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Optimization method for dimensioning a geological HLW waste repository
16A 931116 Investigation of shear debris comminution as a mechanism of strain energy release for frictional sliding on dominant parting planes Smart, B G D; Crawford, B R Proc ISRM International Symposium on Static and Dynamic Considerations in Rock Engineering, Swaziland, 10-12 September 1990 P389-400. Publ Rotterdam. A A Balkema, 1990 The term dominant parting plane (Smart) is used to describe discontinuities parallel to bedding which exert major influences on the reaction of sedimentary deposits to mining extraction. A servo-controlled direct shear apparatus has been developed to test simulated dominant parting planes. Energy dissipated during shear is seen to be markedly dependent on mineralogy of the shear surface. Weight distribution of sized debris can be described by the Rosin-Rammler equation, indicating that dynamic coefficient of friction of naturally sheared discontinuities can be inferred from analysis of shear debris. 931117 Linear cutting tests in artificial sand-clay mixtures to study the influence of brittleness on abrasive wear of cutting tools Reinking, M W Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 II4, P2913-2917. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990
Lithology was classified using grain size distribution, mineralogy, void ratio, microfracture frequency, and Atterberg limits. Second cycle slake durability index was used to measure durability. Strong correlations are seen between slake durabilitv index and percentage swelling clay minerals,microfracture frequency, and void ratio for claystones, mudstones, and shales respectively. 931120 Finite element analysis of the coupled heat flow and consolidation around hot buried objects Britto, A M; Savvidou, C; Gunn, M J; Booker, J R Soils Found V32, N1, March 1992, P13-25 Modelling of the effects of disposal of heat producing radioactive waste by seabed burial is presented. Coupled heat transfer and pore pressure dissipation in a linear elastic soil is examined using a version of the CRISP code (Britto and Gunn, 1987) called HOT CRISP. The numerical results obtained are in good agreement with existing closed form solutions. 931121 Stabilisation of montmoriilonite clay in porous media by highmolecular-weight polymers Zaltoun, A; Berton, N SPE Prod Engng V7, N2, May 1992, P160-166
Specimens of a kaolinite clay (60% clay, 30% quartz powder, 10% calcite) were prepared with water contents ranging from 7.7 to 22.1% to represent materials with a range of brittleness. Cutting tests with a simple chisel bit were carried out in the centre and at the edge of each specimen. Three different failure patterns were observed: ductile (chips stick to tool); transitional; and brittle (chips break off). Tool weight loss was measured to estimate wear. The more brittle the material, the greater the contribution is expected for three-body wear rather than two-body wear.
Clay hydration by foreign waters during drilling, stimulation, or fracturing may lead to problems including wellbore instability and formation damage. The clays may be stabilised by ion exchange, coating of clay particles, or modification of surface affinity towards water. A dynamic method is presented for testing the stability of clays in porous media for different brine conditions and the effects of ionic and non-ionic polymers. Brine is injected at decreasing salinity levels into clayey sandpacks until unstabilised permeability reduction occurs. Results are presented for a range of additives.
Physico-chemical properties
931122 Migration of radionnclides from a granite repository Krishnamoorthy, T M; Nair, R N; Sarma, T P Water Resour Res 1/28, N7, July 1992, P1927-1934
See a&o: 931007, 931229,931230, 931499 931118 Estimation of chloride diffusion coefficient and tortuosity factor for mudstone Barone, F S; Rowe, R K; Quigley, R M J Geotech Engng Div ASCE Vl18, N7, July 1992, P10311046 One-dimensional diffusive transport from saturated Bison mudstone specimens with high initial porewater chloride concentration was examined in the laboratory using sleeved cylindrical samples with the upper surface in contact with distilled water. Pore water ions were allowed to diffuse into this reservoir for up to 34 days, then the sample sectioned and pore fluid salinity profiles measured. Fickian diffusion theory was then used to calculate diffusion coefficients, from which tortuosity factors were evaluated. Experiments with simultaneous inward diffusion of bromide gave profiles which could not be fitted by Fickian theory, due to ionic interactions. 931119 Lithological controls of mudrock durability Dick, J C; Shakoor, A Q J Engng Geol V25, N1, 1992, P31-46 51 mudrock samples classified into 5 distinct lithologies (claystones, mudstones, shales, siltstones, and argillites) were studied to investigate effects of lithology on slake durability.
Migration of radionuclides from a granite repository is discussed in terms of two coupled one dimensional equations, one for the rock matrix and one for fractures. Advection, dispersion, decay, and adsorption on the fracture surface are considered in the latter cace and diffusion, decay, and adsorption in the former. Distribution and flux of radionuclides are examined. Concentrations of Sr-90 and Pu-239 decrease rapidly with distance along a fracture, due to sorption and decay, but that of 1-129 is not affected in this maner. Peak flux of 1129 is independent of fracture length or aperture whilst that of Pu-239 is dependent on both these parameters. 931123 Near-field modelling for the safety assessment of French highlevel waste repositories Mouche, E; Lovera, P; Jorda, M Proc 1st Annual Topical Meeting on High Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, 8-12 April 1990 VI, P691698. Publ La Grange Park: ANS/ASCE, 1990 The C O N D I M E N T (CONvection and Diffusion of eleMENTs) code has been developed to predict the corrosion of vitrified waste and the migration of released elements across the engineered barrier (clay or sand). The transport of nuclides is mainly governed by diffusion and advection. Estimation of
© 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd. Reproduction not permitted
17A realistic diffusion coefficients is discussed, considering influences of porosity, sorption, and precipitation-dissolution reactions within the barrier. Based on these results, a safety code can be developed. Modelling results will be fitted to natural analogues, weathering and migration.
931127 Modelling heat transfer near a deep underground waste repository: a discussion of boundary conditions Bodenes, J M; Dewiere, L; Oustriere, P; Ausseur, J Y; Menjoz, A; Sauty, J P; Vauclin, M
Proc Conference on Calibration and Reliability in Groundwater Modelling, The Hague, 3-6 September 1990 P373-384. Publ Walling)Cord: IAHS Press, 1990 (IAHS Publication No. 195) 931124 Optimization method for dimensioning a geological HLW waste repository Ouvrier, N; Chaudon, L; Malherbe, J Proc 1st Annual Topical Meeting on High Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, 8-12 April 1990 V1, P699705. Publ La Grange Park: ANS/ASCE, 1990 Disposal of high and intermediate level waste in granite, schist, salt, or clay formations is under consideration in France. The borehole disposal concept is illustrated. Analysis of heat flow around the repository is carried out using a simplified code (TS). Effects of varying host rock properties, number of packages per borehole, borehole spacing, age on disposal, and inter-package spacing are evaluated. Economic analysis is carried out for optimising repository layout in granite and salt.
931125 Effect of heating on the engineering properties of clays Wang, M C; Benway, J M; Arayssi, A M
In: Physico-Chemical Aspects of Soil and Related Materials (Papers to a Symposium presented at St Louis, 29 June I989) P139-158. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1990 (ASTM Special Technical Publication N1095) The effects of heating at temperatures up to 600 deg C on gradation, specific gravity, consistency limits, swelling, and shear strength properties of a kaolin and a bentonite have been examined. For kaolin, swelling decreases following heating at 400 deg C, while at 500 deg C particle coarsening, density increase, and substantial fall in plasticity and increase in shear strength are found. Particle aggradation occurs for bentonite at 600 deg C, accompanied by moderate strength gain and change to nonplastic, nonexpansive behaviour. Heat stabilisation of clay deposits is discussed.
The four candidate repository sites in France are at average depth 500m in saturated rocks of low permeability. Heat transfer and dependence of temperature field on other coupled phenomena are examined with attention paid to choice of boundary conditions. Adequate and easy to implement conditions for the conceptual model of purely conductive heat flow (no local heat generation) are annual average temperature fixed at the surface and geothermal flux (rather than temperature) imposed on the lower boundary. Coupling of fluid flow and heat transfer has negligible effect on the temperature field. 931128 Assessment of rock durability through index properties Rodrigues, J D; Jeremias, F T Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 I/4, P3055-3060. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Accelerated ageing tests (salt crystallization, freeze-thaw) or classification or numerical indices are commonly used to assess rock durability, but have often been pushed beyond the limits of their validity. The range of methods used is outlined and discussed. An alternative index for durability assessment is proposed, based on porosity and swelling strain. These parameters are considered to be indirect indicators of the susceptibility to the two most destructive weathering mechanisms, salt crystallization and expansion of clay minerals. The applicability of the new index is demonstrated with reference to published data for limestone and greywacke. 931129 Effects of lithologic characteristics on mudrock durability Dick, J C; Shakoor, A
Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V4, P3061-3066. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990
931126 Pore water extraction - comparison of saturation extract and high-pressure squeezing Iyer, B
Mudrock samples representing all classes of mudrocks were collected. Laboratory investigation of mineralogy, composition, fabric, cementation, and degree of microfracturing was carried out. Dry density, void ratio, adsorption and absorption, and plasticity were measured. Slake durability tests were used to assess relative durability of the mudrocks. Statistical analysis was used to correlate lithology, engineering properties, and durability. For shales, slake durability is strongly correlated with fabric and absorption: for mudstones, degree of microfracturing is the most significant parameter.
In: Physico-Chemical Aspects of Soil and Related Materials (Papers to a Symposium presented at St Louis, 29 June 1989) P159-170. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1990 (ASTM Special Technical Publication N1095)
931130 Stabifity of rhyolites used in a breakwater core Dapena, E; Romana, M; Hernandez, E
Engineering behaviour of clay soils is influenced by their pore fluid chemistry. The available techniques for extracting pore water salts are listed. Results of the saturation extract and high pressure mechanical squeezing methods are compared for tests on overconsolidated clays and clay shales. As described in earlier work, the saturation extract method always indicated the higher value of pore water salinity. The saturation extract method uses linear extrapolation of a nonlinear function and its results should be treated with caution for low moisture content samples.
Proe 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V4, P3173-3180. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Quarry run rhyolite of porphyrtic texture was used in the core of a major breakwater in the south of Iran. Density, chemical composition, porosity, and absorption were measured in the laboratory. In use, the rock is subject to action of the climate (hot and humid) and of the sea. Salt crystallisation will be the main degrading process, and cyclic crystallisation tests have been carried out. Disintegration of only 2% over the 40 year
O 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd. Reproduction not permitted
Lithology was classified using grain size distribution, mineralogy, void ratio, microfracture frequency, and Atterberg limits. Second cycle slake durability index was used to measure durability. Strong correlations are seen between slake durabilitv index and percentage swelling clay minerals,microfracture frequency, and void ratio for claystones, mudstones, and shales respectively. 931120 Finite element analysis of the coupled heat flow and consolidation around hot buried objects Britto, A M; Savvidou, C; Gunn, M J; Booker, J R Soils Found V32, N1, March 1992, P13-25 Modelling of the effects of disposal of heat producing radioactive waste by seabed burial is presented. Coupled heat transfer and pore pressure dissipation in a linear elastic soil is examined using a version of the CRISP code (Britto and Gunn, 1987) called HOT CRISP. The numerical results obtained are in good agreement with existing closed form solutions. 931121 Stabilisation of montmoriilonite clay in porous media by highmolecular-weight polymers Zaltoun, A; Berton, N SPE Prod Engng V7, N2, May 1992, P160-166
Specimens of a kaolinite clay (60% clay, 30% quartz powder, 10% calcite) were prepared with water contents ranging from 7.7 to 22.1% to represent materials with a range of brittleness. Cutting tests with a simple chisel bit were carried out in the centre and at the edge of each specimen. Three different failure patterns were observed: ductile (chips stick to tool); transitional; and brittle (chips break off). Tool weight loss was measured to estimate wear. The more brittle the material, the greater the contribution is expected for three-body wear rather than two-body wear.
Clay hydration by foreign waters during drilling, stimulation, or fracturing may lead to problems including wellbore instability and formation damage. The clays may be stabilised by ion exchange, coating of clay particles, or modification of surface affinity towards water. A dynamic method is presented for testing the stability of clays in porous media for different brine conditions and the effects of ionic and non-ionic polymers. Brine is injected at decreasing salinity levels into clayey sandpacks until unstabilised permeability reduction occurs. Results are presented for a range of additives.
Physico-chemical properties
931122 Migration of radionnclides from a granite repository Krishnamoorthy, T M; Nair, R N; Sarma, T P Water Resour Res 1/28, N7, July 1992, P1927-1934
See a&o: 931007, 931229,931230, 931499 931118 Estimation of chloride diffusion coefficient and tortuosity factor for mudstone Barone, F S; Rowe, R K; Quigley, R M J Geotech Engng Div ASCE Vl18, N7, July 1992, P10311046 One-dimensional diffusive transport from saturated Bison mudstone specimens with high initial porewater chloride concentration was examined in the laboratory using sleeved cylindrical samples with the upper surface in contact with distilled water. Pore water ions were allowed to diffuse into this reservoir for up to 34 days, then the sample sectioned and pore fluid salinity profiles measured. Fickian diffusion theory was then used to calculate diffusion coefficients, from which tortuosity factors were evaluated. Experiments with simultaneous inward diffusion of bromide gave profiles which could not be fitted by Fickian theory, due to ionic interactions. 931119 Lithological controls of mudrock durability Dick, J C; Shakoor, A Q J Engng Geol V25, N1, 1992, P31-46 51 mudrock samples classified into 5 distinct lithologies (claystones, mudstones, shales, siltstones, and argillites) were studied to investigate effects of lithology on slake durability.
Migration of radionuclides from a granite repository is discussed in terms of two coupled one dimensional equations, one for the rock matrix and one for fractures. Advection, dispersion, decay, and adsorption on the fracture surface are considered in the latter cace and diffusion, decay, and adsorption in the former. Distribution and flux of radionuclides are examined. Concentrations of Sr-90 and Pu-239 decrease rapidly with distance along a fracture, due to sorption and decay, but that of 1-129 is not affected in this maner. Peak flux of 1129 is independent of fracture length or aperture whilst that of Pu-239 is dependent on both these parameters. 931123 Near-field modelling for the safety assessment of French highlevel waste repositories Mouche, E; Lovera, P; Jorda, M Proc 1st Annual Topical Meeting on High Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, 8-12 April 1990 VI, P691698. Publ La Grange Park: ANS/ASCE, 1990 The C O N D I M E N T (CONvection and Diffusion of eleMENTs) code has been developed to predict the corrosion of vitrified waste and the migration of released elements across the engineered barrier (clay or sand). The transport of nuclides is mainly governed by diffusion and advection. Estimation of
© 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd. Reproduction not permitted
17A realistic diffusion coefficients is discussed, considering influences of porosity, sorption, and precipitation-dissolution reactions within the barrier. Based on these results, a safety code can be developed. Modelling results will be fitted to natural analogues, weathering and migration.
931127 Modelling heat transfer near a deep underground waste repository: a discussion of boundary conditions Bodenes, J M; Dewiere, L; Oustriere, P; Ausseur, J Y; Menjoz, A; Sauty, J P; Vauclin, M
Proc Conference on Calibration and Reliability in Groundwater Modelling, The Hague, 3-6 September 1990 P373-384. Publ Walling)Cord: IAHS Press, 1990 (IAHS Publication No. 195) 931124 Optimization method for dimensioning a geological HLW waste repository Ouvrier, N; Chaudon, L; Malherbe, J Proc 1st Annual Topical Meeting on High Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, 8-12 April 1990 V1, P699705. Publ La Grange Park: ANS/ASCE, 1990 Disposal of high and intermediate level waste in granite, schist, salt, or clay formations is under consideration in France. The borehole disposal concept is illustrated. Analysis of heat flow around the repository is carried out using a simplified code (TS). Effects of varying host rock properties, number of packages per borehole, borehole spacing, age on disposal, and inter-package spacing are evaluated. Economic analysis is carried out for optimising repository layout in granite and salt.
931125 Effect of heating on the engineering properties of clays Wang, M C; Benway, J M; Arayssi, A M
In: Physico-Chemical Aspects of Soil and Related Materials (Papers to a Symposium presented at St Louis, 29 June I989) P139-158. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1990 (ASTM Special Technical Publication N1095) The effects of heating at temperatures up to 600 deg C on gradation, specific gravity, consistency limits, swelling, and shear strength properties of a kaolin and a bentonite have been examined. For kaolin, swelling decreases following heating at 400 deg C, while at 500 deg C particle coarsening, density increase, and substantial fall in plasticity and increase in shear strength are found. Particle aggradation occurs for bentonite at 600 deg C, accompanied by moderate strength gain and change to nonplastic, nonexpansive behaviour. Heat stabilisation of clay deposits is discussed.
The four candidate repository sites in France are at average depth 500m in saturated rocks of low permeability. Heat transfer and dependence of temperature field on other coupled phenomena are examined with attention paid to choice of boundary conditions. Adequate and easy to implement conditions for the conceptual model of purely conductive heat flow (no local heat generation) are annual average temperature fixed at the surface and geothermal flux (rather than temperature) imposed on the lower boundary. Coupling of fluid flow and heat transfer has negligible effect on the temperature field. 931128 Assessment of rock durability through index properties Rodrigues, J D; Jeremias, F T Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 I/4, P3055-3060. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Accelerated ageing tests (salt crystallization, freeze-thaw) or classification or numerical indices are commonly used to assess rock durability, but have often been pushed beyond the limits of their validity. The range of methods used is outlined and discussed. An alternative index for durability assessment is proposed, based on porosity and swelling strain. These parameters are considered to be indirect indicators of the susceptibility to the two most destructive weathering mechanisms, salt crystallization and expansion of clay minerals. The applicability of the new index is demonstrated with reference to published data for limestone and greywacke. 931129 Effects of lithologic characteristics on mudrock durability Dick, J C; Shakoor, A
Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V4, P3061-3066. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990
931126 Pore water extraction - comparison of saturation extract and high-pressure squeezing Iyer, B
Mudrock samples representing all classes of mudrocks were collected. Laboratory investigation of mineralogy, composition, fabric, cementation, and degree of microfracturing was carried out. Dry density, void ratio, adsorption and absorption, and plasticity were measured. Slake durability tests were used to assess relative durability of the mudrocks. Statistical analysis was used to correlate lithology, engineering properties, and durability. For shales, slake durability is strongly correlated with fabric and absorption: for mudstones, degree of microfracturing is the most significant parameter.
In: Physico-Chemical Aspects of Soil and Related Materials (Papers to a Symposium presented at St Louis, 29 June 1989) P159-170. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1990 (ASTM Special Technical Publication N1095)
931130 Stabifity of rhyolites used in a breakwater core Dapena, E; Romana, M; Hernandez, E
Engineering behaviour of clay soils is influenced by their pore fluid chemistry. The available techniques for extracting pore water salts are listed. Results of the saturation extract and high pressure mechanical squeezing methods are compared for tests on overconsolidated clays and clay shales. As described in earlier work, the saturation extract method always indicated the higher value of pore water salinity. The saturation extract method uses linear extrapolation of a nonlinear function and its results should be treated with caution for low moisture content samples.
Proe 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V4, P3173-3180. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Quarry run rhyolite of porphyrtic texture was used in the core of a major breakwater in the south of Iran. Density, chemical composition, porosity, and absorption were measured in the laboratory. In use, the rock is subject to action of the climate (hot and humid) and of the sea. Salt crystallisation will be the main degrading process, and cyclic crystallisation tests have been carried out. Disintegration of only 2% over the 40 year
O 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd. Reproduction not permitted