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Optimum dump planning in rugged terrain
68A
Ground freezing
872189 Planning models: operational and environmental implications
872 i 85 Ground freezing
Couzens, T R In: Design of .Von-lmpounding Waste Dumps, edited by A[ K AlcCarter PI3-20. Publ N Y: .4 IME, 1985
Harris, J S In: Underpinning, edited by S Thorburn and J F Hutchison P222-241. Publ Glasgow: Blackie. 1985 Ground freezing is used by civil and mining engineers to provide support and possibly a barrier to groundwater flow when working with water bearing soils. Cooling may be by refrigerants produced on site (brine) or off site (liquid nitrogen). The strength and creep properties of frozen soils, and their measurement are discussed. Frost heave, concreting problems, and structural and thermal design of ground freezing operations are considered. Finally, case studies relating to open pits. shafts, mines, tunnels, and underpinning are presented.
Planning of waste dumps is sometimes undertaken on the basis of blind faith, often by studying maps. rarely with physical models, and increasingly with three dimensional computer modelling, Dump configuration depends on local topography. method of construction, and material properties. Large fan, high wedge, terraced, and free flow dumps are illustrated. Constraints are imposed by costs and by environmental hazards, stability, pollution, or characteristic changes. although under exceptional circumstances the dump may be an environmental asset. A hypothetical case study is presented.
872186 Soil improvement by means of ground freezing Gallavresi, F Proc Symposium on Recent Developments in Ground Improvement Techniques, Bangkok, 29 Nov-3 Dec 1982 P459468. Publ Rotterdam: A, A. Balkema, 1985 Different ground freezing techniques - open, closed and mixed methods - are examined. A few design criteria and the technical and technological aspects of the different methods are briefly analysed. The criteria of choice between systems are discussed on the basis of practical experience and results obtained. 872187
Application of ground freezing to soil improvement in engineering practice Jessberger, H L Proc Symposium on Recent Developments in Ground Improvement Techniques, Bangkok, 29 Nov-3 Dec 1982 P469482. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1985 In the ground freezing process the soil strength is increased. The technique of ground freezing and its application to tunnelling, shaft sinking, and foundation engineering are illustrated. The mechanical behaviour of frozen soil, and thermal properties, processes and analysis, central to an engineering investigation, are examined. Various design methods for frozen soil structures are available depending on the project itself and the effort which is to be deemed justified.
Surface Structures See also: 872007, 872015, 872081, 872119, 872120
872188 Classification and surface water controls Taylor, M J; Greenwood, R J In: Design of Non-Impounding Waste Dumps, edited by M K McCarter P1-11, Publ NY." AIME, 1985 A simple and widely applicable classification scheme for waste dumps is proposed. Three classification categories are proposed: (1) configuration and topographical location; (2) material characteristics; and (3) environmental sensitivity of the site. This scheme allows a mental picture of the scheme to be quickly composed. The effect of the hydrological regime on classification, and vice versa is also considered.
872190
Optimum dump planning in rugged terrain Bohnet, E L In: Design of Non-impounding Waste Dumps, edited by M K McCarter P21-27, Publ NY: AIME, 1985 The prime objective in open pit dump planning is to minimise the horizontal and vertical distances between the source and dump, although other factors will work against this, especially in rugged terrain. Haulage costs are first considered. Design parameters such as stability, environmental effects, characteristic changes, configuration, and placement method are then examined. Finally, general engineering and operating constraints are discussed. All the above factors should be carefully taken into account if the optimum scheme is to be achieved.
872191 Scoping regulatory requirements Vandre, B In: Design of Non-lmpounding Waste Dumps, edited by M K McCarter P79-88, Publ NY." AI,~IE. 1985 The engineers objective is to construct mine waste dumps at acceptable costs within the regulatory framework applicable. The range and extent of regulations, both compulsory and advisory, is examined for environmental effects, water pollution control, health and safety control, and operation and reclamation control. The engineering interpretation and technical analysis of risks and mitigation measures within these constraints are discussed. Regulatory requirements in selected western states of America are listed.
872192
Centrifugal and analytical modeling of excavations in sand Azevedo, R; Ko, H Y; Sture, S Proc 5th Engineering Mechanics Division Speciality Conference, Wyoming, 1-3 Aug 1984 V2, P1324-1327. Publ New York: ASCE, 1984 The performance of the linear elastic, nonlinear hyperbolic psuedoelastic and Lade's two surface elastoplastic constitutive models in representing the behaviour and surface settlement of an excavated slope in sandy soil has been examined by comparing predictions with results from centrifuge scale model tests. Lade's model provides a fairly accurate prediction, but the other two do not represent experimental behaviour even qualitatively. The reasons for this and further requirements to increase the accuracy of the predictions are discussed.
© 1986 Pergamon Journals Ltd. Reproduction not permitted
Ground freezing
872189 Planning models: operational and environmental implications
872 i 85 Ground freezing
Couzens, T R In: Design of .Von-lmpounding Waste Dumps, edited by A[ K AlcCarter PI3-20. Publ N Y: .4 IME, 1985
Harris, J S In: Underpinning, edited by S Thorburn and J F Hutchison P222-241. Publ Glasgow: Blackie. 1985 Ground freezing is used by civil and mining engineers to provide support and possibly a barrier to groundwater flow when working with water bearing soils. Cooling may be by refrigerants produced on site (brine) or off site (liquid nitrogen). The strength and creep properties of frozen soils, and their measurement are discussed. Frost heave, concreting problems, and structural and thermal design of ground freezing operations are considered. Finally, case studies relating to open pits. shafts, mines, tunnels, and underpinning are presented.
Planning of waste dumps is sometimes undertaken on the basis of blind faith, often by studying maps. rarely with physical models, and increasingly with three dimensional computer modelling, Dump configuration depends on local topography. method of construction, and material properties. Large fan, high wedge, terraced, and free flow dumps are illustrated. Constraints are imposed by costs and by environmental hazards, stability, pollution, or characteristic changes. although under exceptional circumstances the dump may be an environmental asset. A hypothetical case study is presented.
872186 Soil improvement by means of ground freezing Gallavresi, F Proc Symposium on Recent Developments in Ground Improvement Techniques, Bangkok, 29 Nov-3 Dec 1982 P459468. Publ Rotterdam: A, A. Balkema, 1985 Different ground freezing techniques - open, closed and mixed methods - are examined. A few design criteria and the technical and technological aspects of the different methods are briefly analysed. The criteria of choice between systems are discussed on the basis of practical experience and results obtained. 872187
Application of ground freezing to soil improvement in engineering practice Jessberger, H L Proc Symposium on Recent Developments in Ground Improvement Techniques, Bangkok, 29 Nov-3 Dec 1982 P469482. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1985 In the ground freezing process the soil strength is increased. The technique of ground freezing and its application to tunnelling, shaft sinking, and foundation engineering are illustrated. The mechanical behaviour of frozen soil, and thermal properties, processes and analysis, central to an engineering investigation, are examined. Various design methods for frozen soil structures are available depending on the project itself and the effort which is to be deemed justified.
Surface Structures See also: 872007, 872015, 872081, 872119, 872120
872188 Classification and surface water controls Taylor, M J; Greenwood, R J In: Design of Non-Impounding Waste Dumps, edited by M K McCarter P1-11, Publ NY." AIME, 1985 A simple and widely applicable classification scheme for waste dumps is proposed. Three classification categories are proposed: (1) configuration and topographical location; (2) material characteristics; and (3) environmental sensitivity of the site. This scheme allows a mental picture of the scheme to be quickly composed. The effect of the hydrological regime on classification, and vice versa is also considered.
872190
Optimum dump planning in rugged terrain Bohnet, E L In: Design of Non-impounding Waste Dumps, edited by M K McCarter P21-27, Publ NY: AIME, 1985 The prime objective in open pit dump planning is to minimise the horizontal and vertical distances between the source and dump, although other factors will work against this, especially in rugged terrain. Haulage costs are first considered. Design parameters such as stability, environmental effects, characteristic changes, configuration, and placement method are then examined. Finally, general engineering and operating constraints are discussed. All the above factors should be carefully taken into account if the optimum scheme is to be achieved.
872191 Scoping regulatory requirements Vandre, B In: Design of Non-lmpounding Waste Dumps, edited by M K McCarter P79-88, Publ NY." AI,~IE. 1985 The engineers objective is to construct mine waste dumps at acceptable costs within the regulatory framework applicable. The range and extent of regulations, both compulsory and advisory, is examined for environmental effects, water pollution control, health and safety control, and operation and reclamation control. The engineering interpretation and technical analysis of risks and mitigation measures within these constraints are discussed. Regulatory requirements in selected western states of America are listed.
872192
Centrifugal and analytical modeling of excavations in sand Azevedo, R; Ko, H Y; Sture, S Proc 5th Engineering Mechanics Division Speciality Conference, Wyoming, 1-3 Aug 1984 V2, P1324-1327. Publ New York: ASCE, 1984 The performance of the linear elastic, nonlinear hyperbolic psuedoelastic and Lade's two surface elastoplastic constitutive models in representing the behaviour and surface settlement of an excavated slope in sandy soil has been examined by comparing predictions with results from centrifuge scale model tests. Lade's model provides a fairly accurate prediction, but the other two do not represent experimental behaviour even qualitatively. The reasons for this and further requirements to increase the accuracy of the predictions are discussed.
© 1986 Pergamon Journals Ltd. Reproduction not permitted