- Email: [email protected]
Optimizing urban landscapes in regard to noise pollution
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Available Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 161–166 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
The The 12th 12th International International Conference Conference Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity in in Engineering Engineering
Optimizing Optimizing urban urban landscapes landscapes in in regard regard to to noise noise pollution pollution
Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, 28-30 June a, b a, *, Ciotlaus Madalinab Marusceac Vladimir 2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain Marusceac Vladimir *, Ciotlaus Madalina 0F
0F
a a b b
Technical University of Cluj Napoca, Str.Memorandumului nr.28, Cluj-Napoca, 400114, Romania Technical University of Cluj Napoca, Str.Memorandumului nr.28, Cluj-Napoca, 400114, Romania Technical University of Cluj Napoca, Str.Memorandumului nr.28, Cluj-Napoca, 400114, Romania Technical University of Cluj Napoca, Str.Memorandumului nr.28, Cluj-Napoca, 400114, Romania
Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off between used capacity and operational efficiency Abstract Abstract
A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb
This paper studies urban development trends, both in residential and non-residential areas, and tries to optimize its design in This paper studies urban development trends, both in residential and non-residential a University Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugalareas, and tries to optimize its design in order to obtain increased acoustic comfort especiallyofinside dwellings. b order to obtain increased acoustic comfort especially inside dwellings. Unochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil Noise pollution is an actual problem in all developed countries and it plays a major role in the decreased general health state of Noise pollution is an actual problem in all developed countries and it plays a major role in the decreased general health state of the population, being one of many causes of stress based diseases. In order to improve the comfort of living in noisy areas the population, being one of many causes of stress based diseases. In order to improve the comfort of living in noisy areas multiple solutions regarding acoustic treatments and sound insulation are constantly improved and are being used around the multiple solutions regarding acoustic treatments and sound insulation are constantly improved and are being used around the globe. globe. Abstract The main innovation of this study is the approach regarding the noise problem, instead of studying sound insulation materials and The main innovation of this study is the approach regarding the noise problem, instead of studying sound insulation materials and techniques it focuses on general urban planning regarding the shape of buildings, and street orientations, positioning new parks techniques focuses on general urban4.0", planning regardingprocesses the shape of buildings, and street orientations, positioning new parks Under theitconcept "Industry be pushed to the be increasingly and constructing earthof embankments, all of production these in order to reduce will the noise impact on citizens outsideinterconnected, and inside their and constructing earth embankments, all ofand, these in order to much reducemore the noise impactInonthis thecontext, citizens capacity outside and inside their information based on a real time basis necessarily, efficient. optimization homes. There were two sites that were studied in some of the noisiest areas in the city of Cluj-Napoca, one regarding railroad homes. There the were two sites that were studied maximization, in some of the noisiest areas also in thefor city of Cluj-Napoca, one regarding railroad goes beyond traditional aim of capacity contributing organization’s profitability and value. noise pollution and one regarding traffic noise, both in residential areas of the city. noise pollution and one regarding traffic noise, both in residential areas of the city. Indeed, lean management and continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of Results proved that urban planning must be made with some logical considerations regarding sound propagation and Results proved that urban planning must be made with some logical considerations regarding sound propagation and maximization. The studyinof capacity optimization and models isinan important research topic that deserves amplification mechanisms order to improve the comfort andcosting people wellbeing future developments. amplification mechanisms in order to improve the comfort and people wellbeing in future developments. Original aspects were studied as presented earlier in the different approach of the problem focusesa on avoiding or contributions from both the practical and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents andthat discusses mathematical Original aspects were studied as presented earlier in the different approach of the problem that focuses on avoiding or diminishing the problem rather than attenuating it. model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been diminishing the problem rather than attenuating it.
developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s © The Authors. Published bymaximization Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. © 2018 2019The The Authors. value. trade-offPublished capacityby © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) optimization operational inefficiency. This is an openmight accesshide article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. © 2017 The Published Elsevier B.V. Selection andAuthors. peer-review underby responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference Keywords: Noise pollution; urban design; sound; railway traffic 2017. Keywords: Noise pollution; urban design; sound; railway traffic Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency
1. Introduction * Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-075-769-9592. * The Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-075-769-9592. cost of idle capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured 2351-9789 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity in several©ways: tons of production, available 2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is anAfonso. open access under the761; CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) * Paulo Tel.:article +351 253 510 +351 253license 604 741 This is an open access article under the CC fax: BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. E-mail address: [email protected] Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under of the scientificbycommittee the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017. 2351-9789 © 2019responsibility The Authors. Published Elsevier of Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.197
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Marusceac Vladimir et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 161–166 Vladimir Marusceac, Madalina Ciotlaus/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
1. Introduction As transportation demands in the city of Cluj-Napoca are increasing rapidly, because population growth, changes in travel patterns and the development of new emerging socio-economic centers, traffic caused noise pollution is starting to affect a big part of the city’s inhabitants [1,2,3]. Of all the urban sound polluting factors, urban traffic accounts for almost two-thirds of all the noise, which lowers both the quality of life and property values, thus having both an economic and social impact on any city. As urban planning in the last decades rarely connected with the importance of acoustics in city planning and regulations, mistakes were made, mistakes that accentuated traffic noise problems in residential areas. Architects and urbanists take decisions on shaping building façades and planning streets without taking into account that these geometries will have a tremendous effect on noise propagation in that area. Unfortunately, there is not nearly enough information about the influence of building and street geometry on the dynamic of sound in urban areas. It is very important to study this and provide not only applicable solutions for problematic areas but furthermore designing a guide for efficient urban planning regulations in regard to traffic noise. This article focuses on two main issues: railway noise pollutions in residential areas in the city of Cluj-Napoca regarding street orientation and exposure, and the benefits of using massive building on main urban corridors in order of dampening the traffic noise and providing a decent sound levels or the residential building behind. In order to do so full spectrum sound measurements will be made to emphasize noise issues and clearly specify the problematic frequency areas for each case. Previous studies approach the impact of a street canyon design on noise exposure at a non-directly exposed and [4] and on directly exposed façades. As urban geometries are concerned sound absorption and diffusion are the main abatement principles [5], so the as seen in different studies the main influencing factors are: façade irregularities [6], streets [7] or facades [8], the use of barriers [9], the effect of recesses in a building façade [10] or the influence of balcony shape in facades [11,12]. 2. Study area profile locations and equipment Both case studies were made in Cluj-Napoca, a city with extraordinary growth both demographically an economically in the last decade. As in all big cities, the railway passes through the middle of Cluj-Napoca, mostly through industrial areas but also through some residential areas with high exposure to railway noise. Measurements were made in order to see how street orientation and position in relation to the railway affects the exposure of the dwellings to the rail traffic noise. For the second part, urban canyons and the sound dampening capabilities of the large buildings which form them were the studied subject.
Fig. 1. Studied locations: green- railway noise, red- traffic noise (source Google Earth)
Marusceac Vladimir et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 161–166 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
163 3
The location for all these measurements can be seen on the map above (Fig.1), marked with green are the locations for the first part of the study regarding rail traffic and with red are the locations for the second part of the study regarding urban canyons. 2.1. Equipment For measuring, a full spectrum sound analyzer was used in order to provide noise levels for a 1/3 octave, full spectrum from 20 Hz-20 kHz. By using a full spectrum analyzer instead of a normal sound level metering tool, we can see the main problematic areas of the sound spectrum so that we can give targeted applicable solutions, and to show that what frequencies have the highest levels. 3. Railway noise in residential areas As seen on the map presented earlier, five significant locations were studied as follows: • Zone 1-High exposure zones, streets in the immediate vicinity of the railway and parallel to it; • Zone 2-High exposure zones, streets that are perpendicular to the railway; • Zone 3-High exposure zones, streets that intersect the railway at an angle; • Zone 4-Medium exposure zones, streets parallel to the railway at a medium distance( approx. 50 m); • Zone 5-Low exposure zones, streets parallel to the railway at a greater distance (more than 100 m). Full spectrum measurements were made in each specific location, at random moments and when the train was passing by in order to compare sound levels for each zone in particular and for all of them. Average measured levels for each location were used for the analysis and are presented in the following charts. As seen in Fig.2., the increase of sound levels when the train passed was significant for all studied areas on all of studied noise spectrum, even if the studied neighborhood was composed only of one and two storied houses the sound dampening of the nearby building played a big role in reducing the noise levels for the fourth and fifth studied locations with medium and low sound exposure.
90 80
Level [dB]
70 60
zone 1
50
zone 2
40
zone 3
30 20
zone 4
10
zone 5
0
20
200
2000
Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 2. Maximum noise levels for the studied areas
20000
Marusceac Vladimir et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 161–166 Vladimir Marusceac, Madalina Ciotlaus/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
164 4
Also it seems that the orientation of the street made little difference in the lower part of the spectrum and had a significant effect on the mid frequency spectrum reducing noise levels with more than 10 dB (Fig.3 and 4). Since the studied zones had no tall building in order to have a canyon effect, the only main factor regarding the noise levels was the distance from the sound source and the direct/indirect exposure. As seen below an extra 50 meter difference from zone 4 to zone 5 had a significant effect on the middle part of the spectrum with noise levels that were 7 to 16 dB lower.
90 80
Level [dB]
70
zone 1
60 50
zone 2
40
zone 3
30 20
average levels
10 0
20
200
2000
20000
Frequency [Hz}
Fig. 3. Maximum levels versus average sound level for exposed zones
70 60
Level [dB]
50
zone 4
40 zone 5
30 20
average levels
10 0
20
200
2000
20000
frequency [Hz}
Fig. 4. Maximum levels versus average sound level for low and medium exposed zones
Marusceac Vladimir et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 161–166 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
165 5
4. Traffic noise, urban canyons and residential areas For this part of the study full spectrum sound measurements were made on Fabricii Street, and nearby zones, for being one of the most crowded streets in Cluj-Napoca and because it has ten to twelve story building on each side though providing the detrimental canyon effect. There were three locations studied, the first one was nearby the main street providing noise levels for the most exposed dwellings and the other two were on secondary streets behind the tall buildings for medium and low exposure zones. As seen in the graph below average sound levels were above recommended levels on the main street, mostly because of the canyon effect, and for medium and low exposure zones all levels decreased significantly because of the sound dampening properties of large concrete buildings .
90 80
main street
Level [dB]
70 60 50
medium exposure
40 30 20
low exposure
10 0
20
200
2000
20000
Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 5. Noise levels from traffic in exposed and non-exposed areas
There seems to be little to no difference between noise levels for medium exposed and low exposed zones behind the tall buildings that surround the main street, proving once again the great amount of sound dampening that they provide, though distance from the sound source doesn’t matter that much anymore (Fig.5). Peak noise values for the main street were found between 50 and 80 Hz mainly from engines and vehicle tires, such noise being hard to absorb even by the massive buildings surrounding the street. Improvements in this area can be made by choosing better road pavements and providing good maintenance and by the constant development of vehicle engines and exhaust. Some studies mention the impact that the tire pattern has on noise pollution [13] and recommends further research and improvement in the tire manufacturing industry. 5. Conclusions Or the first part of the study regarding railway noise the main conclusions was that the main factor in regard to noise levels in residential buildings was that the sound levels were inversely proportional with the distance to the sound source and that the most affected areas are the ones that have direct exposure to the railway.
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Marusceac Vladimir et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 161–166 Vladimir Marusceac, Madalina Ciotlaus/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
In order to improve the quality of life these exposed buildings should not have a residential status, industrial or office building that have sealed facades should be considered to be placed in these positions in the future urban development, also these future buildings will provide a beneficial dampening effect for the residential zones around them. Also the angle that the street forms with the railway plays some part in reducing noise levels on the mid spectrum but further research is necessary in order to provide relations between the angle and the dampening effect. As for the second part of the study, the canyon effect regarding traffic noise is a serious problem and as seen in previous studies façade geometries and materials play a big role in the sound propagation mechanism and should be seriously analyzed by architects and urbanists alike. Also these massive building provide shelter from the traffic noise for the other buildings behind them, playing an important role in dampening the sound, but the main problem in Cluj-Napoca now is that the majority of these buildings have a residential status though diminishing the quality of life for its inhabitants. It should be recommended that on all main traffic corridors only non-residential buildings should be built along the road. Based on this study, custom dampening solutions can be used based on frequency peaks targeting the low range of the spectrum or middle range depending on the necessities. Further studies should be conducted on this noise exposure problem that seems to generate an alarming rate of cardiovascular diseases in all major cities all across the world. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the support and technical equipment received from Faculty of Civil Engineering. References [1] V. Marusceac, M. Ciotlaus, Noise pollution around high traffic zones in Cluj-Napoca, Acta Technica Napocensis Series: Applied Mathematics, Mechanics and Engineering, 61 (2018), pp. 105-108 [2] I. M. Beca and M. Iliescu, "Developing an Innovative Urban Traffic Noise Monitoring System", Advanced Engineering Forum, 21 (2017), pp. 551-556. [3] Iliescu M., Cadar R., Beca M. Monitoring noise pollution in urban area through SUNET system. Bulletin of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Agriculture, 72 (2015), pp. 113-121. [4] T. Van Renterghem, D. Botteldooren: The importance of roof shape for road traffic noise shielding in the urban environment. J. Sound Vib. 329 (2010) pp. 1422–1434. [6] J. Picaut, L. Simon: A scale model experiment for the study of sound propagation in urban areas. Appl. Acoust. 62 (2001), pp. 327–340. [4] J. Picaut, D. Scouarnec: Using Acoustic Diffusors to Reduce Noise in Urban Areas. Acta Acust. united with Acust 95 (2009), pp. 653–668. [7] J. Kang: Numerical Modelling of the Sound Fields in Urban Streets With Diffusely Reflecting Boundaries. J. Sound Vib. 258 (2002), pp. 793–813. [8] H. Onaga, J. H. Rindel: Acoustic characteristics of urban streets in relation to scattering caused by building facades. Appl. Acoust 68 (2007), pp. 310–325. [9] K. V. Horoshenkov, D.C.Hothersall: Scale modelling of sound propagation in a city street canyon. Sound and Vibration. 223 (1999), pp. 795– 819. [10] R. Janczur, E. Walerian, M. Czechowicz: Façade shaping as local means protecting against traffic noise. Acta Acust. united with Acust. 97 (2011), pp. 769–778. [11] H. H. El Dien, P. Woloszyn: The acoustical influence of balcony depth and parapet form: experiments and simulations. Appl. Acoust. 66 (2005), pp. 533– 551. [12] H. H. El-Dien: Acoustic performance of high rise building façades due to its balconies form. Euronoise 2003, pp. 1–6. [13] H. Yamada, On the influence of tire characteristics on tire noise, JSAE Symposium no.9301 (1993), pp. 38-43.
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Available Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 161–166 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
The The 12th 12th International International Conference Conference Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity in in Engineering Engineering
Optimizing Optimizing urban urban landscapes landscapes in in regard regard to to noise noise pollution pollution
Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, 28-30 June a, b a, *, Ciotlaus Madalinab Marusceac Vladimir 2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain Marusceac Vladimir *, Ciotlaus Madalina 0F
0F
a a b b
Technical University of Cluj Napoca, Str.Memorandumului nr.28, Cluj-Napoca, 400114, Romania Technical University of Cluj Napoca, Str.Memorandumului nr.28, Cluj-Napoca, 400114, Romania Technical University of Cluj Napoca, Str.Memorandumului nr.28, Cluj-Napoca, 400114, Romania Technical University of Cluj Napoca, Str.Memorandumului nr.28, Cluj-Napoca, 400114, Romania
Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off between used capacity and operational efficiency Abstract Abstract
A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb
This paper studies urban development trends, both in residential and non-residential areas, and tries to optimize its design in This paper studies urban development trends, both in residential and non-residential a University Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugalareas, and tries to optimize its design in order to obtain increased acoustic comfort especiallyofinside dwellings. b order to obtain increased acoustic comfort especially inside dwellings. Unochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil Noise pollution is an actual problem in all developed countries and it plays a major role in the decreased general health state of Noise pollution is an actual problem in all developed countries and it plays a major role in the decreased general health state of the population, being one of many causes of stress based diseases. In order to improve the comfort of living in noisy areas the population, being one of many causes of stress based diseases. In order to improve the comfort of living in noisy areas multiple solutions regarding acoustic treatments and sound insulation are constantly improved and are being used around the multiple solutions regarding acoustic treatments and sound insulation are constantly improved and are being used around the globe. globe. Abstract The main innovation of this study is the approach regarding the noise problem, instead of studying sound insulation materials and The main innovation of this study is the approach regarding the noise problem, instead of studying sound insulation materials and techniques it focuses on general urban planning regarding the shape of buildings, and street orientations, positioning new parks techniques focuses on general urban4.0", planning regardingprocesses the shape of buildings, and street orientations, positioning new parks Under theitconcept "Industry be pushed to the be increasingly and constructing earthof embankments, all of production these in order to reduce will the noise impact on citizens outsideinterconnected, and inside their and constructing earth embankments, all ofand, these in order to much reducemore the noise impactInonthis thecontext, citizens capacity outside and inside their information based on a real time basis necessarily, efficient. optimization homes. There were two sites that were studied in some of the noisiest areas in the city of Cluj-Napoca, one regarding railroad homes. There the were two sites that were studied maximization, in some of the noisiest areas also in thefor city of Cluj-Napoca, one regarding railroad goes beyond traditional aim of capacity contributing organization’s profitability and value. noise pollution and one regarding traffic noise, both in residential areas of the city. noise pollution and one regarding traffic noise, both in residential areas of the city. Indeed, lean management and continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of Results proved that urban planning must be made with some logical considerations regarding sound propagation and Results proved that urban planning must be made with some logical considerations regarding sound propagation and maximization. The studyinof capacity optimization and models isinan important research topic that deserves amplification mechanisms order to improve the comfort andcosting people wellbeing future developments. amplification mechanisms in order to improve the comfort and people wellbeing in future developments. Original aspects were studied as presented earlier in the different approach of the problem focusesa on avoiding or contributions from both the practical and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents andthat discusses mathematical Original aspects were studied as presented earlier in the different approach of the problem that focuses on avoiding or diminishing the problem rather than attenuating it. model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been diminishing the problem rather than attenuating it.
developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s © The Authors. Published bymaximization Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. © 2018 2019The The Authors. value. trade-offPublished capacityby © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) optimization operational inefficiency. This is an openmight accesshide article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. © 2017 The Published Elsevier B.V. Selection andAuthors. peer-review underby responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference Keywords: Noise pollution; urban design; sound; railway traffic 2017. Keywords: Noise pollution; urban design; sound; railway traffic Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency
1. Introduction * Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-075-769-9592. * The Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-075-769-9592. cost of idle capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured 2351-9789 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity in several©ways: tons of production, available 2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is anAfonso. open access under the761; CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) * Paulo Tel.:article +351 253 510 +351 253license 604 741 This is an open access article under the CC fax: BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. E-mail address: [email protected] Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under of the scientificbycommittee the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017. 2351-9789 © 2019responsibility The Authors. Published Elsevier of Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.197
162 2
Marusceac Vladimir et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 161–166 Vladimir Marusceac, Madalina Ciotlaus/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
1. Introduction As transportation demands in the city of Cluj-Napoca are increasing rapidly, because population growth, changes in travel patterns and the development of new emerging socio-economic centers, traffic caused noise pollution is starting to affect a big part of the city’s inhabitants [1,2,3]. Of all the urban sound polluting factors, urban traffic accounts for almost two-thirds of all the noise, which lowers both the quality of life and property values, thus having both an economic and social impact on any city. As urban planning in the last decades rarely connected with the importance of acoustics in city planning and regulations, mistakes were made, mistakes that accentuated traffic noise problems in residential areas. Architects and urbanists take decisions on shaping building façades and planning streets without taking into account that these geometries will have a tremendous effect on noise propagation in that area. Unfortunately, there is not nearly enough information about the influence of building and street geometry on the dynamic of sound in urban areas. It is very important to study this and provide not only applicable solutions for problematic areas but furthermore designing a guide for efficient urban planning regulations in regard to traffic noise. This article focuses on two main issues: railway noise pollutions in residential areas in the city of Cluj-Napoca regarding street orientation and exposure, and the benefits of using massive building on main urban corridors in order of dampening the traffic noise and providing a decent sound levels or the residential building behind. In order to do so full spectrum sound measurements will be made to emphasize noise issues and clearly specify the problematic frequency areas for each case. Previous studies approach the impact of a street canyon design on noise exposure at a non-directly exposed and [4] and on directly exposed façades. As urban geometries are concerned sound absorption and diffusion are the main abatement principles [5], so the as seen in different studies the main influencing factors are: façade irregularities [6], streets [7] or facades [8], the use of barriers [9], the effect of recesses in a building façade [10] or the influence of balcony shape in facades [11,12]. 2. Study area profile locations and equipment Both case studies were made in Cluj-Napoca, a city with extraordinary growth both demographically an economically in the last decade. As in all big cities, the railway passes through the middle of Cluj-Napoca, mostly through industrial areas but also through some residential areas with high exposure to railway noise. Measurements were made in order to see how street orientation and position in relation to the railway affects the exposure of the dwellings to the rail traffic noise. For the second part, urban canyons and the sound dampening capabilities of the large buildings which form them were the studied subject.
Fig. 1. Studied locations: green- railway noise, red- traffic noise (source Google Earth)
Marusceac Vladimir et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 161–166 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
163 3
The location for all these measurements can be seen on the map above (Fig.1), marked with green are the locations for the first part of the study regarding rail traffic and with red are the locations for the second part of the study regarding urban canyons. 2.1. Equipment For measuring, a full spectrum sound analyzer was used in order to provide noise levels for a 1/3 octave, full spectrum from 20 Hz-20 kHz. By using a full spectrum analyzer instead of a normal sound level metering tool, we can see the main problematic areas of the sound spectrum so that we can give targeted applicable solutions, and to show that what frequencies have the highest levels. 3. Railway noise in residential areas As seen on the map presented earlier, five significant locations were studied as follows: • Zone 1-High exposure zones, streets in the immediate vicinity of the railway and parallel to it; • Zone 2-High exposure zones, streets that are perpendicular to the railway; • Zone 3-High exposure zones, streets that intersect the railway at an angle; • Zone 4-Medium exposure zones, streets parallel to the railway at a medium distance( approx. 50 m); • Zone 5-Low exposure zones, streets parallel to the railway at a greater distance (more than 100 m). Full spectrum measurements were made in each specific location, at random moments and when the train was passing by in order to compare sound levels for each zone in particular and for all of them. Average measured levels for each location were used for the analysis and are presented in the following charts. As seen in Fig.2., the increase of sound levels when the train passed was significant for all studied areas on all of studied noise spectrum, even if the studied neighborhood was composed only of one and two storied houses the sound dampening of the nearby building played a big role in reducing the noise levels for the fourth and fifth studied locations with medium and low sound exposure.
90 80
Level [dB]
70 60
zone 1
50
zone 2
40
zone 3
30 20
zone 4
10
zone 5
0
20
200
2000
Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 2. Maximum noise levels for the studied areas
20000
Marusceac Vladimir et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 161–166 Vladimir Marusceac, Madalina Ciotlaus/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
164 4
Also it seems that the orientation of the street made little difference in the lower part of the spectrum and had a significant effect on the mid frequency spectrum reducing noise levels with more than 10 dB (Fig.3 and 4). Since the studied zones had no tall building in order to have a canyon effect, the only main factor regarding the noise levels was the distance from the sound source and the direct/indirect exposure. As seen below an extra 50 meter difference from zone 4 to zone 5 had a significant effect on the middle part of the spectrum with noise levels that were 7 to 16 dB lower.
90 80
Level [dB]
70
zone 1
60 50
zone 2
40
zone 3
30 20
average levels
10 0
20
200
2000
20000
Frequency [Hz}
Fig. 3. Maximum levels versus average sound level for exposed zones
70 60
Level [dB]
50
zone 4
40 zone 5
30 20
average levels
10 0
20
200
2000
20000
frequency [Hz}
Fig. 4. Maximum levels versus average sound level for low and medium exposed zones
Marusceac Vladimir et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 161–166 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
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4. Traffic noise, urban canyons and residential areas For this part of the study full spectrum sound measurements were made on Fabricii Street, and nearby zones, for being one of the most crowded streets in Cluj-Napoca and because it has ten to twelve story building on each side though providing the detrimental canyon effect. There were three locations studied, the first one was nearby the main street providing noise levels for the most exposed dwellings and the other two were on secondary streets behind the tall buildings for medium and low exposure zones. As seen in the graph below average sound levels were above recommended levels on the main street, mostly because of the canyon effect, and for medium and low exposure zones all levels decreased significantly because of the sound dampening properties of large concrete buildings .
90 80
main street
Level [dB]
70 60 50
medium exposure
40 30 20
low exposure
10 0
20
200
2000
20000
Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 5. Noise levels from traffic in exposed and non-exposed areas
There seems to be little to no difference between noise levels for medium exposed and low exposed zones behind the tall buildings that surround the main street, proving once again the great amount of sound dampening that they provide, though distance from the sound source doesn’t matter that much anymore (Fig.5). Peak noise values for the main street were found between 50 and 80 Hz mainly from engines and vehicle tires, such noise being hard to absorb even by the massive buildings surrounding the street. Improvements in this area can be made by choosing better road pavements and providing good maintenance and by the constant development of vehicle engines and exhaust. Some studies mention the impact that the tire pattern has on noise pollution [13] and recommends further research and improvement in the tire manufacturing industry. 5. Conclusions Or the first part of the study regarding railway noise the main conclusions was that the main factor in regard to noise levels in residential buildings was that the sound levels were inversely proportional with the distance to the sound source and that the most affected areas are the ones that have direct exposure to the railway.
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Marusceac Vladimir et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 161–166 Vladimir Marusceac, Madalina Ciotlaus/ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
In order to improve the quality of life these exposed buildings should not have a residential status, industrial or office building that have sealed facades should be considered to be placed in these positions in the future urban development, also these future buildings will provide a beneficial dampening effect for the residential zones around them. Also the angle that the street forms with the railway plays some part in reducing noise levels on the mid spectrum but further research is necessary in order to provide relations between the angle and the dampening effect. As for the second part of the study, the canyon effect regarding traffic noise is a serious problem and as seen in previous studies façade geometries and materials play a big role in the sound propagation mechanism and should be seriously analyzed by architects and urbanists alike. Also these massive building provide shelter from the traffic noise for the other buildings behind them, playing an important role in dampening the sound, but the main problem in Cluj-Napoca now is that the majority of these buildings have a residential status though diminishing the quality of life for its inhabitants. It should be recommended that on all main traffic corridors only non-residential buildings should be built along the road. Based on this study, custom dampening solutions can be used based on frequency peaks targeting the low range of the spectrum or middle range depending on the necessities. Further studies should be conducted on this noise exposure problem that seems to generate an alarming rate of cardiovascular diseases in all major cities all across the world. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the support and technical equipment received from Faculty of Civil Engineering. References [1] V. Marusceac, M. Ciotlaus, Noise pollution around high traffic zones in Cluj-Napoca, Acta Technica Napocensis Series: Applied Mathematics, Mechanics and Engineering, 61 (2018), pp. 105-108 [2] I. M. Beca and M. Iliescu, "Developing an Innovative Urban Traffic Noise Monitoring System", Advanced Engineering Forum, 21 (2017), pp. 551-556. [3] Iliescu M., Cadar R., Beca M. Monitoring noise pollution in urban area through SUNET system. Bulletin of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Agriculture, 72 (2015), pp. 113-121. [4] T. Van Renterghem, D. Botteldooren: The importance of roof shape for road traffic noise shielding in the urban environment. J. Sound Vib. 329 (2010) pp. 1422–1434. [6] J. Picaut, L. Simon: A scale model experiment for the study of sound propagation in urban areas. Appl. Acoust. 62 (2001), pp. 327–340. [4] J. Picaut, D. Scouarnec: Using Acoustic Diffusors to Reduce Noise in Urban Areas. Acta Acust. united with Acust 95 (2009), pp. 653–668. [7] J. Kang: Numerical Modelling of the Sound Fields in Urban Streets With Diffusely Reflecting Boundaries. J. Sound Vib. 258 (2002), pp. 793–813. [8] H. Onaga, J. H. Rindel: Acoustic characteristics of urban streets in relation to scattering caused by building facades. Appl. Acoust 68 (2007), pp. 310–325. [9] K. V. Horoshenkov, D.C.Hothersall: Scale modelling of sound propagation in a city street canyon. Sound and Vibration. 223 (1999), pp. 795– 819. [10] R. Janczur, E. Walerian, M. Czechowicz: Façade shaping as local means protecting against traffic noise. Acta Acust. united with Acust. 97 (2011), pp. 769–778. [11] H. H. El Dien, P. Woloszyn: The acoustical influence of balcony depth and parapet form: experiments and simulations. Appl. Acoust. 66 (2005), pp. 533– 551. [12] H. H. El-Dien: Acoustic performance of high rise building façades due to its balconies form. Euronoise 2003, pp. 1–6. [13] H. Yamada, On the influence of tire characteristics on tire noise, JSAE Symposium no.9301 (1993), pp. 38-43.