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Oral contraceptive use for manipulation of menstruation in active women and competitive female athletes
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2013 ASICS Conference / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 16S (2013) e59–e83
22 Measurement of dehydration status among collegiate athletes following assorted exercise training T. Yoshikawa ∗ , Y. Abe, N. Yasuda International Pacific University, New Zealand Introduction: Temperature regulation, thermal and cardiovascular strain, and heat tolerance during sport specific training in warm to hot conditions could directly be modulated by hydration status. However, it remains unclear whether collegiate athletes have knowledge and strategies of optimal fluid intake in sport specific training conditions. The purpose of this study was to assess hydration status associated with fluid intake behavior and patterns for collegiate athletes in different modes of habitual exercise training. Methods: A total of fifty nationally ranked collegiate athletes were recruited from four different sport clubs (men’s soccer, n = 13; men’s kendo, n = 12; women’s handball, n = 12; women’s basketball, n = 13) as a category of intermittent exercise. Spot urine was collected within 10 minutes before (Pre) and after (Post) each training session over three consecutive days (Day 1, Day 3, and Day 5) which was randomly chosen for each sport club. A representative value for each sport club at Pre and Post was expressed as a mean value of three consecutive days. Each subject was allowed to drink water ad libitum during each training session over three consecutive days. Exercise training session per day lasted approximately 3 h for each club. For analysis of hydration status, urine specific gravity (Usg) was determined using a handheld refractometer. Results: In terms of urine specific gravity, a two-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) showed significant main effects of time before and after training session in men’s soccer (Pre = 1.021 ± 0.007, Post = 1.024 ± 0.006 g/mL, p < 0.05), men’s kendo (Pre = 1.021 ± 0.008, Post = 1.027 ± 0.007 g/mL, p < 0.05), women’s handball (Pre = 1.025 ± 0.005, Post = 1.027 ± 0.004 g/mL, p < 0.05), and women’s basketball (Pre = 1.023 ± 0.008, Post = 1.027 ± 0.005 g/mL, p < 0.05), whereas no significant main effects of day or interactions were found in each club. Discussion and conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that there appears to be a trend for collegiate athletes to be dehydrated even when they take sufficient water fluid. In other words, it is possible for athletes to have insufficient electrolytes such as sodium (which retains water in the body) even when they take plenty of water during exercise training. To minimize fluid deficits, ad libitum consumption of a carbohydrate–electrolyte fluid intake can be more effective than water. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.161 23 Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups associated with elite Chinese athlete status Y. Chang ∗ , C. Yu, H. Liu, A. Liu, X. Gao China Institute of Sport Science, China Introduction: Previous studies have suggested an association of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups with athletic performance. Because of the regional and populational specific characteristics of mtDNA haplogroups, it is necessary to probe into the distribution of mtDNA haplogroups of different populations to get the special profile of them, respectively. Methods: We conducted a population-based study of 185 elite Chinese athletes of Northern Han (95 endurance athletes and 90 power athletes) as the case subjects, and 92 Chinese college
students of Northern Han at the similar age randomly collected as controls. All the athletes participated in Olympic Games on behalf of China. Total DNA was extracted from blood with a DNA extractor Kit (Promega Co., USA). According to Anderson mtDNA sequence in Gene bank, the primers were designed. The PCR products (449 bp special segment) were directly sequenced. We classified the mtDNA haplogroups of all subjects, calculated the frequency of every mtDNA haplogroup and examined the frequency differences between athletes and controls. The results show the endurance athletes have a statistically significant excess of haplogroup M7 (OR 4.703, 95% CI 1.29–17.10, p = 0.011), with 13.68% compared with 3.26% in controls, and the controls have a statistically significant excess of haplogroup B (OR 0.378, 95% CI 0.14–0.97, p = 0.037), with 17.39% compared with 7.37% in the endurance athletes. Discussion: These data suggest mtDNA haplogroup M7 is positively associated with endurance athlete status, indicating this haplogroup or some polymorphic sites of it could influence aerobic capacity. Haplogroup B is negatively associated with endurance athlete status, meaning people of this haplogroup are disadvantageous in aerobic exercises. No haplogroups were found to be associated with power athlete status. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.162 24 Oral contraceptive use for manipulation of menstruation in active women and competitive female athletes M. Schaumberg 1,∗ , D. Jenkins 1 , X. Janse de Jonge 2 , L. Emmerton 3 , T. Skinner 1 1 School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Australia 2 School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Australia 3 School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Australia
Introduction: Little is known regarding the oral contraceptive (OC) habits of physically active females, in particular whether OC is used to manipulate the menstrual cycle (i.e. delay or reschedule menstruation). In previously presented data from this study, physically active females were more likely to avoid physical activity (PA) during menstruation and whilst experiencing menstrual symptoms. Therefore, extended OC regimes (i.e. skipping the period whilst on an OC by continually taking hormone) may be used to reduce the effect of menstruation and/or menstrual symptoms on PA and competitive sport. The aim was to investigate prevalence of and reasons for menstrual manipulation with OC in physically active and athletic women. Methods: A convenience sample of 200 active (PA > 150 min/wk) females (aged 21 ± 4 years) and 50 competitive (state, national or international level) athletes (aged 22 ± 7 years) completed a 32page questionnaire assessing OC use, reasons for OC use and OC regime habits. In addition, frequency and reasons for manipulation of menstruation were explored. Participants rated importance of, and agreement to, statements on a five-point Likert scale. Results: Prevalence of OC use was 57%. The majority (80%) of OC users reported skipping their period at least once during the previous year, with 28% reporting skipping their period two to three times. Skipping menstruation for at least three months in a row was reported by 40% of women. The most important reason provided for skipping menstruation was special events or holidays, with 79% rating it as important/very important. Additional important reasons for manipulating menstruation included convenience (64%),
2013 ASICS Conference / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 16S (2013) e59–e83
sport competition (41%) and sport training (32%). Competitive athletes reported a higher prevalence of OC use (71%). Prevalence of menstrual manipulation was similar in competitive athletes (84%) compared to physically active women. Competitive athletes noted that the most important reason for menstrual manipulation was sport competition (76%), with special events or holidays (73%) and sport training (56%) also rated as important/very important. Discussion: Menstrual manipulation or extended OC regimes are common practice in physically active and athletic females. Skipping menstruation for convenience was highly rated in active women but not competitive athletes; with competitive athletes competition and training were rated as more important reasons for skipping menstruation. These results indicate that menstrual manipulation is prevalent in physically active and athletic females however further investigation into whether manipulation reduces the influence of menstruation on PA and competitive sport is warranted. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.163 25 Does oral contraceptive use influence physical activity participation among physically active women? M. Schaumberg 1,∗ , D. Jenkins 1 , X. Janse de Jonge 2 , L. Emmerton 3 , N. Burton 1 , T. Skinner 1 1 School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Australia 2 School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Australia 3 School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Australia
Introduction: Little is known regarding oral contraceptive (OC) habits of physically active females, or whether OC use and menstrual symptoms influence physical activity (PA) participation. Given that OC use has been shown to reduce exercise capacity in highly trained and recreationally active females, the present study investigated OC use among physically active women. Methods: A convenience sample of 235 active (PA > 150 min/wk) females (22 ± 4 years) completed a 32-page questionnaire assessing OC use, experience of side-effects and menstrual symptoms, experience of hormone-specific barriers to PA and impact on PA participation. Participants rated agreement to statements on a five-point Likert scale. Results: Prevalence of OC use was 60%. Of the 40% of women not using OC, 5% were using another hormonal contraceptive; 35% were not using hormone contraceptive and 65% had previously used OC. Just 2% of women using OC reported avoiding PA often/very often due to menstrual symptoms, compared with 20% of those not using OC. Only 10% of women using OC reported avoiding PA often/very often because of menstrual bleeding, compared with 40% of those not using OC. Only 2% OC-users felt that menstrual symptoms often/very often affected their ability to train compared to 40% of non-OC users. Of those using OC, 89% reported never/rarely reducing PA involvement due to menstrual symptoms, compared with 44% of those not using OC. Discussion: The prevalence of OC use in active females was similar to previously reported use in Australian population surveys. Preliminary results suggest that women using an OC are less likely to avoid or reduce PA due to menstrual symptoms or menstrual bleeding compared to those not using an OC. Females not using an OC were more likely to perceive reduced capacity to exercise with menstruation or menstrual symptoms than OC users.
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Conclusion: OC use potentially reduces the negative impact of female hormone-related barriers to PA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.164 26 Effects of menstrual cycle phase on skin conditions following intermittent exercise training R. Shirade 1,∗ , A. Adachi 2 , M. Kanaura 2 , M. Yasuda 3 , N. Yasuda 2 1
Tohoku University, Japan International Pacific University, Japan 3 Verda Incorporation, Japan 2
Introduction: A better understanding of potential effects of menstrual cycle phase on skin conditions can provide appropriate strategies to prevent skin problems in advance. However, whether skin conditions following intermittent exercise training can be influenced by the menstrual cycle phase still remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of menstrual cycle phase on skin conditions following intermittent exercise training. Methods: Eleven female nationally ranked collegiate basketball players (age: 19.0 ± 1.1 year, height: 169.0 ± 7.1 cm; body weight: 64.4 ± 8.4 kg; BMI: 22.5 ± 1.7 kg/m2 , body fat: 24.9 ± 2.4%) served as the subjects. Basketball training consisted of routine ball handling, shooting and other specialized drills. Each training session lasted 3 h. All subjects performed identical training sessions between two menstrual phases. Before and after (Pre and Post) basketball training sessions during the follicular (F: 6–10 days after the onset of the menses) and luteal (L: 5–9 days before the menses) phase, skin conditions of moisture balance, sebum (oiliness), and elasticity for all subjects were measured using the Triplesense® device (electrical capacitance) from Moritex USA (Blomeke et al. Proceedings of the IEEE 3rd International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems: 375–378, 2009). All results are expressed as mean values of the measurements (two consecutive days during each menstrual phase) conducted on three different sites (forehead, cheek, and chin). Results: A two-way ANOVA showed a significant main effect of time was observed [(Skin moisture: Pre = 65.3 ± 13.0, Post = 76.5 ± 20.8 for forehead in F, Pre = 61.2 ± 24.2, Post = 79.3 ± 24.5 for forehead in L; Pre = 67.2 ± 20.3, Post = 85.4 ± 12.7 for cheek in F, Pre = 70.7 ± 19.7, Post = 84.6 ± 22.9 for cheek in L; Pre = 67.6 ± 19.1, Post = 84.3 ± 15.8 for chin in F, Pre = 71.4 ± 27.1, Post = 83.3 ± 19.1 for chin in L), (Sebum: Pre = 20.4 ± 17.7, Post = 17.5 ± 18.8 for forehead in F, Pre = 15.4 ± 11.8, Post = 24.3 ± 10.8 for forehead in L; Pre = 18.6 ± 10.2, Post = 15.4 ± 6.1 for cheek in F, Pre = 18.2 ± 8.7, Post = 14.9 ± 8.8 for cheek in L; Pre = 25.6 ± 13.3, Post = 21.2 ± 10.7 for chin in F, Pre = 27.8 ± 15.8, Post = 17.4 ± 9.1 for chin in L), (Elasticity: Pre = 89.0 ± 8.0, Post = 87.9 ± 7.3 for forehead in F, Pre = 83.5 ± 7.4, Post = 82.2 ± 12.2 for forehead in L; Pre = 68.0 ± 8.9, Post = 53.7 ± 22.1 for cheek in F, Pre = 61.0 ± 17.8, Post = 61.4 ± 19.3 for cheek in L; Pre = 69.2 ± 15.2, Post = 60.2 ± 17.7 for chin in F, Pre = 68.1 ± 16.8, Post = 60.5 ± 18.9 for chin in L, p < 0.05)] before and after the basketball training session, but no difference across phase. Discussion and conclusions: Previous studies have shown the effects of menstrual cycle phase on skin conditions. The findings of the present study suggest that skin conditions such as skin moisture balance, sebum, and elasticity following intermittent exercise
2013 ASICS Conference / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 16S (2013) e59–e83
22 Measurement of dehydration status among collegiate athletes following assorted exercise training T. Yoshikawa ∗ , Y. Abe, N. Yasuda International Pacific University, New Zealand Introduction: Temperature regulation, thermal and cardiovascular strain, and heat tolerance during sport specific training in warm to hot conditions could directly be modulated by hydration status. However, it remains unclear whether collegiate athletes have knowledge and strategies of optimal fluid intake in sport specific training conditions. The purpose of this study was to assess hydration status associated with fluid intake behavior and patterns for collegiate athletes in different modes of habitual exercise training. Methods: A total of fifty nationally ranked collegiate athletes were recruited from four different sport clubs (men’s soccer, n = 13; men’s kendo, n = 12; women’s handball, n = 12; women’s basketball, n = 13) as a category of intermittent exercise. Spot urine was collected within 10 minutes before (Pre) and after (Post) each training session over three consecutive days (Day 1, Day 3, and Day 5) which was randomly chosen for each sport club. A representative value for each sport club at Pre and Post was expressed as a mean value of three consecutive days. Each subject was allowed to drink water ad libitum during each training session over three consecutive days. Exercise training session per day lasted approximately 3 h for each club. For analysis of hydration status, urine specific gravity (Usg) was determined using a handheld refractometer. Results: In terms of urine specific gravity, a two-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) showed significant main effects of time before and after training session in men’s soccer (Pre = 1.021 ± 0.007, Post = 1.024 ± 0.006 g/mL, p < 0.05), men’s kendo (Pre = 1.021 ± 0.008, Post = 1.027 ± 0.007 g/mL, p < 0.05), women’s handball (Pre = 1.025 ± 0.005, Post = 1.027 ± 0.004 g/mL, p < 0.05), and women’s basketball (Pre = 1.023 ± 0.008, Post = 1.027 ± 0.005 g/mL, p < 0.05), whereas no significant main effects of day or interactions were found in each club. Discussion and conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that there appears to be a trend for collegiate athletes to be dehydrated even when they take sufficient water fluid. In other words, it is possible for athletes to have insufficient electrolytes such as sodium (which retains water in the body) even when they take plenty of water during exercise training. To minimize fluid deficits, ad libitum consumption of a carbohydrate–electrolyte fluid intake can be more effective than water. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.161 23 Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups associated with elite Chinese athlete status Y. Chang ∗ , C. Yu, H. Liu, A. Liu, X. Gao China Institute of Sport Science, China Introduction: Previous studies have suggested an association of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups with athletic performance. Because of the regional and populational specific characteristics of mtDNA haplogroups, it is necessary to probe into the distribution of mtDNA haplogroups of different populations to get the special profile of them, respectively. Methods: We conducted a population-based study of 185 elite Chinese athletes of Northern Han (95 endurance athletes and 90 power athletes) as the case subjects, and 92 Chinese college
students of Northern Han at the similar age randomly collected as controls. All the athletes participated in Olympic Games on behalf of China. Total DNA was extracted from blood with a DNA extractor Kit (Promega Co., USA). According to Anderson mtDNA sequence in Gene bank, the primers were designed. The PCR products (449 bp special segment) were directly sequenced. We classified the mtDNA haplogroups of all subjects, calculated the frequency of every mtDNA haplogroup and examined the frequency differences between athletes and controls. The results show the endurance athletes have a statistically significant excess of haplogroup M7 (OR 4.703, 95% CI 1.29–17.10, p = 0.011), with 13.68% compared with 3.26% in controls, and the controls have a statistically significant excess of haplogroup B (OR 0.378, 95% CI 0.14–0.97, p = 0.037), with 17.39% compared with 7.37% in the endurance athletes. Discussion: These data suggest mtDNA haplogroup M7 is positively associated with endurance athlete status, indicating this haplogroup or some polymorphic sites of it could influence aerobic capacity. Haplogroup B is negatively associated with endurance athlete status, meaning people of this haplogroup are disadvantageous in aerobic exercises. No haplogroups were found to be associated with power athlete status. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.162 24 Oral contraceptive use for manipulation of menstruation in active women and competitive female athletes M. Schaumberg 1,∗ , D. Jenkins 1 , X. Janse de Jonge 2 , L. Emmerton 3 , T. Skinner 1 1 School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Australia 2 School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Australia 3 School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Australia
Introduction: Little is known regarding the oral contraceptive (OC) habits of physically active females, in particular whether OC is used to manipulate the menstrual cycle (i.e. delay or reschedule menstruation). In previously presented data from this study, physically active females were more likely to avoid physical activity (PA) during menstruation and whilst experiencing menstrual symptoms. Therefore, extended OC regimes (i.e. skipping the period whilst on an OC by continually taking hormone) may be used to reduce the effect of menstruation and/or menstrual symptoms on PA and competitive sport. The aim was to investigate prevalence of and reasons for menstrual manipulation with OC in physically active and athletic women. Methods: A convenience sample of 200 active (PA > 150 min/wk) females (aged 21 ± 4 years) and 50 competitive (state, national or international level) athletes (aged 22 ± 7 years) completed a 32page questionnaire assessing OC use, reasons for OC use and OC regime habits. In addition, frequency and reasons for manipulation of menstruation were explored. Participants rated importance of, and agreement to, statements on a five-point Likert scale. Results: Prevalence of OC use was 57%. The majority (80%) of OC users reported skipping their period at least once during the previous year, with 28% reporting skipping their period two to three times. Skipping menstruation for at least three months in a row was reported by 40% of women. The most important reason provided for skipping menstruation was special events or holidays, with 79% rating it as important/very important. Additional important reasons for manipulating menstruation included convenience (64%),
2013 ASICS Conference / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 16S (2013) e59–e83
sport competition (41%) and sport training (32%). Competitive athletes reported a higher prevalence of OC use (71%). Prevalence of menstrual manipulation was similar in competitive athletes (84%) compared to physically active women. Competitive athletes noted that the most important reason for menstrual manipulation was sport competition (76%), with special events or holidays (73%) and sport training (56%) also rated as important/very important. Discussion: Menstrual manipulation or extended OC regimes are common practice in physically active and athletic females. Skipping menstruation for convenience was highly rated in active women but not competitive athletes; with competitive athletes competition and training were rated as more important reasons for skipping menstruation. These results indicate that menstrual manipulation is prevalent in physically active and athletic females however further investigation into whether manipulation reduces the influence of menstruation on PA and competitive sport is warranted. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.163 25 Does oral contraceptive use influence physical activity participation among physically active women? M. Schaumberg 1,∗ , D. Jenkins 1 , X. Janse de Jonge 2 , L. Emmerton 3 , N. Burton 1 , T. Skinner 1 1 School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Australia 2 School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Australia 3 School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Australia
Introduction: Little is known regarding oral contraceptive (OC) habits of physically active females, or whether OC use and menstrual symptoms influence physical activity (PA) participation. Given that OC use has been shown to reduce exercise capacity in highly trained and recreationally active females, the present study investigated OC use among physically active women. Methods: A convenience sample of 235 active (PA > 150 min/wk) females (22 ± 4 years) completed a 32-page questionnaire assessing OC use, experience of side-effects and menstrual symptoms, experience of hormone-specific barriers to PA and impact on PA participation. Participants rated agreement to statements on a five-point Likert scale. Results: Prevalence of OC use was 60%. Of the 40% of women not using OC, 5% were using another hormonal contraceptive; 35% were not using hormone contraceptive and 65% had previously used OC. Just 2% of women using OC reported avoiding PA often/very often due to menstrual symptoms, compared with 20% of those not using OC. Only 10% of women using OC reported avoiding PA often/very often because of menstrual bleeding, compared with 40% of those not using OC. Only 2% OC-users felt that menstrual symptoms often/very often affected their ability to train compared to 40% of non-OC users. Of those using OC, 89% reported never/rarely reducing PA involvement due to menstrual symptoms, compared with 44% of those not using OC. Discussion: The prevalence of OC use in active females was similar to previously reported use in Australian population surveys. Preliminary results suggest that women using an OC are less likely to avoid or reduce PA due to menstrual symptoms or menstrual bleeding compared to those not using an OC. Females not using an OC were more likely to perceive reduced capacity to exercise with menstruation or menstrual symptoms than OC users.
e69
Conclusion: OC use potentially reduces the negative impact of female hormone-related barriers to PA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.164 26 Effects of menstrual cycle phase on skin conditions following intermittent exercise training R. Shirade 1,∗ , A. Adachi 2 , M. Kanaura 2 , M. Yasuda 3 , N. Yasuda 2 1
Tohoku University, Japan International Pacific University, Japan 3 Verda Incorporation, Japan 2
Introduction: A better understanding of potential effects of menstrual cycle phase on skin conditions can provide appropriate strategies to prevent skin problems in advance. However, whether skin conditions following intermittent exercise training can be influenced by the menstrual cycle phase still remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of menstrual cycle phase on skin conditions following intermittent exercise training. Methods: Eleven female nationally ranked collegiate basketball players (age: 19.0 ± 1.1 year, height: 169.0 ± 7.1 cm; body weight: 64.4 ± 8.4 kg; BMI: 22.5 ± 1.7 kg/m2 , body fat: 24.9 ± 2.4%) served as the subjects. Basketball training consisted of routine ball handling, shooting and other specialized drills. Each training session lasted 3 h. All subjects performed identical training sessions between two menstrual phases. Before and after (Pre and Post) basketball training sessions during the follicular (F: 6–10 days after the onset of the menses) and luteal (L: 5–9 days before the menses) phase, skin conditions of moisture balance, sebum (oiliness), and elasticity for all subjects were measured using the Triplesense® device (electrical capacitance) from Moritex USA (Blomeke et al. Proceedings of the IEEE 3rd International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems: 375–378, 2009). All results are expressed as mean values of the measurements (two consecutive days during each menstrual phase) conducted on three different sites (forehead, cheek, and chin). Results: A two-way ANOVA showed a significant main effect of time was observed [(Skin moisture: Pre = 65.3 ± 13.0, Post = 76.5 ± 20.8 for forehead in F, Pre = 61.2 ± 24.2, Post = 79.3 ± 24.5 for forehead in L; Pre = 67.2 ± 20.3, Post = 85.4 ± 12.7 for cheek in F, Pre = 70.7 ± 19.7, Post = 84.6 ± 22.9 for cheek in L; Pre = 67.6 ± 19.1, Post = 84.3 ± 15.8 for chin in F, Pre = 71.4 ± 27.1, Post = 83.3 ± 19.1 for chin in L), (Sebum: Pre = 20.4 ± 17.7, Post = 17.5 ± 18.8 for forehead in F, Pre = 15.4 ± 11.8, Post = 24.3 ± 10.8 for forehead in L; Pre = 18.6 ± 10.2, Post = 15.4 ± 6.1 for cheek in F, Pre = 18.2 ± 8.7, Post = 14.9 ± 8.8 for cheek in L; Pre = 25.6 ± 13.3, Post = 21.2 ± 10.7 for chin in F, Pre = 27.8 ± 15.8, Post = 17.4 ± 9.1 for chin in L), (Elasticity: Pre = 89.0 ± 8.0, Post = 87.9 ± 7.3 for forehead in F, Pre = 83.5 ± 7.4, Post = 82.2 ± 12.2 for forehead in L; Pre = 68.0 ± 8.9, Post = 53.7 ± 22.1 for cheek in F, Pre = 61.0 ± 17.8, Post = 61.4 ± 19.3 for cheek in L; Pre = 69.2 ± 15.2, Post = 60.2 ± 17.7 for chin in F, Pre = 68.1 ± 16.8, Post = 60.5 ± 18.9 for chin in L, p < 0.05)] before and after the basketball training session, but no difference across phase. Discussion and conclusions: Previous studies have shown the effects of menstrual cycle phase on skin conditions. The findings of the present study suggest that skin conditions such as skin moisture balance, sebum, and elasticity following intermittent exercise