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Operator workloads and mill performance effects due to design changes
engineers II. Questionnaire study, mortality and disability. Scandinavian Journal o f Work, Environment and Health, 1978, 4. Supplement 3, 15 -28. A questionnaire study on work conditions, work organisation, leisure time, social problems, and health was directed toward active and retired locomotive engineers. This article mainly presents responses of the active engineers. The active locomotive engineers quoted the irregular work hours as the worst occupational problem. They judged noise and vibration in the locomotive cabs as disturbing. The majority of the desired changes in the work and work conditions concerned work time. The most common complaints given on the questionnaire were back trouble, hypertension and dermatitis. Tiredness and exhaustion were the most prevalent neuropsychological symptoms. A retrospective follow-up survey on invalidity and mortality was made. Trainmen and railroad clerks were used as reference cohorts. The engineers had relatively high invalidity and mortality rates in comparison to the reference groups, especially with respect to cardiovascular diseases and malignant tumors. Higher rates for disease of the digestive system and hearing loss were also suggested by the results. 10.3.13 (76248)
Garg, A., Chaffin, D.B., and Herrin, G.D. Prediction of metabolic rates for manual materials handling jobs. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Aug 1978, 3 9 . 8 , 6 6 1 - 6 7 4 ; abstr in CIS Abstracts (CIS 78-2080). This approach is based on the assumption that a job can be divided into simple task elements (walking, carrying, holding, lifting, etc), and that the average metabolic energy expenditure rate of a job can be predicted from the energy expenditures of each task. Applied to 48 jobs, the model showed a high correlation coefficient between the measured and predicted metabolic rates. An example of application of the model in workers handling steel frames is given. Formulae for the net metabolic rate of task elements are listed. 10.3.14 (76255)
Ong, C.-S., and Buck, J.R. Operator workloads and mill performance effects due to design changes. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, 'People on the Move', Detroit, Michigan, 1 6 - 1 9 October 1978, pp 1 6 - 2 0 . One of the more difficult ergonomics problems is determining the operator workloads and the total mill or shop
172
performance resulting from design changes in the operation. Man/machine simulation and experiments with this simulation provide an aiding technique for ergonomic designers. This technique is demonstrated in the case of steel making in the Basic Oxygen Furnace Shop and the Rolling Mill. Modelling with the latest version of SAINT is shown. Experiments are illustrated for different modes of operation, added or deleted equipment, and new technologies in order to find mill and ship performance and the effects of workloads on particular jobs. Experimental strategies and implications are discussed. 10.3.15 (76262)
Hake, M., and Michael, E.D. The physiological costs of box lifting. Journal o f Human Ergology, Dec 1977, 6.2,167-- 178. Thirteen male subjects lifted boxes of three different weights for 20 min periods each. Ventilation, oxygen uptake and heart rates were measured. Each subject made subjective estimates of the degree of difficulty of the work he was doing. Oxygen uptake and ventilation were found to reach steady state after about 4 min and remain there for the rest of the work session. Heart rate for the two lighter boxes reached steady state after about 13 min while the heart rate continued to rise when lifting was done with the heaviest box. The relationships between oxygen uptake, heart rate and work load tended to be curvilinear, whereas the ventilation was linear when compared to work load. The heart rate and oxygen uptake had a linear relationship. The subjective ratings were expected to be about one-tenth of the heart rate of the heart rate. Only the ratings made while lifting the lightest box reflected this. The heavier boxes were rated as being more difficult to lift than 10 times the heart rate per minute. The mechanical efficiencies were found to range between 4"4% and 6-2%.
Survey of civilian adults ( 1960 -- 1962, 18 variables); and a survey of law enforcement officers (1974, 23 measurements) are presented for use by engineers who need them in solving design problems and for anthropologists and statisticians whose analyses and understanding of the interrelationships of body size data depend significantly on these coefficients. Sample sizes in these surveys ranged from almost 2000 upward. Definitions and basic univariate summary statistics are presented for all variables involved. Appendices contain a glossary of anatomical terms, tables for establishing confidence limits for the correlation coefficients presented here, computer programs used in preparing this report, and an index by name. anatomical type, and anthropometric technique. A bibliography is also included. 10.3.17 (76273)
Asfour, S.S.. et al Reach profiles for males and females under restrained and unrestrained conditions. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, 'People on the Move', Detroit, Michigan, 16 19 October 1978, pp 6 7 1 - 6 7 5 . This paper provides reach envelope data based on samples of 25 males and 24 females between 18 and 42 years and 18 to 22 years of age respectively These data which were obtained using a new technique compared well with other data collected using the Frankenstein type apparatus. The new technique makes it possible to collect static or dynamic reach data electronically through the use of a minicomputer. This paper presents reach envelope data under restrained and unrestrained conditions and discusses the differences between male and female reach envelopes under both conditions. 10.3.18 (76275)
10.3.16 (76266)
Churchill, E., Churchill, T., and Kikta, P. Intercorrelation of anthropometric measurements: A source book for USA data. Final technical report Jul 1975--Oct 1976. May 1978, 304 pp; abstr in Government Reports Announcements (Report No AD-A058 616/4GA). Correlation matrices based on data from USAF anthropometric surveys of women (1968, 127 variables), flying personnel (1950, t 28 variables: 1967, 190 variables) and basic trainees (t965, 161 variables); A US Army survey of women separatees (I 946, 60 variables): the Health Examination
Applied Ergonomics September 1979
Martin, J.l.. and Sabeh, R. Anthropometry of law enforcement officers. TRC Report No T78-3697: Department of Justice, Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, USA Report No LESP-RPT-070t-00, Dec 1976, 257 pp; abstr in R and D Abstracts. An antropometric data base for law enforcement officers has been developed by the Human Factors Division (Code 3400) of the Naval Electronics Laboratory Centre (NELC) for the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) of the National Bureau of Standards. The purpose of establishing the data base was to compile statistics needed for sizing body gear and protective equipment.
Garg, A., Chaffin, D.B., and Herrin, G.D. Prediction of metabolic rates for manual materials handling jobs. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Aug 1978, 3 9 . 8 , 6 6 1 - 6 7 4 ; abstr in CIS Abstracts (CIS 78-2080). This approach is based on the assumption that a job can be divided into simple task elements (walking, carrying, holding, lifting, etc), and that the average metabolic energy expenditure rate of a job can be predicted from the energy expenditures of each task. Applied to 48 jobs, the model showed a high correlation coefficient between the measured and predicted metabolic rates. An example of application of the model in workers handling steel frames is given. Formulae for the net metabolic rate of task elements are listed. 10.3.14 (76255)
Ong, C.-S., and Buck, J.R. Operator workloads and mill performance effects due to design changes. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, 'People on the Move', Detroit, Michigan, 1 6 - 1 9 October 1978, pp 1 6 - 2 0 . One of the more difficult ergonomics problems is determining the operator workloads and the total mill or shop
172
performance resulting from design changes in the operation. Man/machine simulation and experiments with this simulation provide an aiding technique for ergonomic designers. This technique is demonstrated in the case of steel making in the Basic Oxygen Furnace Shop and the Rolling Mill. Modelling with the latest version of SAINT is shown. Experiments are illustrated for different modes of operation, added or deleted equipment, and new technologies in order to find mill and ship performance and the effects of workloads on particular jobs. Experimental strategies and implications are discussed. 10.3.15 (76262)
Hake, M., and Michael, E.D. The physiological costs of box lifting. Journal o f Human Ergology, Dec 1977, 6.2,167-- 178. Thirteen male subjects lifted boxes of three different weights for 20 min periods each. Ventilation, oxygen uptake and heart rates were measured. Each subject made subjective estimates of the degree of difficulty of the work he was doing. Oxygen uptake and ventilation were found to reach steady state after about 4 min and remain there for the rest of the work session. Heart rate for the two lighter boxes reached steady state after about 13 min while the heart rate continued to rise when lifting was done with the heaviest box. The relationships between oxygen uptake, heart rate and work load tended to be curvilinear, whereas the ventilation was linear when compared to work load. The heart rate and oxygen uptake had a linear relationship. The subjective ratings were expected to be about one-tenth of the heart rate of the heart rate. Only the ratings made while lifting the lightest box reflected this. The heavier boxes were rated as being more difficult to lift than 10 times the heart rate per minute. The mechanical efficiencies were found to range between 4"4% and 6-2%.
Survey of civilian adults ( 1960 -- 1962, 18 variables); and a survey of law enforcement officers (1974, 23 measurements) are presented for use by engineers who need them in solving design problems and for anthropologists and statisticians whose analyses and understanding of the interrelationships of body size data depend significantly on these coefficients. Sample sizes in these surveys ranged from almost 2000 upward. Definitions and basic univariate summary statistics are presented for all variables involved. Appendices contain a glossary of anatomical terms, tables for establishing confidence limits for the correlation coefficients presented here, computer programs used in preparing this report, and an index by name. anatomical type, and anthropometric technique. A bibliography is also included. 10.3.17 (76273)
Asfour, S.S.. et al Reach profiles for males and females under restrained and unrestrained conditions. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, 'People on the Move', Detroit, Michigan, 16 19 October 1978, pp 6 7 1 - 6 7 5 . This paper provides reach envelope data based on samples of 25 males and 24 females between 18 and 42 years and 18 to 22 years of age respectively These data which were obtained using a new technique compared well with other data collected using the Frankenstein type apparatus. The new technique makes it possible to collect static or dynamic reach data electronically through the use of a minicomputer. This paper presents reach envelope data under restrained and unrestrained conditions and discusses the differences between male and female reach envelopes under both conditions. 10.3.18 (76275)
10.3.16 (76266)
Churchill, E., Churchill, T., and Kikta, P. Intercorrelation of anthropometric measurements: A source book for USA data. Final technical report Jul 1975--Oct 1976. May 1978, 304 pp; abstr in Government Reports Announcements (Report No AD-A058 616/4GA). Correlation matrices based on data from USAF anthropometric surveys of women (1968, 127 variables), flying personnel (1950, t 28 variables: 1967, 190 variables) and basic trainees (t965, 161 variables); A US Army survey of women separatees (I 946, 60 variables): the Health Examination
Applied Ergonomics September 1979
Martin, J.l.. and Sabeh, R. Anthropometry of law enforcement officers. TRC Report No T78-3697: Department of Justice, Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, USA Report No LESP-RPT-070t-00, Dec 1976, 257 pp; abstr in R and D Abstracts. An antropometric data base for law enforcement officers has been developed by the Human Factors Division (Code 3400) of the Naval Electronics Laboratory Centre (NELC) for the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) of the National Bureau of Standards. The purpose of establishing the data base was to compile statistics needed for sizing body gear and protective equipment.