 5–?7?; Ta: 6 (a) + (3 (a) + 4 (b)) + 3 (a). Length of tibias of male: P I: 0.63 mm; P II: 0.56–0.58 mm; P III: 0.81 mm; of the female: P I: 0.55 mm; P II: 0.48 mm; P III: 0.61–0.62 mm. Coxites II–VIII almost completely scaly, the minute cilia very scarce. One only pair of eversible vesicles in articles II–VII. Sternites II–VI almost right-angled, the hind angle of 85–90°. Coxite VIII (Fig. 48) with 0–1 outer distal spine, the IX (Figs. 49–50) with a longitudinal irregular row of 4–6 spines along the inner border. Stylets typical, the terminal spine thin and medium size. Ratios stylet (without apical spine) / coxite (A) and apical spine / stylet (without the apical spine) (B) as follows: Male (A)
Figs. 52–57. Silvestrichilis confucius (Silvestri, 1906) n.comb. Types: 52. Female IXth coxite and stylet, and ovipositor; 53. VIIIth gonapophyses, distal units; 54. Ibid., divisions 7–13; 55. Ibid., divisions 17–22 (A-inner seta; B-outer seta); 56. IXth gonapophyses, distal articles; 57. Ibid., articles 14–16 (A-inner seta; B-outer seta). Scales: 0.1 mm
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– V: 0.47; VIII: 0.67; IX: 0.84–0.88. (B) – V: 0.36; VIII: 0.32; IX: 0.17–0.20. Female (A) – V: 0.51–0.52; VIII: 0.85-0.90; IX: 0.73. (B) – V: 0.43; VIII: 0.25–0.26; IX: ? Paramera VIII (Figs. 48 and 50) not clearly annulated (1 + 5 ?, 1 + 6 ? divisions), the glandular setae restricted to the 2–3 apical visible units. Paramera IX (Figs. 49 and 51) with 1+6 divisions, clearly annulated and with the typical chaetotaxy. Penis shorter than the level of the hind paramera, the ratio bp/tp: 1.28. Ovipositor of the primary type, attaining about 4/5 of the stylets length (Fig. 52). Gonapophysis VIII with 55–57 divisions, those of the apical region regenerating (Fig. 53); medio-distal units as in Figs. 54–55; inner seta (A in Fig. 55) replaced by a very short and inconspicuous cilium from division 24 on, being this one present till the most proximal division; outer seta (B in Fig. 55) occurring each 2–3 units till the 26th, from where on it changes in a minute cilium (distributed also in one of 2–3 divisions) till the basal unity. Gonapophysis IX with 53–61 divisions, also apically damaged (the terminal big seta is missing); distal units as in Fig. 56, the medio-distal ones as in Figs. 56 and 57; inner seta (A in Fig. 57) disapearing at the level of division 16, the outer seta (B in the same Fig.) quite delicate at units 21 and 22 and disapearing at the 23rd; the basal 30–38 divisions remain completely glabrous. None of the seta of the IXth gonapophysis is transformed in the hook-shaped structures typical of several species in the genus. Discussion: Silvestrichilis confucius (Silvestri 1906), with a not very low contact line / length of eye ratio, seems to approach S. heterotarsus from Bulgaria (Silvestri 1942) with cl/l: 0.5, and a group of species distributed along the eastern Palaearctic Region viz. S. alaiensis from Kirghizia (Kaplin 1982) with cl/l: 0.38–0.50, S. grandipalpis and S. khuitangi, both from Turkmenia (Kaplin 1992) and both with cl/l: 0.5 and S. molchanovi from Tadjkhstan with cl/l: 0.37–0.40 (Kaplin 1982). All the remaining taxa known under Silvestrichilis share much shorter contact lines, being always the ratio cl/l lower than 0.35, though 3 species approaches this value, namely S. macedonica (Stach 1958) from Bulgaria (lc/l: 0.34), S. golovatchi (Kaplin 1990) from Caucasus (lc/l: 0.28–0.34) and S. cercoconicus (Bach 1979) from North-eastern Spain (cl/l: 0.31). All the reported species with the only exception of S. molchanovi and S. heterotarsus present, however, in the IXth gonapophysis the “hook-shaped spines” that have been noticed as typical to a great number of species in the genus (lacking in S. confucius); they present, further, a much longer ovipositor, clearly extending beyond the level of the hind stylets and, at least in the tadjik species, with a much higher number of divisions. S. molchanovi shows, besides, an higher number of modified spines in the second tarsomer, shorter penis, wider abdominal sternites, longer IXth stylets and a much bigger number of spines along the IXth coxite and S. heterotarsus shows a quite distinct leg chaetotaxy and spines in the postero-lateral margins of the abdominal coxites; a future detailed description of the complete shape and chaetotaxy of the male maxillary palp of the Silvestri’s Chinese species and the description of a femural field in S. heterotarsus (lacking in the original description) will show further diagnostic features. S. trispina from Israel (Wygodzinsky 1939, 1974) and Turkey (Wygodzinsky 1950), with a non-modified ovipositor (devoid of hook-shaped setae), presents a much more reduced contact line between the compound eyes (ratio cl/l < 0.35), a longer ovipositor and a quite distinct femural field, among other dissimilarities.
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Janetschekilis perrieri (Silvestri, 1907) n.comb. [= Machilis Perrieri Silvestri, 1907, Ann. Sci. nat., 6: 364] Material examined: 1 male holotype with two labels handmade by Silvestri himself: Label 1 – Museum Paris, Congo Fr., N’Djolé, Cap. Farnnean, 1905, Machilis Perrieri Silv., Type ! Male. Label 2 – Machilis Perrieri Silv., Male Typus ! Dissected and mounted in one slide in Tendeiro liquid, the legs of one side and the coxiternites V, VIII and IX, these last ones with the genitalia; remaining part in alcohol, here included a minute paper “bag” with one maxillary palp and the labium and labial palps, the coxosternite IV and one P III (they are dissected but have never been mounted). As previously reported (Mendes 1990, 1989 (1992)), this species, described under Machilis, was considered as belonging almost certainly to Janetschekilis; even when he describes Janetschekilis, Wygodzinsky (1958) suggests that Machilis perrieri Silvestri “... might come near this group...”. The present study of the only known specimen of this species allows to rectify that the Congolese taxon belongs undoubtedly to Janetschekilis, and a few notes and figures are added to the original description. Indeed, the Congolese taxon lacks ventral spiniform setae or spines in the legs, presents a widened labial palp distal article, is devoid of femural sensorial field, presents 2+2 eversible vesicles in abdominal segments II–VI and shows thin and elongated stylets terminal spines, characteristics that are typical of this Afrotropical genus. The presence of piliform setae on the posterior filaments could not be rectified due to the condition of the specimen, but they have been originally noticed (Silvestri 1907, p: 367, reports “... Cercus medianus ... interne squamis nonnullis longis angusti extrorsum oblique directis...”) Notes: A few characteristics and some figures are added to the original description as follows: 1. The compound eyes are almost round, being their ratios l/w: 1.01–1.05 and cl/l: 0.52–0.54; their colour and pattern are impossible to trace (alcohol). 2. The maxillary palp apical article is elongated and sub-conical, being the ratio n/n-1: 0.85. The hyaline spines of the dorsal surface of the apical articles are distributed as follows: V: 3–4; VI and VII: 11–12; the spines of the Vth article are restricted to its apical area. 3. The legs are, as stated, devoid of ventral spines or spiniform setae, but they present dense elongated and strong setae; these ones are much more dense in the P II and P III, and occur mainly in the outer surface of trochanter and along the ventral surface of femur. The stylets, present in P II and P III are long and delicate. The length of the tibias are: P I (Fig. 58): 0.78 mm; P II: 0.59 mm; P III (Fig. 59): 0.90 mm. 4. The coxosternites are typical, being the apical stylets spine thin and elongated. The IXth coxite (Figs. 60–61) presents 4 apical ventral strong spines. Ratios stylet (without apical spine) / coxite (A) and apical spine / stylet (without apical spine) (B) as follows: A – V: 0.43–0.44; VIII: 0.60–0.61; IX: 0.77; B – V: 0.76–0.85; VIII: 0.69–0.70; IX: 0.59–0.60 5. The VIIIth paramera (Fig. 62) have 1 + (5–6) divisions and are typical. The IXth paramera (Figs. 60 and 63) show 1 + 8 units and are clearly shorter than the penis; this one presents the ratio bp/tp: 1.5.
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Figs. 58–63. Janetschekilis perrieri (Silvestri, 1907) n.comb. Holotype male: 58. P I; 59. P III; 60. IXth coxite and stylet, posterior paramera and penis; 61. Ibid., detail of the coxite spines; 62. VIIIth paramerum; 63. IXth paramerum and penis. Scales: 0.1 mm
Discussion: Janetschekilis perrieri (Silvestri 1907) is, as discussed when J. palpispina was described from Nigeria (Mendes 1989 (1992)), completely distinct from this species on account of the compound eyes and paired ocelli proportions as well as due to the maxillary and labial palps characteristics; the Silvestri’s species shows, further, a much longer penis that clearly surpasses the level of the paramera, a feature that allows its immediate distinction relatively to J. grandipalpis (Silvestri 1908) and to J. prima and J. secunda (Wygodzinsky 1958); the same can be stated about J. dolichopsis (Silvestri op.cit.) despite of the juvenility of its only known male.
Acknowledgements The type material concerning the reported species was loaned by Dr. Jean Marc Thibaud, from the Paris Museum, to whom the authors are deeply grateful.
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References Bach de Roca, C. (1979) Descripcion de una nueva especie de Silvestrichilis de España (Insecta, Apterygota, Microcoryphia). Miscel-lánia Zoológica 5, 25–31. Janetschek, H. (1959) Weitere Machilida aus dem Balkan. Acta Musei Macedonici Scientiarum Naturalium 6 (6) (58), 120–140. Kaplin, V.G. (1980) New species of bristle-tails (Microcoryphia, Machilidae) from the Kurilskii Ostrova and Primorskii Krai. Taxonomiy Nasekomy Dalalnego Vostoka 3–9 (in russian). Kaplin, V.G. (1982) New data on the fauna of Thysanura of Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Middle Asia. Mongol Orni Xavz (Insects of Mongolia) 8, 16–61 (in russian). Kaplin, V.G. (1985) A new species of bristle-tails of the genus Machilanus (Thysanura, Machilidae) from Djungarsky Alatau. Zoologiceskij Zhurnal 64 (3), 459–461 (in russian). Kaplin, V.G. (1990) On the insect fauna of the family Machilidae (Thysanura) from the Caucasus. Zoologiceskij Zhurnal 69 (7), 147–152 (in russian). Kaplin, V.G. (1992) New species of bristle-tails of the genus Silvestrichilis (Thysanura, Machilidae) from Kuhitang. Zoologiceskij Zhurnal 71, 146–152 (in russian). Kaplin V.G. (1993) Bristle-tails of the genus Allopsontus (Thysanura, Machilidae) of the World fauna. Zoologiceskij Zhurnal 72 (3), 53–67 (in russian). Machida, R. (1985) A redescription of Pedetontus okajimae Silvestri, 1943 (Microcoryphia, Machilidae). Kontyu, Tokyo, 53 (3), 527–533. Mendes, L.F. (1981) Sur quelques Microcoryphia de l’Asie Orientale: notes et descriptions (Insecta; Apterygota). Nouvelle Revue d’ Entomologie 11, 15–28. Mendes, L.F. (1989 (1992)) New data on the thysanuran (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma: Apterygota) from Nigeria, with description of two new species. Garcia de Orta (Zool) 16 (1/2), 211–224. Mendes, L.F. (1990) An annotated list of generic and specific names of Machilidae (Microcoryphia, Insecta) with identification keys for the genera and geographical notes. Estudos, Ensaios e Documentos 155, 1–127. Mendes, L.F. (1991(1993)) New contribution towards the knowledge of the Northern Korean thysanurans (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma: Insecta). Garcia de Orta (Zool) 18 (1/2), 67–78. Paclt, J. (1972) Grundsätzliches zur Chorologie und Systematik der Felsenspringer. Zoologischer Anzeiger 188 (5/6), 422–429. Silvestri, F. (1906) Note sui Machilidae. III. Descrizione di un nuovo genere e di sei nuove specie. Redia, Firenze, 3, 325–335. Silvestri, F. (1907) Quelques formes nouvelles de la famille des Machilides. Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Zool) (9) 6, 361–370. Silvestri, F. (1908) Tisanuri raccolti da L. Fea alle isole del Capo Verde, alla Guinea portoghese e alla isole S. Thome, Principe e Fernando Poo. Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Genova (3) 4 (44), 133–187. Silvestri, F. (1936) Descrizione di alcuni Machilidae (Thysanura) della Cina. Notes entomologiques chinoises du Museum Heude, Shanghai, 3, 103–115. Silvestri, F. (1942) Contributto alla conoscenza dei Lepismatidae e Machilidae (Thysanura) della Bulgaria. Mitteilungen aus dem koeniglichen naturwissenschaftlichen Institut in Sofia 15, 27–32. Silvestri, F. (1943) Contributto alla conoscenza dei Machilidae (Insecta, Thysanura) del Giappone. Bolletino del Laboratorio di Zoologia generale i agraria di Portici 32, 283–306. Stach, J. (1958) The Machilidae (Thysanura) of Bulgaria. Acta zoologica cracoviensis 3 (1), 1–7. Sturm, H., Bach de Roca, C. (1993) On the systematics of the Archaeognatha (Insecta). Entomologia Generalis 18 (1/2), 55–90. Wygodzinsky, P. (1939) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Thysanuren Palaestinas. Bulletin de la Societé Fouad Ier d’ Entomologie 23, 73–85.
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Wygodzinsky, P. (1950) Results of the zoological scientific expedition of the National Museum in Praha to Turkey. Acta entomologica Musei nationalis Pragae 26 (377), 1–9. Wygodzinsky, P. (1958) On some Thysanura and Machilida from French West Africa. Bulletin de l’ I.F.A.N. (A) 20 (4), 1145–1175. Wygodzinsky, P. (1962) Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Thysanura und Machilida Afghanistans. Opuscula Entomologica 27 (3), 219–228. Wygodzinsky, P. (1970) Results of the Zoological Explorations of Dr. E. Kaszab in Mongolia. 202. Thysanura and Microcoryphia (Insecta). American Museum Novitates 2401, 1–25. Wygodzinsky, P. (1974) Notes and descriptions of Machilidae from the Old World (Microcoryphia, Insecta). American Museum Novitates 2555, 1–21.