- Email: [email protected]
Onset of Reduced GI Motility and Dry Matter Intake in Bluecomb Diseased Turkeys1,2
703
TURKEY ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS TABLE 1.—Blood pressure, heart rate, and QRS values on hypertensive and hypotensive turkeys1
Lines
High Low
Blood pressure
Heart rate
mm. Hg 254±6.8 3 171 + 4.5
b.p.m. 264+4.1 249±4.6
Heart size
Resultant QRS mm. 16.8+ .1* 11.2+ .5
T
Length
Diameter
mm. 8.5±.5 6.8±.2
cm. 7.2+.1 6.2+.1
cm. 4.7+.1 4.3+.1
rofBP with QRS2 .60 .16
'Probabilities of demonstrated significance: blood pressure, < . 0 1 ; heart rate, <.05, QRS, <.01, T, <.05; heart length, < . 0 1 ; heart diameter, <.01. 2 Correlation coefficient between blood pressure and QRS. 3 Standard error. 4 To convert to millivolts divide by 30.
REFERENCES Gross, W. B., 1966. Electrocardiographic changes of Escherichia coli-infected bird. Am. J. Vet. Res. 27: 1427-1436. Krista, L. M., R. E. Burger and P. E. Waibel, 1963. Blood pressure and heart rate in the turkey as measured by the indirect method and their modifications by pharmacological agents. Poultry Sci. 42: 646-652.
Krista, L. M., R. E. Burger and P. E. Waibel, 1964. Comparison of blood pressure measurements by the indirect method to those by the direct method. Poultry Sci. 43: 754-759. Krista, L M., P. E. Waibel, R. N. Shoffner and J. H. Sautter, 1970. A study of aortic rupture and performance as influenced by selection for hypertension and hypotension in the turkey. Poultry Sci. 49: 405-411. Sturkie, P. D., 1965. Avian Physiology. 2nd edition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
Onset of Reduced GI Motility and Dry Matter Intake in Bluecomb Diseased Turkeys 18 G. E . D U K E , H . E . D Z I U K , O. A. E V A N S O N A N D E . B . N U D E L L
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 (Received for publication November 27, 1969)
P
REVIOUS studies of the pathophysiology of bluecomb have indicated that functioning of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is seriously affected by the disease. Net jejunal absorption (Duke et al., 1969b), food conversion (Dziuk et al., 1 Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station No. 7116. 2 This study was made possible with support under a grant (0302-4826-44) from the State of Minnesota General Agricultural Research Funds, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, and a grant (428-0350-4909-02) from the University of Minnesota Graduate School.
1969a), and intestinal motility (Duke et al., 1969a) are reduced. Intestinal motility (as determined by Sl-Cr transit-times) was measured after bluecomb diseased turkeys began to appear ill. However, the time of onset of decreased motility was not determined. The purpose of the present study was to estimate this time and to relate it to the time of onset of the decline in food intake and body weight. This information, as well as other physiological information on bluecomb, is necessary for the development of appropriate therapeutic measures on a sound experimental basis. No such basis
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan- Flint on May 19, 2015
Pierson for technical assistance in this work.
704
G. E. DUKE, H. E. DZIUK, O. A. EVANSON AND E. B. NUDEIX
underlies the present use of nutrients and antibiotics in the drinking water of bluecomb diseased turkeys. Better treatments, however, have not yet been proposed. Perhaps, other less expensive treatments or revised treatment schedules would be more suitable than those currently employed. METHODS
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan- Flint on May 19, 2015
Wrolstad Medium-White turkeys (Moorhouse Hatcheries, Clear Lake Minn.) which were housed in individual cages in a controlled-environment room were used. Mean body weights varied from 0.90 kg. to 1.492 kg. and the turkeys varied in age from 46-60 days at the start of the experiments. In the room the temperature was maintained at 25-27°C, the relative humidity was kept at 40-50 percent, and a 14 hour photoperiod was maintained automatically. Turkeys were allowed to become acclimated to these conditions for 712 days before experiments began. Feed and water were available ad libitum. The ration was formula number 22 (mash), Land-O-Lakes Creameries, Inc. of Minneapolis, Minn. The diet had no medication added and contained approximately 22% nonanimal crude protein, 2% fat, and 6% crude fiber. Body weights and dry matter (D.M.) intake were determined daily for each turkey both before and during bluecomb. Bluecomb was induced in healthy turkeys by the oral injection of material prepared from the minced ceca and colon of bluecomb diseased turkeys. The preparation of this material has been described previously (Dziuk et al., 1969b). The procedure used for determining transit-times was similar to one described earlier (Duke et al., 1969a). To begin the experiment, one ml. of water containing about one [/.c. of 51 CrCl3 was orally administered to each turkey. This was accomplished using a syringe fitted with poly-vi-
nyl tubing (10 cm. in length) inserted into the esophagus of the turkey. Both the 51Cr doses and the infectious bluecomb material were administered at 0900 in each trial. Ordinarily, minimum, maximum, and peak transit-times for intestinal and cecal ingesta are determined, respectively, by the first, last, and largest hourly appearance of radioactive excreta from these two organs. However, only minimum and peak intestinal transit-times and recovery of 51-Cr from the intestine within 24 hours are presented herein. There were several reasons for not including other data. Minimum and peak transit-times are less variable and require less time to obtain than maximum transit-times. Results obtained from cecal collections during periods of reduced D.M. intake are subject to slight inaccuracies because excreta are quite liquid making separation of intestinal and cecal excreta difficult (Duke etal., 1969a). Therefore, in the present study, excreta were collected each hour for the first 12 hours after administration of 51-Cr and at the end of the second 12 hours. Cecal and intestinal excreta were collected separately when it was possible to distinguish between them. Excreta were collected in tubes and dried at 90°C. for 20^24 hours to reduce the volume of material in the tubes. The level of radio-activity in each sample was determined (i.e., "counted") with a Packard Autogamma model 3002. All counts were corrected for decay and background error. Three trials involving 24 turkeys each were performed according to the following plan. Transit-times of 51-Cr were determined for 24 turkeys simultaneously. One week later, the same 24 turkeys were inoculated with bluecomb material. On the day of inoculation (day 0), 51-Cr was administered to 6 of the 24 inoculated turkeys and transit-time experiments were begun on
70S
BLUECOMB DISEASE TABLE 1.—Average body weight changes (AB.W., gm./day/kg.) and dry matter {D.M.) intakes of B.W.) for control and bluecomb diseased turkeys before and during 3 trials
Trial
(gm./day/kg.
Bluecomb diseased (n = 6/day) DayO
Day+1
Day+2
Day+3
AB.W. for 3 days prior to the test* AB.W. during the 51-Cr test D.M. intake during the 51-Cr test
+22.0 +41.5f 78.9
+26.3 +70.2 70.4
+20.5 +65.3 57.5
+26.1 -28.2 25.5
+25.7 -52.7 35.2
AB.W. for 3 days prior to the test AB.W. during the 51-Cr test D.M. intake during the 51-Cr test
+26.4 +52.3 75.2
+38.3 +25.9 80.3
+36.1 -23.8 36.8
+40.3 -82.1 4.7
+46.2 - 8.1 28.0
AB.W. for 3 days prior to the test AB.W. during the 51-Cr test D.M. intake during the 51-Cr test
+27.5 +28.5 79.3
+30.2 +25.6 72.9
+25.1 -16.1 39.0
+24.9 -28.3 27.9
+25.6 -7.6 32.3
* Test = 3 days prior to the 51-Cr dose for control turkeys (days -10, —9, and —8) or 3 days prior to infection for bluecomb diseased turkeys (days —3, —2, and — 1). t AB.W. on day —7 for control turkeys.
them. For the next 3 days (days + 1 , + 2, and + 3 ) , transit-time experiments were begun on 6 different turkeys each day. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The average daily body weights of the turkeys increased during the control period and during day 0 (Table 1). With the exception of the turkeys used in trial 1, day + 1, on days + 1 , + 2, and + 3 the body weights of the turkeys were declining. D.M. intake also declined from control levels on days + 1 , + 2 , and + 3 . The greatest body weight loss and reduction in D.M. intake occurred, however, on day + 2 (Table 1). Generally, by day + 3 the condition of the turkeys as indicated by their D.M. intake and body weight change, was improving. Daily fluctuations in body weight gain (Table 1, 20.5-70.2 gm./day/kg.) that occurred prior to inoculation with bluecomb material are common for turkeys of this age which are kept under the conditions of the present studies. These fluctuations could not be accounted for by such factors as acclimation to the room, presence of workers in the room, or of any detectable disease. It is believed, however, that they
do not affect the validity of the present interpretations. The minimum transit-time for 51-Cr was about 1 hour in healthy turkeys (Table 2). The minimum time was not significantly increased on days 0 or + 1 except in trial 1. In that trial the minimum transit-time was significantly longer (Pr < 0.05) on day + 1 than during the control period (Table 2). Minimum transit-times were 2-3 times longer (a significant difference, Pr < 0.01), in turkeys used on days + 2 and + 3 than for healthy turkeys. Similarly, the average peak transit-time was most severely increased on days + 2 and + 3 (Table 2). The standard deviations for minimum transit-time and percentage recovery were also greatest on days +2 and + 3 because some turkeys did not become as sick as others and their transit-time and 51-Cr recovery values were nearly normal. Thus, minimum transit-times determined on day + 1 (24-26 hours after inoculation) were, in 2 out of 3 cases, not significantly different from those determined in control periods. But, minimum transit-times determined on day + 2 (48-50 hours after inoculation) were significantly greater. There-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan- Flint on May 19, 2015
Control (n = 24)
Measurement
706
G. E. DUKE, H. E. DZIUK, O. A. EVANSON AND E. B. NUDELL
TABLE 2.-—Average transit-times and recovery of 51-Cr in control and bluecomb diseased turkeys in 3 trials
Trial
Measurement
DayO
73.2 (11.18) 1.04 Minimum transit-time of 51-Cr (hrs.) (0.46) 1.92 Peak transit-time of 51-Cr (hrs.)
84.6 (5.10) 1.17 (0.41) 2.17'
82.7 (1.92) 0.80 (0.84) 1.80
91.5 (5.59) 1.00 (0.42) 2.13
93.2 (5.71) 1.17 (0.41) 2.83
78.8 (7.48) 1.17 (0.41) 2.50
Minimum transit-time of 51-Cr (hrs.)
74.7 (6.40)* 1.00 (0.59) 2.04
Recovery of 51-Cr dose in 24 hrs. (%)
Recovery of 51-Cr dose in 24 hrs. (%) 3
Minimum transit-time of 51-Cr (hrs.) Peak transit-time of 51-Cr (hrs.)
Day+2
Day+3 59.0 (24.34) 2.17$ (1.47) 4.83
57.9 (26.97) 2.671 (1.86) 5.83
64.7 62.8 (8.85) (22.39) 2.82J 1.83J (1.60) (0.75) 5, 5.40§ 5, 4.20 1, 12-24 1, 12-24 68.5 (21.33) 3.17J (3.54) 5.33
58.5 (31.40) 2.831 (1.72) 4.33
* Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations. f Transit-times on this day were significantly different from the transit-times of control turkeys at the 5% level. t Transit-times on this day were significantly different from the transit-times of control turkeys at the 1% level. § 5 of 6 birds had a peak transit-time of 5.40 hours while the peak occurred during the period 12-24 hours after 51-Cr dosing in 1 bird.
fore, transit-times increased sometime after the determination of transit-time was made on ray + 1 but before transit-times were determined on day + 2 . Reduced intestinal motility, body weight, and D.M. intake are considered to be the best available criteria for judging the severity of bluecomb. It is significant that they all begin to decline at approximately the same time as relative lymphopenia and heterophilia occur (Schultz et al., 1970). During the third trial, hourly D.M. intake was determined for all 24 turkeys for 1 day before and for 4 days after inoculation. On the control day and on day 0, between 0900-1000 and 1800-2000, the turkeys ate an average of about 10 gm./bird/ hr. (Table 3). On day + 1 about 10 gm./ hour were eaten from 0900 to 1000, but intake began to decline during this day and from 1800-2000 only an average of 3.4 to 4.1 gm./hour was eaten by each turkey. On
days + 2 and + 3 intake declined further and during the hours of 0900 to 1000 and 1800-2000 the turkeys had average intakes of only 2.5 to 4.2 gm/hour (Table 3). Therefore, D.M. intake began to decrease TABLE 3.—Average hourly D.M. intake (gm./kg. B.W.) during light periods for 24 turkeys before and during bluecomb Time 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
to to to to to to to to to to to to to
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 0900*
Total
Control Day "0" day
Day
Day
+ 1 +2
+3
Day
10.2 1.8 7.5 6.0 7.8 5.7 4.4 6.7 5.6 10.2 9.7 5.6 7.3
10.3 6.0 4.4 6.7 3.7 5.2 5.9 4.8 2.6 11.3 10.2 4.0 4.5
10.5 5.4 3.3 4.1 2.3 3.7 4.7 2.4 2.7 3.4 4.1 3.3 0.7
3.6 0.5 2.5 0.6 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.0 2.2 2.5 2.6 1.8 1.3
2.6 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.9 1.7 2.5 1.6 4.2 3.2 2.3 0.8
88.5
79.6
50.6
24.1
28.0
* 2100-0900 represents 2 hours of eating time (i.e., during light period).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan- Flint on May 19, 2015
81.2 (8.71) l.SOf (0.55) 2.67
Peak transit-time of 51-Cr (hrs.)
2
Day+1
82.0 (3.50) 1.00 (0.00) 2.83
Recovery of 51-Cr dose in 24hrs. (%) 1
Bluecomb diseased (n = 6/olay)
Control (n = 24)
707
BLUECOMB DISEASE
SUMMARY Gastrointestinal (GI) transit-time for Sl-Cr was used to determine the day of onset of reduced GI motility during bluecomb in turkeys. Turkeys were maintained in a controlled environment room. Their body weights and dry matter (D.M.) intake were determined daily during 3 trials each requiring 2 transit-time determinations. During 1 of the 3 trials, hourly D.M. intake was also determined. In each trial, transit-times were determined for 24 turkeys before they were infected with bluecomb. Transit-times were again determined on the day of infection (day 0) and on the next 3 days (days + 1, + 2 , and + 3 ) for 6 different turkeys (of the original 24) each day. Average body weights and D.M. intake were reduced on day + 1 . Recovery of SlCr in 24 hours was significantly decreased on day + 2 and transit-times for Sl-Cr
were significantly increased on this day. Average hourly D.M. intake was normal during the first 28 hours after oral dosing with bluecomb material, but it declined on about the 28th hour (Day + 1 ) . It was not possible in the present study to determine from transit-time of Sl-Cr whether motility and D.M. intake declined simultaneously. This should be determined in order that the pathogenesis of bluecomb can be more completely characterized. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The technical assistance of Miss Lorraine Tompkins and Miss Dianne Overbee was very greatly appreciated. Dr. Calvert T. Larsen and Mrs. Connie M. Bissonette of the Department of Veterniary Microbiology and Public Health provided infectious bluecomb material for our studies. The authors are grateful for their support. REFERENCES Duke, G. E., H. E. Dziuk and L. Hawkins, 1969a. Gastrointestinal transit-times in normal and bluecomb diseased turkeys. Poultry Sci. 48: 838-842. Duke, G. E., H. E. Dziuk and O. A. Evanson, 1969b. Fluxes of ions, glucose, and water in isolated jejunal segments in normal and bluecomb diseased turkeys. Poultry Sci. 48: 2114-2123. Dziuk, H. E., G. E. Duke, O. A. Evanson, D. E. Nelson and P. N. Schultz, 1969a. Force-feeding turkeys during bluecomb disease. Poultry Sci. 48: 843-846. Dziuk, H. E., O. A. Evanson and C. T. Larsen, 1969b. Physiologic effects of fasting and bluecomb in turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res. 30: 10451056. Schultz, P. N , D. E. Nelson, H. E. Dziuk, G. E. Duke and C. T. Larsen, 1970. Hemic studies in normal and bluecomb diseased turkeys. Poultry Sci. 49: 136-145.
AUGUST 2-6. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK. AUGUST 9-14. THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C.
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to a new, disease induced, low level about 28 hours after injection of infectious material and by 0900 on day + 2 , and on day + 3 a new sustained low level of intake was observed. It would seem likely that the disease factors causing the decrease in hourly D.M. intake during day + 1 were also the cause of the increase in transit-time which occurs before day + 2 . Evidence to support this view was, however, not obtained. Continuous motility measurements throughout an entire period of illness while simultaneously determining hourly food intake would be necessary for determining the chronological relationship between the decrease in D.M. intake and in GI motility.
TURKEY ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS TABLE 1.—Blood pressure, heart rate, and QRS values on hypertensive and hypotensive turkeys1
Lines
High Low
Blood pressure
Heart rate
mm. Hg 254±6.8 3 171 + 4.5
b.p.m. 264+4.1 249±4.6
Heart size
Resultant QRS mm. 16.8+ .1* 11.2+ .5
T
Length
Diameter
mm. 8.5±.5 6.8±.2
cm. 7.2+.1 6.2+.1
cm. 4.7+.1 4.3+.1
rofBP with QRS2 .60 .16
'Probabilities of demonstrated significance: blood pressure, < . 0 1 ; heart rate, <.05, QRS, <.01, T, <.05; heart length, < . 0 1 ; heart diameter, <.01. 2 Correlation coefficient between blood pressure and QRS. 3 Standard error. 4 To convert to millivolts divide by 30.
REFERENCES Gross, W. B., 1966. Electrocardiographic changes of Escherichia coli-infected bird. Am. J. Vet. Res. 27: 1427-1436. Krista, L. M., R. E. Burger and P. E. Waibel, 1963. Blood pressure and heart rate in the turkey as measured by the indirect method and their modifications by pharmacological agents. Poultry Sci. 42: 646-652.
Krista, L. M., R. E. Burger and P. E. Waibel, 1964. Comparison of blood pressure measurements by the indirect method to those by the direct method. Poultry Sci. 43: 754-759. Krista, L M., P. E. Waibel, R. N. Shoffner and J. H. Sautter, 1970. A study of aortic rupture and performance as influenced by selection for hypertension and hypotension in the turkey. Poultry Sci. 49: 405-411. Sturkie, P. D., 1965. Avian Physiology. 2nd edition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
Onset of Reduced GI Motility and Dry Matter Intake in Bluecomb Diseased Turkeys 18 G. E . D U K E , H . E . D Z I U K , O. A. E V A N S O N A N D E . B . N U D E L L
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 (Received for publication November 27, 1969)
P
REVIOUS studies of the pathophysiology of bluecomb have indicated that functioning of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is seriously affected by the disease. Net jejunal absorption (Duke et al., 1969b), food conversion (Dziuk et al., 1 Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station No. 7116. 2 This study was made possible with support under a grant (0302-4826-44) from the State of Minnesota General Agricultural Research Funds, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, and a grant (428-0350-4909-02) from the University of Minnesota Graduate School.
1969a), and intestinal motility (Duke et al., 1969a) are reduced. Intestinal motility (as determined by Sl-Cr transit-times) was measured after bluecomb diseased turkeys began to appear ill. However, the time of onset of decreased motility was not determined. The purpose of the present study was to estimate this time and to relate it to the time of onset of the decline in food intake and body weight. This information, as well as other physiological information on bluecomb, is necessary for the development of appropriate therapeutic measures on a sound experimental basis. No such basis
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan- Flint on May 19, 2015
Pierson for technical assistance in this work.
704
G. E. DUKE, H. E. DZIUK, O. A. EVANSON AND E. B. NUDEIX
underlies the present use of nutrients and antibiotics in the drinking water of bluecomb diseased turkeys. Better treatments, however, have not yet been proposed. Perhaps, other less expensive treatments or revised treatment schedules would be more suitable than those currently employed. METHODS
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan- Flint on May 19, 2015
Wrolstad Medium-White turkeys (Moorhouse Hatcheries, Clear Lake Minn.) which were housed in individual cages in a controlled-environment room were used. Mean body weights varied from 0.90 kg. to 1.492 kg. and the turkeys varied in age from 46-60 days at the start of the experiments. In the room the temperature was maintained at 25-27°C, the relative humidity was kept at 40-50 percent, and a 14 hour photoperiod was maintained automatically. Turkeys were allowed to become acclimated to these conditions for 712 days before experiments began. Feed and water were available ad libitum. The ration was formula number 22 (mash), Land-O-Lakes Creameries, Inc. of Minneapolis, Minn. The diet had no medication added and contained approximately 22% nonanimal crude protein, 2% fat, and 6% crude fiber. Body weights and dry matter (D.M.) intake were determined daily for each turkey both before and during bluecomb. Bluecomb was induced in healthy turkeys by the oral injection of material prepared from the minced ceca and colon of bluecomb diseased turkeys. The preparation of this material has been described previously (Dziuk et al., 1969b). The procedure used for determining transit-times was similar to one described earlier (Duke et al., 1969a). To begin the experiment, one ml. of water containing about one [/.c. of 51 CrCl3 was orally administered to each turkey. This was accomplished using a syringe fitted with poly-vi-
nyl tubing (10 cm. in length) inserted into the esophagus of the turkey. Both the 51Cr doses and the infectious bluecomb material were administered at 0900 in each trial. Ordinarily, minimum, maximum, and peak transit-times for intestinal and cecal ingesta are determined, respectively, by the first, last, and largest hourly appearance of radioactive excreta from these two organs. However, only minimum and peak intestinal transit-times and recovery of 51-Cr from the intestine within 24 hours are presented herein. There were several reasons for not including other data. Minimum and peak transit-times are less variable and require less time to obtain than maximum transit-times. Results obtained from cecal collections during periods of reduced D.M. intake are subject to slight inaccuracies because excreta are quite liquid making separation of intestinal and cecal excreta difficult (Duke etal., 1969a). Therefore, in the present study, excreta were collected each hour for the first 12 hours after administration of 51-Cr and at the end of the second 12 hours. Cecal and intestinal excreta were collected separately when it was possible to distinguish between them. Excreta were collected in tubes and dried at 90°C. for 20^24 hours to reduce the volume of material in the tubes. The level of radio-activity in each sample was determined (i.e., "counted") with a Packard Autogamma model 3002. All counts were corrected for decay and background error. Three trials involving 24 turkeys each were performed according to the following plan. Transit-times of 51-Cr were determined for 24 turkeys simultaneously. One week later, the same 24 turkeys were inoculated with bluecomb material. On the day of inoculation (day 0), 51-Cr was administered to 6 of the 24 inoculated turkeys and transit-time experiments were begun on
70S
BLUECOMB DISEASE TABLE 1.—Average body weight changes (AB.W., gm./day/kg.) and dry matter {D.M.) intakes of B.W.) for control and bluecomb diseased turkeys before and during 3 trials
Trial
(gm./day/kg.
Bluecomb diseased (n = 6/day) DayO
Day+1
Day+2
Day+3
AB.W. for 3 days prior to the test* AB.W. during the 51-Cr test D.M. intake during the 51-Cr test
+22.0 +41.5f 78.9
+26.3 +70.2 70.4
+20.5 +65.3 57.5
+26.1 -28.2 25.5
+25.7 -52.7 35.2
AB.W. for 3 days prior to the test AB.W. during the 51-Cr test D.M. intake during the 51-Cr test
+26.4 +52.3 75.2
+38.3 +25.9 80.3
+36.1 -23.8 36.8
+40.3 -82.1 4.7
+46.2 - 8.1 28.0
AB.W. for 3 days prior to the test AB.W. during the 51-Cr test D.M. intake during the 51-Cr test
+27.5 +28.5 79.3
+30.2 +25.6 72.9
+25.1 -16.1 39.0
+24.9 -28.3 27.9
+25.6 -7.6 32.3
* Test = 3 days prior to the 51-Cr dose for control turkeys (days -10, —9, and —8) or 3 days prior to infection for bluecomb diseased turkeys (days —3, —2, and — 1). t AB.W. on day —7 for control turkeys.
them. For the next 3 days (days + 1 , + 2, and + 3 ) , transit-time experiments were begun on 6 different turkeys each day. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The average daily body weights of the turkeys increased during the control period and during day 0 (Table 1). With the exception of the turkeys used in trial 1, day + 1, on days + 1 , + 2, and + 3 the body weights of the turkeys were declining. D.M. intake also declined from control levels on days + 1 , + 2 , and + 3 . The greatest body weight loss and reduction in D.M. intake occurred, however, on day + 2 (Table 1). Generally, by day + 3 the condition of the turkeys as indicated by their D.M. intake and body weight change, was improving. Daily fluctuations in body weight gain (Table 1, 20.5-70.2 gm./day/kg.) that occurred prior to inoculation with bluecomb material are common for turkeys of this age which are kept under the conditions of the present studies. These fluctuations could not be accounted for by such factors as acclimation to the room, presence of workers in the room, or of any detectable disease. It is believed, however, that they
do not affect the validity of the present interpretations. The minimum transit-time for 51-Cr was about 1 hour in healthy turkeys (Table 2). The minimum time was not significantly increased on days 0 or + 1 except in trial 1. In that trial the minimum transit-time was significantly longer (Pr < 0.05) on day + 1 than during the control period (Table 2). Minimum transit-times were 2-3 times longer (a significant difference, Pr < 0.01), in turkeys used on days + 2 and + 3 than for healthy turkeys. Similarly, the average peak transit-time was most severely increased on days + 2 and + 3 (Table 2). The standard deviations for minimum transit-time and percentage recovery were also greatest on days +2 and + 3 because some turkeys did not become as sick as others and their transit-time and 51-Cr recovery values were nearly normal. Thus, minimum transit-times determined on day + 1 (24-26 hours after inoculation) were, in 2 out of 3 cases, not significantly different from those determined in control periods. But, minimum transit-times determined on day + 2 (48-50 hours after inoculation) were significantly greater. There-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan- Flint on May 19, 2015
Control (n = 24)
Measurement
706
G. E. DUKE, H. E. DZIUK, O. A. EVANSON AND E. B. NUDELL
TABLE 2.-—Average transit-times and recovery of 51-Cr in control and bluecomb diseased turkeys in 3 trials
Trial
Measurement
DayO
73.2 (11.18) 1.04 Minimum transit-time of 51-Cr (hrs.) (0.46) 1.92 Peak transit-time of 51-Cr (hrs.)
84.6 (5.10) 1.17 (0.41) 2.17'
82.7 (1.92) 0.80 (0.84) 1.80
91.5 (5.59) 1.00 (0.42) 2.13
93.2 (5.71) 1.17 (0.41) 2.83
78.8 (7.48) 1.17 (0.41) 2.50
Minimum transit-time of 51-Cr (hrs.)
74.7 (6.40)* 1.00 (0.59) 2.04
Recovery of 51-Cr dose in 24 hrs. (%)
Recovery of 51-Cr dose in 24 hrs. (%) 3
Minimum transit-time of 51-Cr (hrs.) Peak transit-time of 51-Cr (hrs.)
Day+2
Day+3 59.0 (24.34) 2.17$ (1.47) 4.83
57.9 (26.97) 2.671 (1.86) 5.83
64.7 62.8 (8.85) (22.39) 2.82J 1.83J (1.60) (0.75) 5, 5.40§ 5, 4.20 1, 12-24 1, 12-24 68.5 (21.33) 3.17J (3.54) 5.33
58.5 (31.40) 2.831 (1.72) 4.33
* Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations. f Transit-times on this day were significantly different from the transit-times of control turkeys at the 5% level. t Transit-times on this day were significantly different from the transit-times of control turkeys at the 1% level. § 5 of 6 birds had a peak transit-time of 5.40 hours while the peak occurred during the period 12-24 hours after 51-Cr dosing in 1 bird.
fore, transit-times increased sometime after the determination of transit-time was made on ray + 1 but before transit-times were determined on day + 2 . Reduced intestinal motility, body weight, and D.M. intake are considered to be the best available criteria for judging the severity of bluecomb. It is significant that they all begin to decline at approximately the same time as relative lymphopenia and heterophilia occur (Schultz et al., 1970). During the third trial, hourly D.M. intake was determined for all 24 turkeys for 1 day before and for 4 days after inoculation. On the control day and on day 0, between 0900-1000 and 1800-2000, the turkeys ate an average of about 10 gm./bird/ hr. (Table 3). On day + 1 about 10 gm./ hour were eaten from 0900 to 1000, but intake began to decline during this day and from 1800-2000 only an average of 3.4 to 4.1 gm./hour was eaten by each turkey. On
days + 2 and + 3 intake declined further and during the hours of 0900 to 1000 and 1800-2000 the turkeys had average intakes of only 2.5 to 4.2 gm/hour (Table 3). Therefore, D.M. intake began to decrease TABLE 3.—Average hourly D.M. intake (gm./kg. B.W.) during light periods for 24 turkeys before and during bluecomb Time 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
to to to to to to to to to to to to to
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 0900*
Total
Control Day "0" day
Day
Day
+ 1 +2
+3
Day
10.2 1.8 7.5 6.0 7.8 5.7 4.4 6.7 5.6 10.2 9.7 5.6 7.3
10.3 6.0 4.4 6.7 3.7 5.2 5.9 4.8 2.6 11.3 10.2 4.0 4.5
10.5 5.4 3.3 4.1 2.3 3.7 4.7 2.4 2.7 3.4 4.1 3.3 0.7
3.6 0.5 2.5 0.6 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.0 2.2 2.5 2.6 1.8 1.3
2.6 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.9 1.7 2.5 1.6 4.2 3.2 2.3 0.8
88.5
79.6
50.6
24.1
28.0
* 2100-0900 represents 2 hours of eating time (i.e., during light period).
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81.2 (8.71) l.SOf (0.55) 2.67
Peak transit-time of 51-Cr (hrs.)
2
Day+1
82.0 (3.50) 1.00 (0.00) 2.83
Recovery of 51-Cr dose in 24hrs. (%) 1
Bluecomb diseased (n = 6/olay)
Control (n = 24)
707
BLUECOMB DISEASE
SUMMARY Gastrointestinal (GI) transit-time for Sl-Cr was used to determine the day of onset of reduced GI motility during bluecomb in turkeys. Turkeys were maintained in a controlled environment room. Their body weights and dry matter (D.M.) intake were determined daily during 3 trials each requiring 2 transit-time determinations. During 1 of the 3 trials, hourly D.M. intake was also determined. In each trial, transit-times were determined for 24 turkeys before they were infected with bluecomb. Transit-times were again determined on the day of infection (day 0) and on the next 3 days (days + 1, + 2 , and + 3 ) for 6 different turkeys (of the original 24) each day. Average body weights and D.M. intake were reduced on day + 1 . Recovery of SlCr in 24 hours was significantly decreased on day + 2 and transit-times for Sl-Cr
were significantly increased on this day. Average hourly D.M. intake was normal during the first 28 hours after oral dosing with bluecomb material, but it declined on about the 28th hour (Day + 1 ) . It was not possible in the present study to determine from transit-time of Sl-Cr whether motility and D.M. intake declined simultaneously. This should be determined in order that the pathogenesis of bluecomb can be more completely characterized. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The technical assistance of Miss Lorraine Tompkins and Miss Dianne Overbee was very greatly appreciated. Dr. Calvert T. Larsen and Mrs. Connie M. Bissonette of the Department of Veterniary Microbiology and Public Health provided infectious bluecomb material for our studies. The authors are grateful for their support. REFERENCES Duke, G. E., H. E. Dziuk and L. Hawkins, 1969a. Gastrointestinal transit-times in normal and bluecomb diseased turkeys. Poultry Sci. 48: 838-842. Duke, G. E., H. E. Dziuk and O. A. Evanson, 1969b. Fluxes of ions, glucose, and water in isolated jejunal segments in normal and bluecomb diseased turkeys. Poultry Sci. 48: 2114-2123. Dziuk, H. E., G. E. Duke, O. A. Evanson, D. E. Nelson and P. N. Schultz, 1969a. Force-feeding turkeys during bluecomb disease. Poultry Sci. 48: 843-846. Dziuk, H. E., O. A. Evanson and C. T. Larsen, 1969b. Physiologic effects of fasting and bluecomb in turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res. 30: 10451056. Schultz, P. N , D. E. Nelson, H. E. Dziuk, G. E. Duke and C. T. Larsen, 1970. Hemic studies in normal and bluecomb diseased turkeys. Poultry Sci. 49: 136-145.
AUGUST 2-6. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK. AUGUST 9-14. THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C.
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to a new, disease induced, low level about 28 hours after injection of infectious material and by 0900 on day + 2 , and on day + 3 a new sustained low level of intake was observed. It would seem likely that the disease factors causing the decrease in hourly D.M. intake during day + 1 were also the cause of the increase in transit-time which occurs before day + 2 . Evidence to support this view was, however, not obtained. Continuous motility measurements throughout an entire period of illness while simultaneously determining hourly food intake would be necessary for determining the chronological relationship between the decrease in D.M. intake and in GI motility.