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Optimization of methods of nondestructive inspection of the quality of components on the basis of remanent magnetic induction
loops are approximated by a function of the arctangent. It notes specifics of the use of inspection with different harmonics of the secondary emf. 39140
Voronenko, B.I.
Coercive force and properties of corrosion-resisting steels Soviet J o u r n a l of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 23, No. 10, pp. 670-674 (Jun. 1988) The results show that the mechanical properties of martensitic and austenitic-ferritic steels correlate with the coercive force, and those of austenitic-martensitic steels with saturation magnetization. It is shown that the coercimetric method can be used to determine the type of ferromagnetic phase (martensite, delta-ferrite) and, in a number of cases, also the critical points and temperature ranges of phase transformations. 39139
Kostin, V.N.; Bida, G.V.
Optimization of methods of nondestructive inspection of the quality of components on the basis of remanent magnetic induction Soviet J o u r n a l of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 23, No. 10, pp. 664-669 (Jun. 1988) On the basis of experimental results it is shown that the recovery curves of a number of polycrystalline ferromagnetics are described by a quadratic dependence in a wide range of the initial values of magnetic induction and field. Equations were obtained for reversible and irreversible components of the increment of magnetic induction on the recovery curves. These components were evaluated for several ferromagnetic materials. A new parameter of nondestructive inspection was proposed. 39138
Pyatunin, G.A.
Proceedings of the 6th International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering S y m p o s i u m , Texas (United States), 1-6 Mar. 1987. pp 547- 552. The A m e r i c a n Society of Mechanical Engineers. Analytic expressions for the leakage field of surface breaking slots are presented and the magnetic forces a spherical magnetic particle (which may have a permanent component of magnetization) would experience in such a field are calculated. The implications relating to the field levels for Magnetic Particle Inspection are discussed. 38849
Heyman, J.S.; Namkung, M.
Residual stress measurements in carbon steel Materials Analysis by Ultrasonics - Metals, Ceramics, Composites. Edited by A. Vary. pp. 58-70 Noyes D a t a C o r p o r a t i o n , N e w Jersey, United States (1987) External direct current magnetic field-induced changes in natural velocity of Rayleigh surface waves have been measured in steel specimens under various stress conditions. The low field slopes of curves representing the fractional changes of natural velocity have been proved to provide correct stress information in steels with different metallurgical properties. The slopes of curves under uniaxial compression, exceeding about one third of the yield stress, fall below zero in all the specimens when magnetized along the stress axis. The slopes under tension vary among different steels but remain positive in any circumstances. The stress effect is observed for both applied and residual stress. A physical interpretation of these results is given based on the stress-induced domain structure changes and the DELTA E-effect. Most importantly, it is found that the influence of detailed metallurgical properties causes only secondary effects on the obtained stress information.
Forshaw, M.E.; Mudge, P.J.
Control of the quality of rolled steel with the aid of statistical and magnetic methods of nondestructive inspection
38848
Soviet J o u r n a l of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 23, No. 10, pp. 658-663 (Jun. 1988) The article deals with mathematical models and algorithms based on them for the application of methods of nondestructive inspection to control actively the level of the mechanical properties of rolled steel. Examples are presented of the use of nondestructive inspection in systems of control of the quality of rolled stock for optimizing the parameters of the technological process.
The Welding Institute, Cambrdige (United K i n g d o m ) , 14 pp. (1987) Paper presented at the 4th E u r o p e a n Conference on N D T , L o n d o n , 13-18 Sep. 1987) A recent research programme carried out by The Welding Institute on behalf of a group of sponsors studied the factors controlling detection of defects in welds by magnetic particle inspection (MPI). Limiting conditions were quantified so that recommendations could be made for improved testing practice. The findings were reflected against current practice and existing testing standards. Some of the findings are presented in this paper.
39137
Marshall, J.
Evaluating the effectiveness of Hail-effect probes for detecting fatigue cracks in D6aC steel Nondestructive Testing - Australia, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 35-38 ( M a r . / A p r . 1988) An experimental programme is described to introduce in situ Hall effect transducers into the wing/body joints of Australian airforce aircraft to maintain inspection standards while reducing down-time and cost. Extensive trials have shown several areas for improvement. 39136
Wong, L.C.
Magnetic field indicator: principles and use Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 749-754 (May 1988) The principles and use of magnetic field indicators are discussed. These convenient, compact, low cost devices are commonly used in magnetic particle testing for measuring residual external field strength of ferromagnetic parts. Accurate calibration is achieved using a Helmholtz coil. 39135
Weischedel, H.R.
Electromagnetic wire rope inspection in Germany, 1925-40 Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 734-736 (May 1986) The history of electromagnetic wire rope inspection in Germany, prior to 1940, is discussed, focusing on the two principal modes of wire rope deterioration, namely, loss of metallic cross-sectional area (LMA) and localiscd flaws (LF), together with their specific detectors. The introduction of DC magnetisation heralded early success and later inventors produced the first in-service wire rope inspection device following a theoretical breakthrough connected with the equivalence of certain axial and radical sense coil arrangements. 39134
Goldberg, L.
Innovations in underwater magnetic particle testing Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 718-720 (May 1988) Innovations, by a US company specialising in offshore work, in underwater magnetic particle testing, are presented. Cheaper, but still reliable magnetic particle inspection can now be achieved by cleaning off only part of the structural coating before testing using an AC yoke. 38851
Weischedel, H.W.
Quantitative in-service inspection of wire ropes Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 430, 432-437 (Mar. 1988) This paper describes the use of quantitative nondestructive methods to assess safety of wire ropes in service. Measures of rope deterioration are discussed. Inspection procedures and retirement criteria are suggested. Three essential components to testing are accurate test instruments, precise test procedures and experienced inspectors. 38850
Edwards, C. ; Palmer, S.B.
The magnetic force on a spherical magnetic particle in the leakage field of a surface-breaking slot
NDT International February 1989
Optimisation of magnetic particle inspection
38847
Matzkanin, G.A.; De Los Santos, A.
NDE of moisture absorption in composites using nuclear magnetic resonance C o m p o s i t e s Evaluation. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Testing, Evaluation and Quality Control of C o m posites - T E Q C 87, Guildford (United K i n g d o m ) , 22-24 Sep. 1987. pp. 23-30. Edited by J. Herriot. B u t t e r w o r t h s , 1987. There are a number of NDE applications where nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be useful for evaluating organic matrix composites and other polymer based materials. NMR is sensitive to molecular motions and structural changes and can be used to obtain both qualitative and quantitative information on the dynamic environment in which molecules are located. Although generally limited to detection of hydrogen in composites, NMR has been investigated for characterizing moisture, modulus variations, environmental degradation, aging, diffusion and degree of cure. Materials which have been examined include graphite, polyester and Kevlar composites in both cured and prepreg conditions, neat resins, and adhesives. In addition to laboratory studies, instrumentation approaches have been developed for practical application of NMR to nondestructive inspection problems involving composite or plastic components and structures. 38846
Skeie, K.; Hagemaier, D.J.
Quantifying magnetic particle inspection Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 779-785 (May 1988) Because magnetic particle inspection is relatively simple, inexpensive, and rapid, it has gained extensive use in both fabrication and field testing of ferromagnetic parts. Despite its apparent simplicity, a large number of variables influence the process and need careful control to obtain repeatable and reliable results. Critical parameters for reliable performance are (1) the particles themselves, (2) particle concentration. (3) illumination, (4) current density, (5) field direction, and (6) human factors. All of these directly affect the ability to detect flaws and the method used. Human factors are not addressed, but various tests were conducted to show how changes in these factors affect the reliability of the magnetic particle inspection process. The results of these evaluations are presented in this paper. 38845
Kalwa, E.; Piekarski, K.
Qualitative and quantitative determination of densely occurring defects in steel ropes by magnetic testing method Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 767-770 (May 1988) Frequently occurring defects such as series of broken wires, corrosion patches, or abrasions significantly weaken steel ropes, but they are the most difficult to determine quantitatively. The Hall-effect sensor was used to measure the tangential component of the flux leakage to test the instrument's ability to estimate these kinds of defects. Specially designed models were used to simulate the presence of groups of broken wires and corrosion patches in the rope. It was found that the signal from this sensor clearly indicates the presence of even a high density of defects and can be used for their quantitative evaluation.
55
Voronenko, B.I.
Coercive force and properties of corrosion-resisting steels Soviet J o u r n a l of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 23, No. 10, pp. 670-674 (Jun. 1988) The results show that the mechanical properties of martensitic and austenitic-ferritic steels correlate with the coercive force, and those of austenitic-martensitic steels with saturation magnetization. It is shown that the coercimetric method can be used to determine the type of ferromagnetic phase (martensite, delta-ferrite) and, in a number of cases, also the critical points and temperature ranges of phase transformations. 39139
Kostin, V.N.; Bida, G.V.
Optimization of methods of nondestructive inspection of the quality of components on the basis of remanent magnetic induction Soviet J o u r n a l of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 23, No. 10, pp. 664-669 (Jun. 1988) On the basis of experimental results it is shown that the recovery curves of a number of polycrystalline ferromagnetics are described by a quadratic dependence in a wide range of the initial values of magnetic induction and field. Equations were obtained for reversible and irreversible components of the increment of magnetic induction on the recovery curves. These components were evaluated for several ferromagnetic materials. A new parameter of nondestructive inspection was proposed. 39138
Pyatunin, G.A.
Proceedings of the 6th International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering S y m p o s i u m , Texas (United States), 1-6 Mar. 1987. pp 547- 552. The A m e r i c a n Society of Mechanical Engineers. Analytic expressions for the leakage field of surface breaking slots are presented and the magnetic forces a spherical magnetic particle (which may have a permanent component of magnetization) would experience in such a field are calculated. The implications relating to the field levels for Magnetic Particle Inspection are discussed. 38849
Heyman, J.S.; Namkung, M.
Residual stress measurements in carbon steel Materials Analysis by Ultrasonics - Metals, Ceramics, Composites. Edited by A. Vary. pp. 58-70 Noyes D a t a C o r p o r a t i o n , N e w Jersey, United States (1987) External direct current magnetic field-induced changes in natural velocity of Rayleigh surface waves have been measured in steel specimens under various stress conditions. The low field slopes of curves representing the fractional changes of natural velocity have been proved to provide correct stress information in steels with different metallurgical properties. The slopes of curves under uniaxial compression, exceeding about one third of the yield stress, fall below zero in all the specimens when magnetized along the stress axis. The slopes under tension vary among different steels but remain positive in any circumstances. The stress effect is observed for both applied and residual stress. A physical interpretation of these results is given based on the stress-induced domain structure changes and the DELTA E-effect. Most importantly, it is found that the influence of detailed metallurgical properties causes only secondary effects on the obtained stress information.
Forshaw, M.E.; Mudge, P.J.
Control of the quality of rolled steel with the aid of statistical and magnetic methods of nondestructive inspection
38848
Soviet J o u r n a l of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 23, No. 10, pp. 658-663 (Jun. 1988) The article deals with mathematical models and algorithms based on them for the application of methods of nondestructive inspection to control actively the level of the mechanical properties of rolled steel. Examples are presented of the use of nondestructive inspection in systems of control of the quality of rolled stock for optimizing the parameters of the technological process.
The Welding Institute, Cambrdige (United K i n g d o m ) , 14 pp. (1987) Paper presented at the 4th E u r o p e a n Conference on N D T , L o n d o n , 13-18 Sep. 1987) A recent research programme carried out by The Welding Institute on behalf of a group of sponsors studied the factors controlling detection of defects in welds by magnetic particle inspection (MPI). Limiting conditions were quantified so that recommendations could be made for improved testing practice. The findings were reflected against current practice and existing testing standards. Some of the findings are presented in this paper.
39137
Marshall, J.
Evaluating the effectiveness of Hail-effect probes for detecting fatigue cracks in D6aC steel Nondestructive Testing - Australia, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 35-38 ( M a r . / A p r . 1988) An experimental programme is described to introduce in situ Hall effect transducers into the wing/body joints of Australian airforce aircraft to maintain inspection standards while reducing down-time and cost. Extensive trials have shown several areas for improvement. 39136
Wong, L.C.
Magnetic field indicator: principles and use Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 749-754 (May 1988) The principles and use of magnetic field indicators are discussed. These convenient, compact, low cost devices are commonly used in magnetic particle testing for measuring residual external field strength of ferromagnetic parts. Accurate calibration is achieved using a Helmholtz coil. 39135
Weischedel, H.R.
Electromagnetic wire rope inspection in Germany, 1925-40 Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 734-736 (May 1986) The history of electromagnetic wire rope inspection in Germany, prior to 1940, is discussed, focusing on the two principal modes of wire rope deterioration, namely, loss of metallic cross-sectional area (LMA) and localiscd flaws (LF), together with their specific detectors. The introduction of DC magnetisation heralded early success and later inventors produced the first in-service wire rope inspection device following a theoretical breakthrough connected with the equivalence of certain axial and radical sense coil arrangements. 39134
Goldberg, L.
Innovations in underwater magnetic particle testing Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 718-720 (May 1988) Innovations, by a US company specialising in offshore work, in underwater magnetic particle testing, are presented. Cheaper, but still reliable magnetic particle inspection can now be achieved by cleaning off only part of the structural coating before testing using an AC yoke. 38851
Weischedel, H.W.
Quantitative in-service inspection of wire ropes Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 430, 432-437 (Mar. 1988) This paper describes the use of quantitative nondestructive methods to assess safety of wire ropes in service. Measures of rope deterioration are discussed. Inspection procedures and retirement criteria are suggested. Three essential components to testing are accurate test instruments, precise test procedures and experienced inspectors. 38850
Edwards, C. ; Palmer, S.B.
The magnetic force on a spherical magnetic particle in the leakage field of a surface-breaking slot
NDT International February 1989
Optimisation of magnetic particle inspection
38847
Matzkanin, G.A.; De Los Santos, A.
NDE of moisture absorption in composites using nuclear magnetic resonance C o m p o s i t e s Evaluation. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Testing, Evaluation and Quality Control of C o m posites - T E Q C 87, Guildford (United K i n g d o m ) , 22-24 Sep. 1987. pp. 23-30. Edited by J. Herriot. B u t t e r w o r t h s , 1987. There are a number of NDE applications where nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be useful for evaluating organic matrix composites and other polymer based materials. NMR is sensitive to molecular motions and structural changes and can be used to obtain both qualitative and quantitative information on the dynamic environment in which molecules are located. Although generally limited to detection of hydrogen in composites, NMR has been investigated for characterizing moisture, modulus variations, environmental degradation, aging, diffusion and degree of cure. Materials which have been examined include graphite, polyester and Kevlar composites in both cured and prepreg conditions, neat resins, and adhesives. In addition to laboratory studies, instrumentation approaches have been developed for practical application of NMR to nondestructive inspection problems involving composite or plastic components and structures. 38846
Skeie, K.; Hagemaier, D.J.
Quantifying magnetic particle inspection Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 779-785 (May 1988) Because magnetic particle inspection is relatively simple, inexpensive, and rapid, it has gained extensive use in both fabrication and field testing of ferromagnetic parts. Despite its apparent simplicity, a large number of variables influence the process and need careful control to obtain repeatable and reliable results. Critical parameters for reliable performance are (1) the particles themselves, (2) particle concentration. (3) illumination, (4) current density, (5) field direction, and (6) human factors. All of these directly affect the ability to detect flaws and the method used. Human factors are not addressed, but various tests were conducted to show how changes in these factors affect the reliability of the magnetic particle inspection process. The results of these evaluations are presented in this paper. 38845
Kalwa, E.; Piekarski, K.
Qualitative and quantitative determination of densely occurring defects in steel ropes by magnetic testing method Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 767-770 (May 1988) Frequently occurring defects such as series of broken wires, corrosion patches, or abrasions significantly weaken steel ropes, but they are the most difficult to determine quantitatively. The Hall-effect sensor was used to measure the tangential component of the flux leakage to test the instrument's ability to estimate these kinds of defects. Specially designed models were used to simulate the presence of groups of broken wires and corrosion patches in the rope. It was found that the signal from this sensor clearly indicates the presence of even a high density of defects and can be used for their quantitative evaluation.
55