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On two new metals in the Swedish magnetic iron ore
Strength of Wire RoTes.
201
thick syrup~ of a known degree of concentration, as manufactured by Messrs. Simpson & Co., Kennington-road, London. The lime wash should be made by slaking some good f a t lime, rubbing it down with water until perfectly smooth, and then diluting it to the consistency of thick cream. Treatment of rite wood.--The protective coating is produced by painting the wood firstly with a dilute solution of silicate of soda ; secondly, with the lime wash ; and lastly, with a somewhat stronger solution of the silicate. The surface of the wood should be moderately smooth; and any covering of paper, paint, or other material, should be first removed entirely, by planing or scraping. A solution of the'silicate, in the proportion of one part by measure of the syrup to three parts of water, is prepared in a tub, pail or earthen vessel, by simply stirring the measured propertion of the silicate with the water, until complete mixture is effected. The wood is then washed over with this liquid, by means of an ordinary white:wash brush, the latter being passed two or three times over the surface, so that the wood may absorb as much of the solution as possible. When this first coating is nearly dry, the wood is painted with the lime wash in the usual manner. A solution of the silicate, in the proportion of two parts by measure of the syrup to three parts of water, is then made; and a sufficient time having been allowed to elapse for the wood to become moderately dry, this liquid is applied upon the lime in the manner directed for the first coating. The preparation of the wood is then complete. If the lime coating has been applied rather too thickly, the surface of the wood may be found, when quite dry, after the third coating~ to give off a little lime when rubbed with the hand. In that case it should be once more coated over with a solution of the silicate, of the strength prescribed for the second liquid.
Strength of Wire Ropes.* A series of experiments have been made at Woolwich Dockyard, to test the comparative strength of the wire ropes manufactured by Messrs. Binks and Stephenson, of Millwalt, under a new patent, and those made under their old one. The new ropes were made of the patent wire invented and manufactured by Messrs. Webster and Horsfall, which is unquestionably the most remarkable yet produced, the weight which a very small sized wire will bear being almost incredible. It is considered that it would be applicable to pit ropes generally, as it would save a great amount of engine power, and also for suspension bridges, &e. It was under consideration to employ it for the Atlantic cable, but the expense and the time which would then have been required to make the necessary quantity of wire deterred the directors of the company from adopting it. Messrs. Webster and Horsfall have, however, recently made such improvements in their manufacture as enable them * l~rom the London Mining Journal~ No. 1184.
Mechanics, _Physics, and Chemistry.
202
to sell the wire at a price which renders it as inexpensive to use as the ordinary rope wire. From the subjoined statement of the results obtained at the Dockyard, it will be seen that both the inventors of the wire and the manufacturers of the rope have good reason to be satisfied, as the weight borne previous to the ropes' breaking was really enormous : -
Breaking strain Circum. 1~ inch rope,
1~
3
,,
33
"
3.~ 3~
"
,,
4
t'
43
4½ 4~
" ,,
,,
Breaking strain u n d e r n e w patent.
under old patent. Tons. Cwt. 2 3 4 6 7 8 11 13 15 17 19 2l 24 28 32
5 5 6 7 8 ll 14 10 6 e 6 17 8 6 5
Circuln. 1~ i n c h rope,
1~
"
2
3
3~
i~
3½ 3~
" " "
4
'~
4¼ 4½ 4~
"
"
"
5
Tons. Cwt. 4 6 9 13 ]6 18 25 29 33 37 42 47 53 61 70
19 15 10 0 4 15 13 12 11 18 6 17 8 19 12
On two 2~ew Metals in the Swedish Magnetic Iron Ore.* By Professor ULLGREN. I have recently received a magnetic iron ore from Westerby, near Askersund in Sweden, sent for analysis, with the statement that a small addition of this ore in the smelting of good ores, caused a high degree of deterioration of the iron obtained. In the analysis which I made of this ore, I believe I have discovered two metals, one of an electro-negative, the other of an electro-positive nature, and with properties which justify the assumption that they have not yet been made known. The electro-negative metal has the following properties ;--it is thrown down with a brown color by sulphureted hydrogen from an acid solution, and the precipitate is soluble with a brown color in ammonia and sulphuret of ammonium. Its solution in nitro-muriatie acid, when slowly evaporated, deposits a solid body of a brownish-yellow color. Before the blowpipe this gives colorless globules with salt of phosphorus, and furnishes no metal with soda upon charcoal. The properties of the electro-positive metal are as follow :--From a solution of iron, mixed with a sufficient quantity of acetate of soda, it is thrown down by sulphureted hydrogen, together with iron and a small amount of zinc which is contained in the ore. After the precipitate has been partially dried upon the filter, iron and zinc may be removed by dilute muriatic acid, and afterwards nitric acid. The residue, calcined with access of air, and afterwards fused with carbonate of soda, yields a grayish-yellow substance, which, when calcined in hydrogen gas, furnishes a black powder, which burns in the air to a grayish-yellow body. The black powder obtained by reduction with hydrogen gas, is dissolved with extreme difficulty by nitric acid, but * From the London Chemical Gazette, No. 373.
201
thick syrup~ of a known degree of concentration, as manufactured by Messrs. Simpson & Co., Kennington-road, London. The lime wash should be made by slaking some good f a t lime, rubbing it down with water until perfectly smooth, and then diluting it to the consistency of thick cream. Treatment of rite wood.--The protective coating is produced by painting the wood firstly with a dilute solution of silicate of soda ; secondly, with the lime wash ; and lastly, with a somewhat stronger solution of the silicate. The surface of the wood should be moderately smooth; and any covering of paper, paint, or other material, should be first removed entirely, by planing or scraping. A solution of the'silicate, in the proportion of one part by measure of the syrup to three parts of water, is prepared in a tub, pail or earthen vessel, by simply stirring the measured propertion of the silicate with the water, until complete mixture is effected. The wood is then washed over with this liquid, by means of an ordinary white:wash brush, the latter being passed two or three times over the surface, so that the wood may absorb as much of the solution as possible. When this first coating is nearly dry, the wood is painted with the lime wash in the usual manner. A solution of the silicate, in the proportion of two parts by measure of the syrup to three parts of water, is then made; and a sufficient time having been allowed to elapse for the wood to become moderately dry, this liquid is applied upon the lime in the manner directed for the first coating. The preparation of the wood is then complete. If the lime coating has been applied rather too thickly, the surface of the wood may be found, when quite dry, after the third coating~ to give off a little lime when rubbed with the hand. In that case it should be once more coated over with a solution of the silicate, of the strength prescribed for the second liquid.
Strength of Wire Ropes.* A series of experiments have been made at Woolwich Dockyard, to test the comparative strength of the wire ropes manufactured by Messrs. Binks and Stephenson, of Millwalt, under a new patent, and those made under their old one. The new ropes were made of the patent wire invented and manufactured by Messrs. Webster and Horsfall, which is unquestionably the most remarkable yet produced, the weight which a very small sized wire will bear being almost incredible. It is considered that it would be applicable to pit ropes generally, as it would save a great amount of engine power, and also for suspension bridges, &e. It was under consideration to employ it for the Atlantic cable, but the expense and the time which would then have been required to make the necessary quantity of wire deterred the directors of the company from adopting it. Messrs. Webster and Horsfall have, however, recently made such improvements in their manufacture as enable them * l~rom the London Mining Journal~ No. 1184.
Mechanics, _Physics, and Chemistry.
202
to sell the wire at a price which renders it as inexpensive to use as the ordinary rope wire. From the subjoined statement of the results obtained at the Dockyard, it will be seen that both the inventors of the wire and the manufacturers of the rope have good reason to be satisfied, as the weight borne previous to the ropes' breaking was really enormous : -
Breaking strain Circum. 1~ inch rope,
1~
3
,,
33
"
3.~ 3~
"
,,
4
t'
43
4½ 4~
" ,,
,,
Breaking strain u n d e r n e w patent.
under old patent. Tons. Cwt. 2 3 4 6 7 8 11 13 15 17 19 2l 24 28 32
5 5 6 7 8 ll 14 10 6 e 6 17 8 6 5
Circuln. 1~ i n c h rope,
1~
"
2
3
3~
i~
3½ 3~
" " "
4
'~
4¼ 4½ 4~
"
"
"
5
Tons. Cwt. 4 6 9 13 ]6 18 25 29 33 37 42 47 53 61 70
19 15 10 0 4 15 13 12 11 18 6 17 8 19 12
On two 2~ew Metals in the Swedish Magnetic Iron Ore.* By Professor ULLGREN. I have recently received a magnetic iron ore from Westerby, near Askersund in Sweden, sent for analysis, with the statement that a small addition of this ore in the smelting of good ores, caused a high degree of deterioration of the iron obtained. In the analysis which I made of this ore, I believe I have discovered two metals, one of an electro-negative, the other of an electro-positive nature, and with properties which justify the assumption that they have not yet been made known. The electro-negative metal has the following properties ;--it is thrown down with a brown color by sulphureted hydrogen from an acid solution, and the precipitate is soluble with a brown color in ammonia and sulphuret of ammonium. Its solution in nitro-muriatie acid, when slowly evaporated, deposits a solid body of a brownish-yellow color. Before the blowpipe this gives colorless globules with salt of phosphorus, and furnishes no metal with soda upon charcoal. The properties of the electro-positive metal are as follow :--From a solution of iron, mixed with a sufficient quantity of acetate of soda, it is thrown down by sulphureted hydrogen, together with iron and a small amount of zinc which is contained in the ore. After the precipitate has been partially dried upon the filter, iron and zinc may be removed by dilute muriatic acid, and afterwards nitric acid. The residue, calcined with access of air, and afterwards fused with carbonate of soda, yields a grayish-yellow substance, which, when calcined in hydrogen gas, furnishes a black powder, which burns in the air to a grayish-yellow body. The black powder obtained by reduction with hydrogen gas, is dissolved with extreme difficulty by nitric acid, but * From the London Chemical Gazette, No. 373.